Türkiye’deki Çok Boyutlu Yoksulluk Üzerine Bölgesel Perspektiften Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 49 - 83, 08.03.2024

Gizem Acet Dönmez , Bilge Eriş Dereli

Öz

Yoksulluk olgusunun doğası gereği çok yönlü olan yapısını dikkate alan çok boyutlu yoksulluk yaklaşımı son yıllarda yaygın hâle gelmiştir. Bu çalışma Türkiye için eğitim, sağlık, barınma koşulları, maddi yoksunluk ve sosyal dışlanma boyutlarından oluşan birçok boyutlu yoksulluk endeksi geliştirmektedir. Bu amaçla Alkire-Foster metodolojisi uygulanmakta ve 2014-2022 dönemine ait GYKA mikro veri setleri kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin heterojen yapısı nedeniyle bu çalışma yoksulluğun ülke içindeki mekânsal dağılımına özel olarak odaklanmaktadır. Sonuçlar çok boyutlu yoksulluğun ağırlıklı olarak Güneydoğu ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinde yoğunlaştığını göstermektedir. 2014’ten 2022’ye kadar çok boyutlu yoksulluk istisnasız olarak her bölgede azalmış olsa da en yoksul bölgeler bu dönemde değişmemiştir. Sonrasında, bölgesel yoksulluk ile bölgesel koşullar arasındaki ilişkileri açıklığa kavuşturmak için bölgesel çok boyutlu yoksulluk endeksleri ile bölgesel makroekonomik ve sosyal göstergelere ilişkin çok sayıda grafiği içeren kapsamlı bir betimsel analiz sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yoksulluk ölçümü, çok boyutlu yoksulluk, bölgesel yoksulluk, bölgesel gelişme

A Study on Multidimensional Poverty in Türki̇ye from a Regional Perspective

Öz

The multidimensional poverty approach considering the intrinsically multifaceted structure of the poverty phenomenon has become prevalent recently. This study produces a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) -composed of education, health, housing conditions, material deprivation, and social exclusion dimensions- for Türkiye. For this purpose, it applies the Alkire-Foster methodology and employs the SILC micro datasets for the 2014-2022 period. Türkiye is a rather heterogeneous country and therefore the current study has a special focus on the spatial distribution of poverty in the country. It is found that multidimensional poverty is mainly concentrated in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. Although multidimensional poverty fell in all regions without exception from 2014 to 2022, the regions with the highest poverty did not change in this period. Afterwards, a comprehensive descriptive analysis is provided including many scatter plots for regional MPIs and regional macroeconomic and social indicators to clarify the association between regional poverty and regional conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

poverty measurement, multidimensional poverty, regional poverty, regional development

Kaynakça

• Acar, A. (2014). The dynamics of multidimensional poverty in Turkey, BETAM Working Paper Series, 14.
• Acet Dönmez, G. (2023). A study on measurement and proximate causes of poverty: The case of Türkiye, Ph.D. Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Alkire, S. and Foster, J. (2007). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement, Working Paper No. 7, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
• Alkire, S. and Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement, Journal of Public Economics, 95, 476-487.
• Alkire, S., Foster, J., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, and J. M., Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Oxford University Press.
• Alvarez-Gamboa, J., Cabrera-Barona, P., and Jacome-Estrella, H. (2021). Financial inclusion and multidimensional poverty in Ecuador: A spatial approach, World Development Perspectives, 22, 100311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100311.
• Atkinson, A. B. (1987). On the measurement of poverty, Econometrica, 5(4), 749-764.
• Atkinson, A. B. (2019). Measuring Poverty Around the World, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Bae, K., Han, D., and Sohn, H. (2012). Importance of access to finance in reducing income inequality and poverty level, International Review of Public Administration 17(1), 55-77. doi: 10.1080/12264431.2012.10805217
• Banerjee, A. V. and Duflo, E. (2012). Poor Economics: The Surprising Truth about Life on Less Than $1 a Day. London: Penguin Books.
• Black, S. and Devereux, P. (2011). Recent developments in intergenerational mobility. In O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (Eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics. Part B (Vol. 4). (pp. 1487-1541). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Cockburn, J. and Giordano, P. (2008). Trade and poverty in the developing world, Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) Research Network.
• Coşkun, M. N. (2012). Türkiye'de yoksulluk: Bölgesel farklılıklar ve yoksulluğun profili, Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, No: 2012/59.
• Dansuk, E. and Özmen, M., Erdoğan, G. (2007). Poverty and social stratification at the regional levels in Turkey, Social Policy and Regional Development Proceedings, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb.
• Dollar, D. and Kraay, A. (2002). Growth is good for the poor, Journal of Economic Growth, 7, 195-225.
• Duran, H. (2015). Türkiye’de yoksulluğa bölgesel bir bakış, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 87-103.
• Erkal, M. E. (1978). Bölgelerarası Dengesizlik ve Doğu Kalkınması, 2. Issue. Istanbul: Şamil Yayınevi.
• Filiztekin, A. and Çelik, M. A. (2010). Regional income inequality in Turkey, Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Architecture E-Journal, 5(3), 116-127.
• Freeman, R. B. (1991). Employment and earnings of disadvantaged young men in a labor shortage economy. In Jencks, C. and Peterson, P. E. (Eds.). The Urban Underclass. (pp. 103-121). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
• Giovanis, E. and Özdamar, O. (2021). Regional employment support programs and multidimensional poverty of youth in Turkey, Eurasian Economic Review, 11, 583-609.
• Gordon, D., Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Patsios, D., Payne, S., Townsend, P., Adelman, L., Ashwort, K., Middleton, S., Bradshaw, J., and Williams, J. (2000). Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
• Haddad, L. J. and Kanbur S. R. (1990). How serious is the neglect of intra-household inequality?, Economic Journal, 100, 866–881.
• Jenkins, S. P. (1991). Poverty measurement and the within-household distribution: Agenda for action, Journal of Social Policy, 20(4), 457–483.
• Karadağ, M. A. and Saraçoğlu, B. (2015). Çok boyutlu yoksulluk analizi: Türkiye-AB karşılaştırması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 48(4), 129-159.
• Karadağ, M. A. (2010). Yoksulluk hesaplamalarına çok deği̇şkenli̇ yaklaşım, Turkish Statistical Institute Expertness Thesis, Ankara.
• Karadağ, M. A. (2015). Tek boyutlu ve çok boyutlu yoksulluk ölçümleri: Türkiye uygulaması, Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences PhD Thesis, Ankara.
• Karahasan, B. C. and Bilgel, F. (2021). The topography and sources of multidimensional poverty in Turkey, Social Indicators Research, 154, 413-445.
• Karahasan, B. C., Doğruel, F., and Doğruel, A. S. (2016). Can market potential explain regional disparities in developing countries? Evidence from Turkey, The Developing Economies, 54(2), 162-197.
• Karaman, F. and Doğruel, F. (2011). Regional convergence in Turkey: The role of government in economic environment augmenting activities, Munich, MPRA Paper No. 34271.
• Karnani, A. (2009). Reducing poverty through employment, Ross School of Business Working Paper, No: 1132, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1476953
• Kokkenlenberg, E. C., Dillon, M., and Christy, S. M. (2008). The effects of class size on student grades at a public university, Economics of Education Review, 27, 221–233.
• Limanlı, Ö. (2016). Multidimensional poverty in Turkey, Turkish Economic Association International Conference on Economics, in Bodrum, in 20-22 October 2016, 110-132.
• Minsky, H. P. (2013). Ending poverty: Jobs, not welfare. New York: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Nolan, B. and Whelan, C. T. (2010). Using non-monetary deprivation indicators to analyze poverty and social exclusion: Lessons from Europe?, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), 305–325.
• Nolan, B. and Whelan, C. T. (2014). Multidimensional poverty measurement in Europe: An application of the adjusted headcount approach, Journal of European Social Policy, 24(2), 183–197.
• Omar, M. A. and Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis, Journal of Economic Structures, 9(37), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
• Ravallion, M. (2001). Growth, inequality and poverty: Looking beyond averages, World Development, 29(11), 1803-1815.
• Ravallion, M. (2012). Poor, or just feeling poor? On using subjective data in measuring poverty, Policy Research Working Paper Series 5968, The World Bank.
• Ravallion, M. and Datt, G. (1992). Growth and redistribution components of changes in poverty measures, Journal of Development Economics, 38(2): 275-295.
• Santos, M. E. (2011). Human capital and the quality of education in a poverty trap model, Oxford Development Studies, 39(1), 25 47, DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551003
• Smeeding, T. M. (2016). Poverty measurement, In D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Poverty. (pp. 21-46): Oxford University Press.
• Taştan, H. and Akar, M. (2013). Türkiye i̇malat sanayiinde bölgesel ve sektörel ücret eşitsizliği, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 63(1), 17-49
• Tekgüç, H. and Akbulut, B. (2022). A multidimensional approach to the gender gap in poverty: An application for Turkey, Feminist Economics, 28(2), 119-151.
• Tobin, J. (1994). Poverty in relation to macroeconomic trends, cycles, and policies, In Danziger, S. H., Sandefur, G. D. and Weinberg, D. H. (Eds.). Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. (pp. 147-167). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Turkish Statistical Institute, Surveys of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) 2014-2022, Micro Datasets.
• Van der Berg, S., Burger, C., Burger, R., de Vos, M., du Rand, G., Gustafsson, M. A., Moses, E., Shepherd, D. L., Spaull, N., Taylor S., van Broekhuizen, H., and von Fintel, D. (2011). Low quality education as a poverty trap, Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers, No. 25/2011.
• Vos, R. (2008). What we do and don’t know about trade liberalization and poverty reduction. In J. Cockburn, P. Giordano (Eds.), Trade and Poverty in the Developing World. (pp 32-66), Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) Research Network.
• World Bank (2005). Introduction to poverty analyses, Poverty Manual, Washington, Banco Mundial. Yılmaz, E. and Kılıç, İ. E. (2021). Deprivation: Endowment and discrimination?, Social Indicators Research, 158(1), 177-196.