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DÖRDÜNCÜ SANAYİ DEVRİMİ’NE GİRERKEN İKTİSAT EĞİTİMİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 9 - 67, 01.09.2015

Öz

Dördüncü Sanayi Devriminin etkisiyle islerin büyük kısmını akıllı makineler almakta, kalan isler için yarış zorlaşmaktadır. Gelecekte iktisatçılar için ayırt edici olacak olan bilgiyle bezenmiş yetenektir. İktisat eğitimi veren mevcut üniversiteler bunu tam olarak algılamış görünmemektedir. Bu makalenin temel amacı, iktisat eğitiminde öğrencilerin gelecekte ihtiyaç duyacakları bilgi ve yeteneklerini güçlendirmeyi önceleyen bir eğitim stratejisini ortaya koymak ve bu stratejiyi hayata geçirebilmenin koşullarını değerlendirmektir. İktisat eğitiminde daha çok müfredat güncellenmesi yapılmaktadır, ancak bu tür uyarlamalar öğrencilerin kalıcı bir eğitim almasını
sağlamaktan uzaktır. Sunulan içerik kadar öğrencilerin verilen bilgileri öğrenmesi, kazandıkları becerilerle bu bilgileri isleyebilmesi ve giderek kendi öğrenmesini yönetebilir hale gelmesi önemlidir. Yeni dönemin iktisatçılarını yetiştirirken yalnızca bilgi aktarmaya değil, öğrencilerin kalıcı öğrenme performansına da bakılması gerekir. Türkiye’de ortaöğretim seviyesindeki sınava endeksli ve yetersiz eğitim sonrasında iktisat eğitimine başlayan öğrenciler yeterli ön bilgi ve becerilerden
yoksundurlar. Bu durum iktisat eğitiminin başarısını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, kalabalık sınıflar eğitimde etkinliği düşürmektedir. Bu durum düzeltilebilir; gerekli koşullar yerine getirilir ve etkili bir eğitim stratejisi uygulanırsa tüm öğrencilerin kalıcı öğrenme ile iyi bir iktisat eğitimi alması sağlanabilir. Teknoloji, eğitimin içeriğinin zenginleştirmesi ve bilgi kaynaklarına erişimi kolaylaştırması yanında, öğreten ve öğrenenlere eğitim sürecini optimize etme ve öğrenmeyi etkinleştirme fırsatını da sunmaktadır. Yapay zeka ve makine öğrenmesi alanlarındaki yeniliklerle birlikte akıllı öğrenme yöntemleri öğrencilerin öğrenmelerine destek olmaktadır. Teknolojik uygulamaları geleneksel eğitim politikası ile birleştirerek istenilen iktisat eğitimi sonuçları elde edilebilir.

Teşekkür

Bu makalenin ilk taslağını okuyarak, değerli yorum ve katkılarda bulunan Celal Küçüker’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca, makale ile ilgili yapıcı eleştiri ve önerilerde bulunan isimleri dergi editöründe saklı hakemlere yazıyı daha kolay okunur hale getirmem konusunda yaptıkları katkılardan dolayı teşekkür ederim. Şüphesiz burada ifade edilen görüşlerle ilgili sorumluluk tümüyle bana aittir.

Kaynakça

  • Ambrose, S. A., M. W. Bridges, M. DiPietro, M. C. Lovett, ve M. K. Norman, (2010), How Learning Works: 7 Research-based Principles for Smart Teaching (1st ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Anderson, J. R., (1992), “Automaticity and the ACT Theory,” American Journal of Psychology, 105, ss. 165–180.
  • Aronson, J., C. B. Fried ve C. Good, (2002), “Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), ss. 113-125.
  • Autor, David H., (2015), “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives— 29 (3), ss. 3–30.
  • Baddeley, A. D., (2004), “The Psychology of Memory”, A. D. Baddeley, M. D. Kopelman ve B. A. Wilson (Der.), The Essential Handbook of Memory Disorders for Clinicians içinde, ss. 1-14, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Billett, S., (2009), “Personal Epistemologies, Work and Learning,” Educational Research Review, 4(3), ss. 210– 219.
  • Boydak, M. ve S. Karabatak, (2015), “Öğretim Elemanlarının Bologna Süreci’ne İliskin Görüsleri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı içinde, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve A. McAfee, (2014), The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Chase, W. G. ve H. A. Simon, (1973), “Perception in Chess,” Cognitive Psychology, 4, ss. 55-81.
  • Chew, S. L., (2014), “Helping Students to Get the Most Out of Studying,” V. Benassi, C. E. Overson, ve C. Hakala, (Der.), Applying Science of Learning in Education: Infusion Psychological Science into the Curriculum içinde, American Psychological Association Division 2, Society of Psychology for The Teaching.
  • Clement, J., (1993), “Using Bridging Analogies and Anchoring Intuitions to Deal With Students’ Misconceptions in Physics,” Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, ss. 1241-1257.
  • Cowan, N., (2001), “The Magical Number 4 in Short-term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, ss. 87-185.
  • Crosier, D., L. Purser, ve H. Smidt, (2007), Trends V: Universities Shaping the European Higher Education Area, Brussels: European University Association.
  • Dunbar, K. N., J. A. Fugelsang, ve C. Stein, (2007), “Do Naïve Theories Ever Go Away? Using Brain and Behavior to Understand Changes in Concepts,” Lovett, M C. and P. Shah (Der.), Thinking With Data, içinde ss. 117-147, New York: Erlbaum.
  • Dunning, D., (2007), Self-insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself, New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Dweck, C. S., (2006), Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, New York, NY: Random House.
  • Erdoğan, T. ve A. Kutluana, (2015), “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü Bologna Geçis Sürecinin Etkileri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Frey, C. B., ve M. Osborne, (2013), The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization?, The Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment.
  • Goldin, C. ve L. Katz, (2007), “The Race Between Education and Technology: The Evolution of US Educational Wage Differentials, 1890 to 2005,” NBER Working Paper No. 12984
  • Graeber, D., (2015), The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy, Melville House.
  • Hartwig, M. K., ve J. Dunlosky, (2012), “Study Strategies of College Students: Are Self-testing and Scheduling Related to Achievement?,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, ss. 126–134.
  • Kahneman, D., (2011), Thinking Fast and Slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahraman, E., ve B. Özkan, (2015), “Yükseköğretimde Bologna Süreci: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Bologna Süreci Çalısmalar,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Kazu, H., ve D. Demiralp, (2015), “Bologna Sürecinin Öğretmen Yetistirme Programlarına Yansıması: Öğretim Üyesi Görüsleri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Kelly, K., (2016), The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future, Penguin Publishing Group.
  • Kirschner, P. A., J. Sweller, ve R. E. Clark, (2006), “Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction does not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-based, Experiential, and Inquirybased Teaching,” Educational Psychologist, 41, ss. 75-86.
  • Kurzweil, R., (2000), The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence, London: Penguin.
  • Levy, F. ve Richard J. Murnane, (2015), The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market, Princeton University Press, ISBN: 9780691124025.
  • Mayer, R. E., (2011), Applying the Science of Learning, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  • McKinsey Global Institute, (2016), Digital Globalization: The New Era of Global Flows, McKinsey.
  • Mokyr, J., (1990), The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, G. E. (1965), “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, ss. 114-117.
  • Neill, J., (2005), John Dewey: The Modern Father of Experiential Education. http://www.wilderdom.com/experiential/ExperientialDewey.html
  • Pascarella, E. T., ve P. T. Terenzini, (2005), How College Affects Students (Vol. 2), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Pecchi, L, ve G. Piga, der., (2008), Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, MIT Press.
  • Reichert, S., ve C. Tauch, (2005), Trends IV: European Universities Implementing Bologna, Brussels: European University Association Publications. Schommer, M., (1994). “An Emerging Conceptualization of Epistemological Beliefs and Their Role in Learning,” Garner, R. ve P. A. Alexander (Der.), Beliefs About Text and Instruction With Text, içinde ss. 25–40. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Schwab, K., (2016), The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum.
  • Shin, J. C. ve R. K. Toutkoushian, (2011), University Rankings: Theoretical Basis, Methodology and Impacts on Global Higher Education: 3. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Summers, L., (2013), “Economic Possibilities for Our Children,” NBER Reporter, 3, ss. 1-6.
  • Susskind, R. ve D. Susskind, (2015), The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Süzen, B. ve T. Çalık, (2015), “Avrupa Üniversiteler Birliği Gözüyle Üniversitelerin Sorunları,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Sweller, J. (2010), “Element Interactivity and Intrinsic, Extraneous, and Germane Cognitive Load,” Educational Psychology Review, 22, ss. 123-138.
  • Sweller, J., P. Ayres, ve S. Kalyuga, (2011), Cognitive Load Theory (Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies), New York, NY: Springer.
  • Varian, H. ve M. Fleming, (2015), “Using Big Data: The Urgency of Now, the Future of Forecasting is Nowcasting,” The Economist Print Edition, 2 Kasım 2015.
  • The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions, (2012), Marketplace and the Chronicle of Higher Education, ss.1–86.
  • World Bank, (2016), World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / Washington DC.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu, (2010), Yükseköğretimde Yeniden Yapılanma: 66 Soruda Bologna Süreci Uygulamaları. 2. Baskı, Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu Yayınları.

ECONOMICS EDUCATION WHILE ENTERING THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 9 - 67, 01.09.2015

Öz

With the effect of the fourth industrial revolution, the threat is looming for middle-class jobs being lost to smart machines, making the race all the more intense for remaining jobs. The economists of the future will distinguish themselves with their combination of talent and knowledge. Unfortunately, the existing universities do not appear to have perceived this fact fully. The main purpose of this essay is to present a new education strategy that will prioritize what the economics students of the future will require— namely, the exact knowledge and the skills to focus on—and to assess the conditions for the implementation of this strategy. This is a major departure from the current practice in economics education of issuing periodic curriculum updates, which do little to serve the needs of the students. We should ensure that the economics student has learned everything he was supposed to and, on top this, has the requisite skills to process that material and manage her/his own learning. While educating the economists of this new age, we should not only be concerned with transferring knowledge, but also be concerned with transferring knowledge, but also with their long term learning performances. Typically, high school students in Turkey show up in university economics departments lacking the prior knowledge and skills due to insufficient and examination-indexed education they get. This situation negatively affects the economics education. Moreover, overcrowded classrooms further hamper the learning process. This situation can be corrected and a much better economics education can be given provided that an efficient education strategy is implemented. Modern technology now offers, for both teachers and learners alike, the possibility of reaching enormous sources of information for optimizing the Turkish education process and to make learning much more effective. Artificial intelligence and machine learning now offer much better education methods. The combination of advanced technological methods with traditional education policies may produce the desired results in economics education.

Kaynakça

  • Ambrose, S. A., M. W. Bridges, M. DiPietro, M. C. Lovett, ve M. K. Norman, (2010), How Learning Works: 7 Research-based Principles for Smart Teaching (1st ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Anderson, J. R., (1992), “Automaticity and the ACT Theory,” American Journal of Psychology, 105, ss. 165–180.
  • Aronson, J., C. B. Fried ve C. Good, (2002), “Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), ss. 113-125.
  • Autor, David H., (2015), “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives— 29 (3), ss. 3–30.
  • Baddeley, A. D., (2004), “The Psychology of Memory”, A. D. Baddeley, M. D. Kopelman ve B. A. Wilson (Der.), The Essential Handbook of Memory Disorders for Clinicians içinde, ss. 1-14, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Billett, S., (2009), “Personal Epistemologies, Work and Learning,” Educational Research Review, 4(3), ss. 210– 219.
  • Boydak, M. ve S. Karabatak, (2015), “Öğretim Elemanlarının Bologna Süreci’ne İliskin Görüsleri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı içinde, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve A. McAfee, (2014), The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Chase, W. G. ve H. A. Simon, (1973), “Perception in Chess,” Cognitive Psychology, 4, ss. 55-81.
  • Chew, S. L., (2014), “Helping Students to Get the Most Out of Studying,” V. Benassi, C. E. Overson, ve C. Hakala, (Der.), Applying Science of Learning in Education: Infusion Psychological Science into the Curriculum içinde, American Psychological Association Division 2, Society of Psychology for The Teaching.
  • Clement, J., (1993), “Using Bridging Analogies and Anchoring Intuitions to Deal With Students’ Misconceptions in Physics,” Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, ss. 1241-1257.
  • Cowan, N., (2001), “The Magical Number 4 in Short-term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, ss. 87-185.
  • Crosier, D., L. Purser, ve H. Smidt, (2007), Trends V: Universities Shaping the European Higher Education Area, Brussels: European University Association.
  • Dunbar, K. N., J. A. Fugelsang, ve C. Stein, (2007), “Do Naïve Theories Ever Go Away? Using Brain and Behavior to Understand Changes in Concepts,” Lovett, M C. and P. Shah (Der.), Thinking With Data, içinde ss. 117-147, New York: Erlbaum.
  • Dunning, D., (2007), Self-insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself, New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Dweck, C. S., (2006), Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, New York, NY: Random House.
  • Erdoğan, T. ve A. Kutluana, (2015), “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü Bologna Geçis Sürecinin Etkileri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Frey, C. B., ve M. Osborne, (2013), The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization?, The Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment.
  • Goldin, C. ve L. Katz, (2007), “The Race Between Education and Technology: The Evolution of US Educational Wage Differentials, 1890 to 2005,” NBER Working Paper No. 12984
  • Graeber, D., (2015), The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy, Melville House.
  • Hartwig, M. K., ve J. Dunlosky, (2012), “Study Strategies of College Students: Are Self-testing and Scheduling Related to Achievement?,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, ss. 126–134.
  • Kahneman, D., (2011), Thinking Fast and Slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahraman, E., ve B. Özkan, (2015), “Yükseköğretimde Bologna Süreci: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Bologna Süreci Çalısmalar,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Kazu, H., ve D. Demiralp, (2015), “Bologna Sürecinin Öğretmen Yetistirme Programlarına Yansıması: Öğretim Üyesi Görüsleri,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Kelly, K., (2016), The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future, Penguin Publishing Group.
  • Kirschner, P. A., J. Sweller, ve R. E. Clark, (2006), “Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction does not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-based, Experiential, and Inquirybased Teaching,” Educational Psychologist, 41, ss. 75-86.
  • Kurzweil, R., (2000), The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence, London: Penguin.
  • Levy, F. ve Richard J. Murnane, (2015), The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market, Princeton University Press, ISBN: 9780691124025.
  • Mayer, R. E., (2011), Applying the Science of Learning, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  • McKinsey Global Institute, (2016), Digital Globalization: The New Era of Global Flows, McKinsey.
  • Mokyr, J., (1990), The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, G. E. (1965), “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, ss. 114-117.
  • Neill, J., (2005), John Dewey: The Modern Father of Experiential Education. http://www.wilderdom.com/experiential/ExperientialDewey.html
  • Pascarella, E. T., ve P. T. Terenzini, (2005), How College Affects Students (Vol. 2), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Pecchi, L, ve G. Piga, der., (2008), Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, MIT Press.
  • Reichert, S., ve C. Tauch, (2005), Trends IV: European Universities Implementing Bologna, Brussels: European University Association Publications. Schommer, M., (1994). “An Emerging Conceptualization of Epistemological Beliefs and Their Role in Learning,” Garner, R. ve P. A. Alexander (Der.), Beliefs About Text and Instruction With Text, içinde ss. 25–40. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Schwab, K., (2016), The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum.
  • Shin, J. C. ve R. K. Toutkoushian, (2011), University Rankings: Theoretical Basis, Methodology and Impacts on Global Higher Education: 3. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Summers, L., (2013), “Economic Possibilities for Our Children,” NBER Reporter, 3, ss. 1-6.
  • Susskind, R. ve D. Susskind, (2015), The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Süzen, B. ve T. Çalık, (2015), “Avrupa Üniversiteler Birliği Gözüyle Üniversitelerin Sorunları,” I. Bologna Süreci Arastırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 17-18 Eylül 2015 içinde.
  • Sweller, J. (2010), “Element Interactivity and Intrinsic, Extraneous, and Germane Cognitive Load,” Educational Psychology Review, 22, ss. 123-138.
  • Sweller, J., P. Ayres, ve S. Kalyuga, (2011), Cognitive Load Theory (Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies), New York, NY: Springer.
  • Varian, H. ve M. Fleming, (2015), “Using Big Data: The Urgency of Now, the Future of Forecasting is Nowcasting,” The Economist Print Edition, 2 Kasım 2015.
  • The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions, (2012), Marketplace and the Chronicle of Higher Education, ss.1–86.
  • World Bank, (2016), World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / Washington DC.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu, (2010), Yükseköğretimde Yeniden Yapılanma: 66 Soruda Bologna Süreci Uygulamaları. 2. Baskı, Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu Yayınları.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hasan Kazdağlı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kazdağlı, H. (2015). DÖRDÜNCÜ SANAYİ DEVRİMİ’NE GİRERKEN İKTİSAT EĞİTİMİ. Ekonomi-Tek, 4(3), 9-67.