Araştırma Makalesi
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The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 17 - 59, 01.01.2018

Öz

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the minimum wage on the entire system of wage distribution. More specifically, we address the issue of wage inequality by taking into account the potential distributional outcomes of minimum-wage legislation. We decompose the wage differences and the variations in the wage inequality before and after the sizable minimum-wage boost in 2004, following the methodology introduced by DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996). We use a non-parametric reweighting approach to decompose the effects of the minimum-wage hike as well as other factors that may have affected the wage distribution. Our main findings confirm that the minimum wage played a pivotal role in reducing wage inequality for both Turkish male and female wage earners between the years 2003 and 2005.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., (2002), “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market,” Journal of Economic Literature, pp. 7-72.
  • Attanasio, O., P. K. Goldberg, and N. Pavcnik, (2004), “Trade Reforms and Wage Inequality in Colombia,” Journal of Development Economics,74, pp. 331-366.
  • Autor, D. H., L. F. Katz, and M. S. Kearney, (2005), “Trends in US Wage Inequality: Re-Assessing the Revisionists,” NBER Working Papers No: 11627.
  • Autor, D. H., A. Manning, and C. L. Smith, (2010), “The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No: 16533 .
  • Baltagi, B. H., Y. S. Baskaya, and T. Hulagu, (2012), “How Different are the Wage Curves for Formal and Informal Workers: Evidence from Turkey,” Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Working Papers No: 12/16 .
  • Ben Salem, M., L. Bensidoun, and S. Pelek, (2011), “Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview,” Region et développement, 34, pp.57-84.
  • Bhorat, H., R. Kanbur, and N. Mayet, (2012), “Minimum Wage Violation in South Africa,” International Labor Review, 151 (3), pp. 277-287.
  • Bourguignon, F., F. H. Ferreira, and M. Menéndez, (2007), “Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil,” Review of Income and Wealth, 53(4), pp. 585-618.
  • Brown, C., (1999), “Minimum Wages, Employment, and the Distribution of Income,” In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card, The Handbook of Labor Economics,Vol. 3b , pp. 2101-63, Elsevier.
  • Burkhauser, R. V., K. A. Couch, and D. Wittenburg, (2000), “A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature, with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey,” Journal of Labor Economics, 18 (4), pp.653-680.
  • Butcher, T., R. Dickens, and A. Manning, (2012), “Minimum Wages and Wage Inequality: Some Theory and an Application to the UK,” CEP Discussion Paper No: 1177.
  • Calavrezo, O., and S. Pelek, (2011), Les Emplois du Bas de L’échelle Salariale en Turquie: Une Description des Salariés des Secteurs Formels et Informels, Hors Agriculture,” Travail et Emploi, 126, pp. 45-60.
  • Cunningham, W., (2007), Minimum Wages and Social Policy: Lessons from Developing Countries. Washington: World Bank.
  • Deaton, A, (1997), The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconomic Approach to Development Policy. Washington DC: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • DiNardo, J., N. M. Fortin, and T. Lemieux, (1996), “Labor Market Institutions and the Distributions of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach,” Econometrica, 64 (5), pp. 1001-1044.
  • Fajnzylber, P., (2001), “Minimum Wage Effects Throughout the Wage Distribution: Evidence from Brazil’s Formal and Informal Sectors,” Anais do XXIX Encontro Nacional de Economia.
  • Firpo, S., N. Fortin, and T. Lemieux, (2010), “Decomposition Methods in Economics,” in O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card, Eds., Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4, pp 1-102. Elsevier.
  • Fugazza, M., and J. F. Jacques, (2003), “Labor Market Institutions, Taxation, and the Underground Economy,” Journal of Public Economics, 88, pp. 395-418.
  • Gindling, T. H., and K. Terrell, (2005), “The Effect of Minimum Wages on Actual Wages in Formal and Informal Sectors in Costa Rica,” World Development, 33 (11), pp. 1905-1921.
  • Gramlich, E. M., (1976), “Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, pp. 409-451.
  • Houller, P., I. Joumard, M. Pissu, and D. Bloch, (2012), “Less Income Inequality and More Growth – Are They Compatible? Part 1. Mapping Income Inequality Across the OECD,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers.
  • Juhn, C., K. M. Murphy, and B. Pierce, (1993), “Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill,” Journal of Political Economy, 101, pp. 410-442.
  • Kaitz, H., (1970), “Experience of the Past: The National Minimum, Youth Unemployment, and Minimum Wages,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin, 1657, pp. 30-54.
  • Katz, L. F., and K. M. Murphy, (1992), “Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1), pp. 35-78.
  • Khamis, M., (2008), “Does the Minimum Wage Have a Higher Impact on the Informal than on the Formal Labor Market? Evidence from Quasi-Experiments,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 3911.
  • Kumar, U., and P. Mishra, (2008), “Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality: Evidence From India,” Review of Development Economics,12, pp. 291-311.
  • Lee, D. S., (1999), “Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage?,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), pp. 977-1023.
  • Lemos, S., (2004a), “A Menu of Minimum Wage Variables for Evaluating Wages and Employment Effects: Evidence from Brazil,” IZA Discussion Paper No.1069.
  • Lemos, S., (2004b), “Are Wage and Employment Effects Robust to Alternative Minimum Wage Variables?,” IZA Dicussion Paper No. 1070.
  • Lemos, S., (2009), “Minimum Wage Effects in a Developing Country,” Labor Economics, 16 (2), pp. 224-237.
  • Maloney, W., and J. Mendez, (2004), “Measuring the Impact of Minimum Wages. Evidence from Latin America,” in N. Books, Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, pp. 109-130. NBER.
  • Mincer, J., (1976), “Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages,” Journal of Political Economy, 84, pp. 87-104.
  • Moore, M., and P. Ranjan, (2005), “Globalization vs Skill-Based Technological Change: Implications for Unemployment and Wage Inequality,” Economic Journal, 115 (503), pp. 391-422.
  • Mortensen, D. T., (2005), Wage Dispersion: Why Are Similar Workers Paid Differently?, The MIT Press.
  • Neumark, D., W. Cunningham, and L. Siga, (2006), “The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001,” Journal of Development Economics, 80 (1), pp. 136-159.
  • OECD, (2011), Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD, (1998), “Making the Most Out of the Minimum: Statutory Minimum Wages, Employment, and Poverty,” in Employment Outlook, pp. 31-79. Paris: OECD.
  • Rycx, F., and S. Kampelmann, (2012), Who Earns Minimum Wages in Europe? New Empirical Evidence Based on Household Surveys, Brussels: European Trade Union Institute report (ETUI).
  • Silverman, B. W., (1986), Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis, London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Tansel, A., and E. O. Kan, (2012), “The Formal/Informal Employment Earnings Gap: Evidence from Turkey,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 6556.
  • Tansel, A., B. Çakar and A. Güven, (2019), "Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey," Social Indicators Research, 142 (1), pp. 107-129.
  • Verdugo, G., H. F. Horny, and G. Horny, (2012), “Évolution des Inégalités Salariales en France: le Rôle des Effets de Composition,” Banque de France No: 370.
  • Welch, F., (1976), “Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States,” in O. Ashenfelter & J. Blum, Ed., Evaluating the Labor Market Effects of Social Programs, Princeton University Press.

The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 17 - 59, 01.01.2018

Öz

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the minimum wage on the entire system of wage distribution. More specifically, we address the issue of wage inequality by taking into account the potential distributional outcomes of minimum-wage legislation. We decompose the wage differences and the variations in the wage inequality before and after the sizable minimum-wage boost in 2004, following the methodology introduced by DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996). We use a non-parametric reweighting approach to decompose the effects of the minimum-wage hike as well as other factors that may have affected the wage distribution. Our main findings confirm that the minimum wage played a pivotal role in reducing wage inequality for both Turkish male and female wage earners between the years 2003 and 2005.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., (2002), “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market,” Journal of Economic Literature, pp. 7-72.
  • Attanasio, O., P. K. Goldberg, and N. Pavcnik, (2004), “Trade Reforms and Wage Inequality in Colombia,” Journal of Development Economics,74, pp. 331-366.
  • Autor, D. H., L. F. Katz, and M. S. Kearney, (2005), “Trends in US Wage Inequality: Re-Assessing the Revisionists,” NBER Working Papers No: 11627.
  • Autor, D. H., A. Manning, and C. L. Smith, (2010), “The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No: 16533 .
  • Baltagi, B. H., Y. S. Baskaya, and T. Hulagu, (2012), “How Different are the Wage Curves for Formal and Informal Workers: Evidence from Turkey,” Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Working Papers No: 12/16 .
  • Ben Salem, M., L. Bensidoun, and S. Pelek, (2011), “Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview,” Region et développement, 34, pp.57-84.
  • Bhorat, H., R. Kanbur, and N. Mayet, (2012), “Minimum Wage Violation in South Africa,” International Labor Review, 151 (3), pp. 277-287.
  • Bourguignon, F., F. H. Ferreira, and M. Menéndez, (2007), “Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil,” Review of Income and Wealth, 53(4), pp. 585-618.
  • Brown, C., (1999), “Minimum Wages, Employment, and the Distribution of Income,” In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card, The Handbook of Labor Economics,Vol. 3b , pp. 2101-63, Elsevier.
  • Burkhauser, R. V., K. A. Couch, and D. Wittenburg, (2000), “A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature, with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey,” Journal of Labor Economics, 18 (4), pp.653-680.
  • Butcher, T., R. Dickens, and A. Manning, (2012), “Minimum Wages and Wage Inequality: Some Theory and an Application to the UK,” CEP Discussion Paper No: 1177.
  • Calavrezo, O., and S. Pelek, (2011), Les Emplois du Bas de L’échelle Salariale en Turquie: Une Description des Salariés des Secteurs Formels et Informels, Hors Agriculture,” Travail et Emploi, 126, pp. 45-60.
  • Cunningham, W., (2007), Minimum Wages and Social Policy: Lessons from Developing Countries. Washington: World Bank.
  • Deaton, A, (1997), The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconomic Approach to Development Policy. Washington DC: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • DiNardo, J., N. M. Fortin, and T. Lemieux, (1996), “Labor Market Institutions and the Distributions of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach,” Econometrica, 64 (5), pp. 1001-1044.
  • Fajnzylber, P., (2001), “Minimum Wage Effects Throughout the Wage Distribution: Evidence from Brazil’s Formal and Informal Sectors,” Anais do XXIX Encontro Nacional de Economia.
  • Firpo, S., N. Fortin, and T. Lemieux, (2010), “Decomposition Methods in Economics,” in O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card, Eds., Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4, pp 1-102. Elsevier.
  • Fugazza, M., and J. F. Jacques, (2003), “Labor Market Institutions, Taxation, and the Underground Economy,” Journal of Public Economics, 88, pp. 395-418.
  • Gindling, T. H., and K. Terrell, (2005), “The Effect of Minimum Wages on Actual Wages in Formal and Informal Sectors in Costa Rica,” World Development, 33 (11), pp. 1905-1921.
  • Gramlich, E. M., (1976), “Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, pp. 409-451.
  • Houller, P., I. Joumard, M. Pissu, and D. Bloch, (2012), “Less Income Inequality and More Growth – Are They Compatible? Part 1. Mapping Income Inequality Across the OECD,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers.
  • Juhn, C., K. M. Murphy, and B. Pierce, (1993), “Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill,” Journal of Political Economy, 101, pp. 410-442.
  • Kaitz, H., (1970), “Experience of the Past: The National Minimum, Youth Unemployment, and Minimum Wages,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin, 1657, pp. 30-54.
  • Katz, L. F., and K. M. Murphy, (1992), “Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1), pp. 35-78.
  • Khamis, M., (2008), “Does the Minimum Wage Have a Higher Impact on the Informal than on the Formal Labor Market? Evidence from Quasi-Experiments,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 3911.
  • Kumar, U., and P. Mishra, (2008), “Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality: Evidence From India,” Review of Development Economics,12, pp. 291-311.
  • Lee, D. S., (1999), “Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage?,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), pp. 977-1023.
  • Lemos, S., (2004a), “A Menu of Minimum Wage Variables for Evaluating Wages and Employment Effects: Evidence from Brazil,” IZA Discussion Paper No.1069.
  • Lemos, S., (2004b), “Are Wage and Employment Effects Robust to Alternative Minimum Wage Variables?,” IZA Dicussion Paper No. 1070.
  • Lemos, S., (2009), “Minimum Wage Effects in a Developing Country,” Labor Economics, 16 (2), pp. 224-237.
  • Maloney, W., and J. Mendez, (2004), “Measuring the Impact of Minimum Wages. Evidence from Latin America,” in N. Books, Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, pp. 109-130. NBER.
  • Mincer, J., (1976), “Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages,” Journal of Political Economy, 84, pp. 87-104.
  • Moore, M., and P. Ranjan, (2005), “Globalization vs Skill-Based Technological Change: Implications for Unemployment and Wage Inequality,” Economic Journal, 115 (503), pp. 391-422.
  • Mortensen, D. T., (2005), Wage Dispersion: Why Are Similar Workers Paid Differently?, The MIT Press.
  • Neumark, D., W. Cunningham, and L. Siga, (2006), “The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001,” Journal of Development Economics, 80 (1), pp. 136-159.
  • OECD, (2011), Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD, (1998), “Making the Most Out of the Minimum: Statutory Minimum Wages, Employment, and Poverty,” in Employment Outlook, pp. 31-79. Paris: OECD.
  • Rycx, F., and S. Kampelmann, (2012), Who Earns Minimum Wages in Europe? New Empirical Evidence Based on Household Surveys, Brussels: European Trade Union Institute report (ETUI).
  • Silverman, B. W., (1986), Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis, London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Tansel, A., and E. O. Kan, (2012), “The Formal/Informal Employment Earnings Gap: Evidence from Turkey,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 6556.
  • Tansel, A., B. Çakar and A. Güven, (2019), "Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey," Social Indicators Research, 142 (1), pp. 107-129.
  • Verdugo, G., H. F. Horny, and G. Horny, (2012), “Évolution des Inégalités Salariales en France: le Rôle des Effets de Composition,” Banque de France No: 370.
  • Welch, F., (1976), “Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States,” in O. Ashenfelter & J. Blum, Ed., Evaluating the Labor Market Effects of Social Programs, Princeton University Press.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Selin Pelek

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pelek, S. (2018). The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey. Ekonomi-Tek, 7(1), 17-59.