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TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2026
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TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA

Öz

This study examines attitudes toward the moral acceptability of tax evasion in Türkiye and Azerbaijan using data from Wave 7 of the World Values Survey. In the World Values Survey, participants in both countries were asked to rate their views on tax evasion using a 10-point Likert scale, where 1 indicated that tax evasion is never justifiable and 10 indicated that it is always justifiable. Mean comparisons and p-values were computed using Welch's t-test, overall and by gender, age, education level and income level, in order to identify whether demographic variables are associated with differences in attitudes. The findings indicate that both populations strongly oppose tax evasion (mean scores below 3), but the Azerbaijan sample is significantly less opposed than the Türkiye sample. Within-country comparisons indicate that gender and education level are not significant demographic variables in either country, age is significant only for the 30–49 versus 50+ comparison in Azerbaijan, and income level displays a roughly linear pattern in both countries, with higher income associated with greater acceptance of tax evasion, although the difference between the two highest income groups in Azerbaijan is not significant. These results are discussed in light of the broader literature on the ethics of tax evasion and the cultural, historical and political links between Türkiye and Azerbaijan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tax evasion ethics, Tax morale, World Values Survey, Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Comparative study, Turkic societies

Kaynakça

  1. Akyol, M. (2019). “Türkiye’s Troubled Experiment with Secularism”. Century Foundation. Retrieved: March 7, 2026, from https://tcf.org/content/report/Türkiyes-troubled-experiment-secularism/
  2. Allingham, M. G., & Sandmo, A. (1972). “Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis”. Journal of Public Economics, 1(3-4): 323-338.
  3. Alm, J. (2019). “What Motivates Tax Compliance?”. Journal of Economic Surveys, 33(2): 353-388. Alm, J., & Torgler, B. (2006). “Culture differences and tax morale in the United States and in Europe”. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(2): 224-246.
  4. Ataşer, G. A. (2025). “Clan Politics in Azerbaijan: A Critical Overview”. International SocialSciences Studies Journal, 11(2): 208-212.
  5. Balci, B. (2012). “Carnegie Endowment for International Peace”. Shia–Sunni sectarianism in the Middle East and its echo in Azerbaijan. Retrieved: March 7, 2026, from https://carnegie.ru/commentary/56032
  6. Benk, S., Budak, T., & Cakmak, A. F. (2012). “Tax Professionals’ Perceptions of Tax Fairness: Survey Evidence in Türkiye”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(2):112-117
  7. Benk, S., Budak, T., Yüzbaşı, B., & Mohdali, R. (2016). “The Impact of Religiosity on Tax Compliance among Turkish Self-Employed Taxpayers”. Religions, 7(4):37-47.
  8. Crowe, M.T. (1944). “The Moral Obligation of Paying Just Taxes”. The Catholic University of America Studies in Sacred Theology No. 84.
  9. Feld, L. P., & Frey, B. S. (2007). “Tax Compliance as the Result of a Psychological Tax Contract: The Role of Incentives and Responsive Regulation”. Law & Policy, 29(1): 102-120.
  10. Geghard Scientific Analytical Foundation (2024-09-27). “Azerbaijani Authorities against Turkish Soft Power”. (2025, July 12). Geghard Center for Economic and Social Research. Retrieved: March 7, 2026, from https://geghard-saf.am/en/375/azerbaijan-Türkiye-softpower

Kaynak Göster

APA
Mcgee, R., & Geyik, O. (2026). TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 9(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1928659
AMA
1.Mcgee R, Geyik O. TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2026;9(1):83-94. doi:10.46737/emid.1928659
Chicago
Mcgee, Robert, ve Osman Geyik. 2026. “TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 9 (1): 83-94. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1928659.
EndNote
Mcgee R, Geyik O (01 Haziran 2026) TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 9 1 83–94.
IEEE
[1]R. Mcgee ve O. Geyik, “TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA”, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, c. 9, sy 1, ss. 83–94, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.46737/emid.1928659.
ISNAD
Mcgee, Robert - Geyik, Osman. “TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 9/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 83-94. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1928659.
JAMA
1.Mcgee R, Geyik O. TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2026;9:83–94.
MLA
Mcgee, Robert, ve Osman Geyik. “TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, c. 9, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 83-94, doi:10.46737/emid.1928659.
Vancouver
1.Robert Mcgee, Osman Geyik. TAX EVASION ETHICS IN TÜRKİYE AND AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING WORLD VALUES SURVEY DATA. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2026;9(1):83-94. doi:10.46737/emid.1928659