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How Does Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles Become Widespread in Türkiye?

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 84 - 121, 08.03.2024

Öz

The transition to electric vehicles indicates a radical transformation process in today's transportation industry. While vehicle manufacturers direct their resources to design and produce electric models, governments see this process as a tool to decarbonize their economies in line with their goals of combating climate change. This study aims to produce public policy recommendations on how the charging infrastructure, which is an important component of the electric vehicle ecosystem, can be developed in Türkiye. In this context, it is argued that domestic electric vehicle production and Türkiye's targets of mitigating climate change are important opportunities that can accelerate the spread of the electric vehicle ecosystem. In addition, being a follower in the transition to electric vehicles offers an opportunity to adopt other successful country models. Within the framework of the scope of the study, the information and the opportunities presented, the following suggestions are offered: introducing a basic and comprehensive strategy, making legal regulations consistent and predictable, and creating synergies with other goals (reducing foreign dependency on energy, transition to renewable energy, etc.).

Kaynakça

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  • Ateş. M. A. (2021). Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonlarına İlişkin AB Regülasyonu. Uzman Gözüyle Enerji, 3(18), 30-37, Erişim tarihi 0410.2021 http://enerjiuzmanlari.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Uzman-Gozuyle-Enerji_18-.sayi_WEB.pdf.
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  • Caillaud, B., ve Jullien, B. (2003). Chicken & Egg: Competition Among Intermediation Service Providers. The RAND Journal of Economics, 34(2), 309–328.
  • Chakraborty, D., Bunch, D. S., Lee, J. H., ve Tal, G. (2019). Demand drivers for charging infrastructure-charging behavior of plug-in electric vehicle commuters. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 76, 255-272.
  • Competition & Markets Authority. (2021). Electric vehicle charging market study - Final Report. Erişim tarihi 04.08.2021 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005292/EVC_MS_final_report_TS.pdf
  • De Rubens, G. Z., Noel, L., Kester, J., ve Sovacool, B. K. (2020). The market case for electric mobility: Investigating electric vehicle business models for mass adoption. Energy, 194, 116841.
  • Dünya Gazetesi (12 Haziran 2021). Karsan'ın elektrikli otobüsü Almanya yolcusu. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.dunya.com/sirketler/karsanin-elektrikli-otobusu-almanya-yolcusu-haberi-624510.
  • DW-Türkçe (17 Mart 2021). Türkiye'nin "elektrikli oto"da bölgesel üs hedefi. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.dw.com/tr/türkiyenin-elektrikli-otoda-bölgesel-üs-hedefi/a-56904280.
  • Egnér, F., ve Trosvik, L. (2018). Electric vehicle adoption in Sweden and the impact of local policy instruments. Energy Policy, 121, 584-596.
  • Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2017). Ulusal Enerji Verimliliği Eylem Planı (2017-2023). Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/01/20180102M1-1-1.pdf.
  • Enerji Portalı (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji Potansiyeli ile Avrupa’da İlk Sıralardayız! Erişim tarihi 14.06.2021 https://www.enerjiportali.com/yenilenebilir-enerji-potansiyeli-ile-avrupada-ilk-siralardayiz/.
  • EPDK (2017). Elektrikli Araçlar Şarj İstasyonuna İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar Taslağı. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/20-0-0-398/elektrikli-araclar-şarj-istasyonuna-iliskin-usul-.
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  • European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020c). The total number of normal and high-power public recharging points. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.eafo.eu/alternative-fuels/electricity/charging-infra-stats
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  • European Commission (2019b). Communication on the European Green Deal COM (2019) 640 final, Annex – Roadmap and key actions. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/01%202020%20Draft%20TE%20Infrastructure%20Report%20Final.pdf
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  • European Environment Agency (2020). Newly registered electric cars by country. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/proportion-of-vehicle-fleet-meeting-5/assessment.
  • Ferwerda, R., Bayings, M., Van der Kam, M., & Bekkers, R. (2018). Advancing E-roaming in Europe: Towards a single “language” for the European charging infrastructure. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 9(4), 50-64.
  • Frontier Economics. (2020). Can the market alone deliver EV charge points? Erişim tarihi 30.12.2020 https://www.frontier-economics.com/media/3663/ev-charge-point-market-failures.pdf.
  • Hall, D. ve Lutsey, N. (2017). Emerging Best Pratices for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure. ICCT White Paper. Erişim tarihi 08.01.2020 http://www.ivl.se/download/18.5922281715bdaebede9559/1496046218976/C243+The+life+cycle+energy+consumption+and+CO2+emissions+from+lithium+ion+batteries+.pdf.
  • Hardman, S., Jenn, A., Tal, G., Axsen, J., Beard, G., Daina, N. ve Witkamp, B. (2018). A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 508-523.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2021a). Ekonomi Reformları Kitaçığı. Erişim tarihi 25.03.2021 https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/03/Ekonomik-Reformlar-Kitapcigi.pdf.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2021b). Ekonomi Reformları Eylem Planı. Erişim tarihi 25.03.2021 https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/03/Ekonomi-Reform-Takvimi.pdf.
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Türkiye’de Elektrikli Araçlar için Şarj Altyapısı Nasıl Yaygınlaşır?

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 84 - 121, 08.03.2024

Öz

Elektrikli araçlara geçiş, günümüz ulaşım endüstrisinde köklü bir dönüşüm sürecine işaret etmektedir. Araç üreticileri kaynaklarını elektrikli modeller tasarlamaya ve üretmeye yönlendirirken, hükümetler de bu süreci iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele hedefleri doğrultusunda ekonomilerini fosil yakıtlardan arındırmak için bir araç olarak görmektedir. Bu çalışma, elektrikli araç ekosistemin önemli bir parçasını oluşturan şarj altyapısının Türkiye’de nasıl geliştirilebileceğine dair kamu politikası önerileri üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Türkiye için elektrikli araçların yayılımı konusunda yerli elektrikli araç üretimi ve Türkiye’nin iklim değişikliğinin önlenmesine yönelik hedeflerinin, elektrikli araç ekosisteminin yayılımını hızlandırabilecek önemli fırsatlar olduğu savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, elektrikli araçlara geçişte Türkiye’nin henüz takipçi konumunda olmasının diğer başarılı ülke modellerini benimsemesi konusunda da bir fırsat sunduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, sunulan bilgiler ve ortaya koyulan fırsatlar çerçevesinde şu öneriler sunulmuştur: temel ve kapsayıcı bir stratejinin ortaya koyulması, yasal düzenlemelerin tutarlı ve öngörülebilir hale getirilmesi ve başka hedeflerle (enerjide dışa bağımlılığı azaltma, yenilenebilir enerjiye geçiş, vb.) sinerji yaratılması.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma herhangi bir kurum ya da kişi tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ardıyok, Ş. ve Köksal, E. (2021). Climate Change Mitigation – The Paris Agreement, Turkey's Ambiguous Position, And Need For Policy Change In Various Areas. Mondaq. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/climate-change/1032078/climate-change-mitigation-the-paris-agreement-turkey39s-ambiguous-position-and-need-for-policy-change-in-various-areas.
  • Ateş. M. A. (2021). Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonlarına İlişkin AB Regülasyonu. Uzman Gözüyle Enerji, 3(18), 30-37, Erişim tarihi 0410.2021 http://enerjiuzmanlari.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Uzman-Gozuyle-Enerji_18-.sayi_WEB.pdf.
  • Bodansky, D. (2016). The legal character of the Paris Agreement. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 25(2), 142-150.
  • Caillaud, B., ve Jullien, B. (2003). Chicken & Egg: Competition Among Intermediation Service Providers. The RAND Journal of Economics, 34(2), 309–328.
  • Chakraborty, D., Bunch, D. S., Lee, J. H., ve Tal, G. (2019). Demand drivers for charging infrastructure-charging behavior of plug-in electric vehicle commuters. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 76, 255-272.
  • Competition & Markets Authority. (2021). Electric vehicle charging market study - Final Report. Erişim tarihi 04.08.2021 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005292/EVC_MS_final_report_TS.pdf
  • De Rubens, G. Z., Noel, L., Kester, J., ve Sovacool, B. K. (2020). The market case for electric mobility: Investigating electric vehicle business models for mass adoption. Energy, 194, 116841.
  • Dünya Gazetesi (12 Haziran 2021). Karsan'ın elektrikli otobüsü Almanya yolcusu. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.dunya.com/sirketler/karsanin-elektrikli-otobusu-almanya-yolcusu-haberi-624510.
  • DW-Türkçe (17 Mart 2021). Türkiye'nin "elektrikli oto"da bölgesel üs hedefi. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.dw.com/tr/türkiyenin-elektrikli-otoda-bölgesel-üs-hedefi/a-56904280.
  • Egnér, F., ve Trosvik, L. (2018). Electric vehicle adoption in Sweden and the impact of local policy instruments. Energy Policy, 121, 584-596.
  • Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2017). Ulusal Enerji Verimliliği Eylem Planı (2017-2023). Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/01/20180102M1-1-1.pdf.
  • Enerji Portalı (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji Potansiyeli ile Avrupa’da İlk Sıralardayız! Erişim tarihi 14.06.2021 https://www.enerjiportali.com/yenilenebilir-enerji-potansiyeli-ile-avrupada-ilk-siralardayiz/.
  • EPDK (2017). Elektrikli Araçlar Şarj İstasyonuna İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar Taslağı. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/20-0-0-398/elektrikli-araclar-şarj-istasyonuna-iliskin-usul-.
  • Euobserver (2020). EU commission wants 30 million electric cars by 2030. Erişim tarihi 30.12.2020 https://euobserver.com/green-deal/150335.
  • Euronews (30 Aralık 2019). Türkiye'de 100 kişiye düşen otomobil sayısı 14, AB'de ise 51. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://tr.euronews.com/2019/12/30/turkiye-de-100-kisiye-dusen-arac-say-s-28-ab-de-ise-51.
  • European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020a). Charging infra stats. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.eafo.eu/alternative-fuels/electricity/charging-infra-stats.
  • European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020b). Top 5 Countries Number Of Public Recharging Points. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.eafo.eu/alternative-fuels/electricity/charging-infra-stats
  • European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020c). The total number of normal and high-power public recharging points. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.eafo.eu/alternative-fuels/electricity/charging-infra-stats
  • European Commission (2019a) Report From The Commission To The European Parliament And The Council on the application of Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-6841-2021-ADD-3/en/pdf
  • European Commission (2019b). Communication on the European Green Deal COM (2019) 640 final, Annex – Roadmap and key actions. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/01%202020%20Draft%20TE%20Infrastructure%20Report%20Final.pdf
  • European Commission (2020). A European Green Deal. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
  • European Court of Auditors (2021). Special Report: Infrastructure for charging electric vehicles: more charging stations but uneven deployment makes travel across the EU complicated Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021, https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR21_05/SR_Electrical_charging_infrastructure_EN.pdf
  • European Environment Agency (2020). Newly registered electric cars by country. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/proportion-of-vehicle-fleet-meeting-5/assessment.
  • Ferwerda, R., Bayings, M., Van der Kam, M., & Bekkers, R. (2018). Advancing E-roaming in Europe: Towards a single “language” for the European charging infrastructure. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 9(4), 50-64.
  • Frontier Economics. (2020). Can the market alone deliver EV charge points? Erişim tarihi 30.12.2020 https://www.frontier-economics.com/media/3663/ev-charge-point-market-failures.pdf.
  • Hall, D. ve Lutsey, N. (2017). Emerging Best Pratices for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure. ICCT White Paper. Erişim tarihi 08.01.2020 http://www.ivl.se/download/18.5922281715bdaebede9559/1496046218976/C243+The+life+cycle+energy+consumption+and+CO2+emissions+from+lithium+ion+batteries+.pdf.
  • Hardman, S., Jenn, A., Tal, G., Axsen, J., Beard, G., Daina, N. ve Witkamp, B. (2018). A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 508-523.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2021a). Ekonomi Reformları Kitaçığı. Erişim tarihi 25.03.2021 https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/03/Ekonomik-Reformlar-Kitapcigi.pdf.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2021b). Ekonomi Reformları Eylem Planı. Erişim tarihi 25.03.2021 https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/03/Ekonomi-Reform-Takvimi.pdf.
  • Heywood, J. B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Education. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/binaray/mheaeworks/3e521f3d48568bd8/31775d7d39749700c81223cdfec9aac672f43a1a636910cf8ade18d9c7f04e1e/book-summary.pdf.
  • Karsan (2021). Atak Elektric – Elektrikli Otobüs: Mobilitenin Yeni Tanımı. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.karsan.com/tr/genel-bakis-atak-electric.
  • Katz, M. L., ve Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424-440.
  • Katz, M. L., ve Shapiro, C. (1986). Technology adoption in the presence of network externalities. Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 822-841.
  • Lee, H., ve Clark, A. (2018). Charging the Future: Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Adoption. Alternative Transport Fuels eJournal. Erişim tarihi 08.01.2020 https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1693.
  • Li, S., Tong, L., Xing, J., ve Zhou, Y. (2017). The market for electric vehicles: indirect network effects and policy design. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(1), 89-133.
  • McKinsey (2018). Charging ahead: Electric-vehicle infrastructure demand. Erişim tarihi 29.01.2021 https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/charging-ahead-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-demand.
  • Mersky, A. C., Sprei, F., Samaras, C., ve Qian, Z. S. (2016). Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 46, 56-68.
  • OECD (2020). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, OECD Environment Database. Erişim tarihi 30.12.2020 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIR_GHG.
  • OECD (2021). Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Source, OECD Environment Database. Erişim tarihi 08.03.2024 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=air_ghg.
  • Özpeynirci, E. (2019). Elektrikli otolara ‘pil vergisi’ yok. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/elektrikli-otolara-pil-vergisi-yok-41076001.
  • Platform For Electromobility (2018). How EU Member States roll out electric-mobility: Electric Charging Infrastructure in 2020 and beyond. Erişim tarihi 01.05.2021 https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/Emobility%20Platform%20AFID%20analysis.pdf
  • Rong, K., Shi, Y., Shang, T., Chen, Y., ve Hao, H. (2017). Organizing business ecosystems in emerging electric vehicle industry: Structure, mechanism, and integrated configuration. Energy Policy, 107, 234-247.
  • Springel, K. (2017). Network Externality and Subsidy Structure in Two-Sided Markets: Evidence from Electric Vehicle Incentives. Erişim tarihi 30.12.2020, https://energy.umich.edu/te3/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/09/Final-Springel-paper_EV.pdf.
  • TEB Cetelem (2020). Cetelem Gözlemevi Sonuçları 2019. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 https://www.tebcetelem.com.tr/media/1352/observatory2019.pdf.
  • TEHAD (2017). Türkiye’de Kurulu Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonları. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 http://tehad.org/2017/01/16/turkiyede-kurulu-elektrikli-arac-şarj-istasyonlari/.
  • TEHAD (2020). Türkiye Şarj İstasyonu Haritası – Bölgeler 2020. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 http://tehad.org/2020/11/09/turkiye-şarj-istasyonu-haritasi-bolgeler-2020/.
  • TEHAD (2021). 2020 yılı Elektrikli ve Hibrid otomobil satış rakamları belli oldu. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021 http://tehad.org/2021/01/16/2020-yili-elektrikli-ve-hibrid-otomobil-satis-rakamlari-belli-oldu/.
  • The European Association For Electromobility (2021a). Joint Statement: Multi-Stakeholder Coalition Spanning Industry and Civil Society Calls for Upcoming E-Mobility Policies to Support Electrification of Corporate And Urban Fleets. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021. https://www.avere.org/joint-statement-multi-stakeholder-coalition-spanning-industry-and-civil-society-calls-for-upcoming-e-mobility-policies-to-support-electrification-of-corporate-and-urban-fleets/.
  • The European Associaton For Electromobility (2021b). Electrification Alliance Fit for 55% Package: Joint Position. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.avere.org/electrification-alliance-fit-for-55-package-joint-position/.
  • TÜİK (2020). Motorlu Kara Taşıtları, Eylül 2020. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Motorlu-Kara-Tasitlari-Eylul-2020-33657.
  • Transport & Environment (2021). Cars Climate Brief #1: Why CO2 from new cars could drop by only 2% by 2029. Erişim tarihi 12.06.2021 https://www.transportenvironment.org/newsroom/blog/cars-climate-brief-1why-co2-new-cars-could-drop-only-2-2029.
  • Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı (2014). Ulusal Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri Strateji Belgesi (2014-2023) ve Eki Eylem Planı (2014-2016). Erişim tarihi 08.02.2021, http://www.sp.gov.tr/upload/xSPTemelBelge/files/ rJ6g4+Ulusal_Akilli_Ulasim_Sistemleri_Strateji_Belgesi_2014-2023_ve_Eki_Eylem_Plani_2014-2016_.pdf.
  • US Department of Energy (2020). Electric Vehicle Basics. Erişim tarihi 29.01.2021, https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicle-basics.
  • Wangsness, P. B. ve Halse, A. H. (2021). The Impact of Electric Vehicle Density on Local Grid Costs: Empirical Evidence from Norway. The Energy Journal, 42(5), 149-168.
  • Zhang, Q., Li, H., Zhu, L., Campana, P. E., Lu, H., Wallin, F. ve Sun, Q. (2018). Factors influencing the economics of public charging infrastructures for EV–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 500-509.
  • Zhou, Y. ve Li, S. (2018). Technology adoption and critical mass: The case of the US electric vehicle market. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 66(2), 423-480.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Karşılaştırmalı Ekonomik Sistemler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emin Köksal 0000-0003-4232-3193

Şahin Ardıyok 0000-0002-0303-8376

Bora İkiler 0000-0001-6662-5650

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Köksal, E., Ardıyok, Ş., & İkiler, B. (2024). Türkiye’de Elektrikli Araçlar için Şarj Altyapısı Nasıl Yaygınlaşır?. Ekonomi-Tek, 13(1), 84-121.