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GOVERNANCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A PANEL CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 304 - 317, 31.12.2022

İlyas Kays İmamoğlu

https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1205240

Öz

Discussions in the economic literature that governance is an essential factor in the economic growth process that started in the 1990s continue today. The focus of these discussions is closely related to the meaning and scope of the concept of governance, which is considered the performance of institutions in countries. The view that the governance characteristics of the countries can affect the functioning of the market mechanism has brought questions about determining the behavior of entrepreneurs, who are one of the market actors, and their level of influence on economic growth. For this purpose, in this study, the relationships between governance, entrepreneurship, and economic growth were examined in the 2006-2020 period and a sample of 56 countries, with the panel causality analysis developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012). According to the findings, it has been determined that there are bidirectional causal relationships between economic growth and entrepreneurship, bidirectional causal relationships between economic growth and governance, and bidirectional causal relationships between governance and entrepreneurship. These results highlight the importance of governance and entrepreneurship factors for sustainable economic growth, which is the main problem of economies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Governance Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. (2003). “A Historical Approach to Assessing the Role of İnstitutions in Economic Development, Root Causes”. Finance and Development, 40 (2):27-30.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2005). “Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth”. Handbook of Economic Growth, 1, 385-472.
  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P. & Carlsson, B. (2012). “Growth and Entrepreneurship”. Small Business Economics, 39(2): 289-300.
  • Adusei, M. (2016). “Does Entrepreneurship Promote Economic Growth in Africa?”. African Development Review, 28(2):201-214.
  • Akçacı, T. & Yılmaz, Ö. (2021). “G-8 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Dışa Açıklık, Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi”. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 5(2):381-399.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., Caiazza, R., & Desai, S. (2022). “The Role of İnstitutions in Latent and Emergent Entrepreneurship”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174: 121263.
  • Aysan, A.F. (2020). Yönetişim ve Kurumlar Kavramlarının Yükselişi. C. C. Aktan (Ed.), Kurumsal İktisat, Kurallar ve Kurumların İktisadi Gelişme Açısından Önemi İçinde (s. 23-47). İzmir: SOBİAD Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Yayınları.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1993b). “Formal Entrepreneurship Theory in Economics: Existence and Bounds”. Journal of Business Venturing, (8):197-210.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1996). “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive”. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1): 3-22.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2010). The Microtheory of İnnovative Entrepreneurship. In The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Baumol, W. J., & Strom, R. J. (2007). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3‐4):233-237.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1993a). Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). “Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Some Cross-Country Evidence”. Public Choice, 134(3):307-328.
  • Bosma, N., Sanders, M., & Stam, E. (2018). “Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth in Europe”. Small Business Economics, 51(2):483-499.
  • Boudreaux, C.J. & Caudill, S. (2019). “Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Growth: Does the Level of Development Matter?”. arXiv, arXiv:1903.02934. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1903.02934
  • Dau, L.A. & Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2014). “To Formalize or Not to Formalize: Entrepreneurship and Pro-Market İnstitutions”. Journal of Business Venturing, 29 (5): 668-686.
  • Doran, J., McCarthy, N., & O’Connor, M. (2018). “The Role of Entrepreneurship in Stimulating Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries”. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1):1442093.
  • Dumitrescu, E. & Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panel”. Economic Modelling, 29(4):1450-1460.
  • Dünya Bankası (2022a). Dünya Bankası, Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022.https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • Dünya Bankası (2022b). Dünya Bankası, Girişimcilik Veritabanı. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/entrepreneurship#closed
  • Dünya Bankası (2022c). Dünya Bankası, Küresel Yönetişim Göstergeleri. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators
  • Dvouletý, O., Gordievskaya, A., & Procházka, D. A. (2018). “Investigating the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: Case of Developing Countries”. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1):1-9.
  • Eygü, H., & Coşkun, H. (2020). “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye, İnovasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi (1995-2018)”. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23): 503-522.
  • Fredström, A., Peltonen, J., & Wincent, J. (2020). “A Country-Level İnstitutional Perspective on Entrepreneurship Productivity: The Effects of İnformal Economy and Regulation”. Journal of Business Venturing, 106002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106002
  • Friedman, B. A. (2011). “The Relationship between Governance Effectiveness and Entrepreneurship”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(17):221-225.
  • Galindo, M. Á. & Méndez, M. T. (2014). “Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and İnnovation: Are Feedback Effects at Work?”. Journal of Business Research, 67(5):825-829.
  • Groşanu, A., Boţa-Avram, C., Răchişan, P. R., Vesselinov, R. & Tiron-Tudor, A. (2015). “The İnfluence of Country-Level Governance on Business Environment and Entrepreneurship: A Global Perspective”. Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 17(38):60-75.
  • Haggard, S. & Tiede, L. (2011). “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where Are We?”. World Development, 39 (5):673-685.
  • Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Others?”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1):83-116.
  • Hamdan, A.M., Khamis, R., Al Hawaj, A. A. & Barone, E. (2020). “The Mediation Role of Public Governance in the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 16 (3):316-333.
  • Harbi, S. E., Grolleau G. & Bekir I. (2011). “Entrepreneurship and Growth: What Causes What? Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship”. Innovation and Economic Growth, 22:73-91.
  • Hartono, D., & Muzayanah, I. F. U. (2020). “The Roles of Entrepreneurship on Regional Economic Growth in Indonesia”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(1):28-41.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. ve Mastruzzi, M., (2006). Governance Matters V: Governance indicators for 1996-2005. Washington D.C.: World Bank
  • Khyareh, M., M., & Amini, H. (2021). “Governance Quality, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2):41-64.
  • Lepojevic, V., Djukic, M. I., & Mladenovic, J. (2016). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries”. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 13(1):17-29.
  • Li, H., Yang, Z., Yao, X., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2012). “Entrepreneurship, Private Economy and Growth: Evidence from China”. China Economic Review, 23(4):948-961.
  • Méndez-Picazo, M. T., Galindo-Martín, M. Á., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). “Governance, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10):865-877. Mueller, P. (2007). “Exploiting Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The İmpact of Entrepreneurship on Growth”. Small Business Economics, 28(4):355-362.
  • Munyo, I., & Veiga, L. (2022). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01032-8
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229. http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1):50-93.
  • Reynolds, P., Bygrave, W. D. & Autio, E. (2003). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2003 Executive Report: Babson College. London Business School: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
  • Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Galindo-Martín, M. Á. (2012). “Government Policies to Support Entrepreneurship”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10):861-864.
  • Salgado-Banda, H. (2007). “Entrepreneurshıp and Economıc Growth: An Empırıcal Analysıs”. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(01):3-9.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Editör (Casson, M.). Entrepreneurship (105-134). Hants: Edward Elgar.
  • Sternberg, R., & Wennekers, S. (2005). “Determinants and Effects of New Business Creation Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data”. Small Business Economics, 24(3):193-203.
  • Stoica, O., Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. (2020). “The Nexus between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis on Groups of Countries”. Sustainability, 12(3):1186.
  • Taşdemir, Y. (2022). “Çevre Kalitesi ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: Seçilmiş OECD Üyesi Ülkelerde Panel Nedensellik Analizi”. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20 (46):1022-1054.
  • Thai, M. T. T., & Turkina, E. (2014). Macro-Level Determinants of Formal Entrepreneurship Versus İnformal Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4):490-510.
  • Urbano, D., & Aparicio, S. (2016). “Entrepreneurship Capital Types and Economic Growth: International Evidence”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102:34-44.
  • Valliere, D., & Peterson, R. (2009). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Countries”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21(5-6):459-480.
  • Van Stel, A., & Carree, M. (2004). “Business Ownership and Sectoral Growth: An Empirical Analysis of 21 OECD Countries”. International Small Business Journal, 22(4):389-419.
  • Van Stel, A., Carree M., & Thurik, R. (2005). “The Effect of Entrepreneurship on National Economic Growth”. Small Business Economics, 23:11-21.
  • Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. (1999). “Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Small Business Economics, 13(1):27-56.
  • Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). “Entrepreneurship, İnnovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data”. Small Business Economics, 24(3):335-350.
  • Yamada, G. (1996). “Urban İnformal Employment and Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence”. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44(2):289-314. Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Youssef, A. B., Boubaker, S., & Omri, A. (2018). “Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: The Need for İnnovative and İnstitutional Solutions”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129:232-241.

YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 304 - 317, 31.12.2022

İlyas Kays İmamoğlu

https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1205240

Öz

Ekonomi yazınında, 1990’lı yıllarda başlayan ekonomik büyüme sürecinde yönetişimin önemli bir faktör olduğu tartışmaları, günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Bu tartışmaların odak noktası, ülkelerdeki kurumların performansı olarak ele alınan yönetişim kavramının içerdiği anlam ve kapsadığı alanla yakından ilişkilidir. Ülkelerin yönetişimsel özelliklerinin, piyasa mekanizmasının işleyişine etki edebileceği görüşü, piyasa aktörlerinden biri olan girişimcilerin davranışlarını ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etki düzeylerinin belirlenebilmesine yönelik soruları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada yönetişim, girişimcilik ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) tarafından geliştirilen panel nedensellik analizi ile 2006-2020 döneminde ve 56 ülke örnekleminde incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ekonomik büyüme ile girişimcilik arasında çift yönlü, ekonomik büyüme ile yönetişim arasında çift yönlü ve yönetişim ile girişimcilik arasında çift yönlü nedensel ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ekonomilerin temel sorunu olan sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme için yönetişim ve girişimcilik faktörlerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yönetişim Girişimcilik Ekonomik Büyüme Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. (2003). “A Historical Approach to Assessing the Role of İnstitutions in Economic Development, Root Causes”. Finance and Development, 40 (2):27-30.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2005). “Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth”. Handbook of Economic Growth, 1, 385-472.
  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P. & Carlsson, B. (2012). “Growth and Entrepreneurship”. Small Business Economics, 39(2): 289-300.
  • Adusei, M. (2016). “Does Entrepreneurship Promote Economic Growth in Africa?”. African Development Review, 28(2):201-214.
  • Akçacı, T. & Yılmaz, Ö. (2021). “G-8 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Dışa Açıklık, Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi”. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 5(2):381-399.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., Caiazza, R., & Desai, S. (2022). “The Role of İnstitutions in Latent and Emergent Entrepreneurship”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174: 121263.
  • Aysan, A.F. (2020). Yönetişim ve Kurumlar Kavramlarının Yükselişi. C. C. Aktan (Ed.), Kurumsal İktisat, Kurallar ve Kurumların İktisadi Gelişme Açısından Önemi İçinde (s. 23-47). İzmir: SOBİAD Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Yayınları.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1993b). “Formal Entrepreneurship Theory in Economics: Existence and Bounds”. Journal of Business Venturing, (8):197-210.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1996). “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive”. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1): 3-22.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2010). The Microtheory of İnnovative Entrepreneurship. In The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Baumol, W. J., & Strom, R. J. (2007). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3‐4):233-237.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1993a). Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). “Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Some Cross-Country Evidence”. Public Choice, 134(3):307-328.
  • Bosma, N., Sanders, M., & Stam, E. (2018). “Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth in Europe”. Small Business Economics, 51(2):483-499.
  • Boudreaux, C.J. & Caudill, S. (2019). “Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Growth: Does the Level of Development Matter?”. arXiv, arXiv:1903.02934. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1903.02934
  • Dau, L.A. & Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2014). “To Formalize or Not to Formalize: Entrepreneurship and Pro-Market İnstitutions”. Journal of Business Venturing, 29 (5): 668-686.
  • Doran, J., McCarthy, N., & O’Connor, M. (2018). “The Role of Entrepreneurship in Stimulating Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries”. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1):1442093.
  • Dumitrescu, E. & Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panel”. Economic Modelling, 29(4):1450-1460.
  • Dünya Bankası (2022a). Dünya Bankası, Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022.https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • Dünya Bankası (2022b). Dünya Bankası, Girişimcilik Veritabanı. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/entrepreneurship#closed
  • Dünya Bankası (2022c). Dünya Bankası, Küresel Yönetişim Göstergeleri. Erişim tarihi: 21/06/2022. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators
  • Dvouletý, O., Gordievskaya, A., & Procházka, D. A. (2018). “Investigating the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: Case of Developing Countries”. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1):1-9.
  • Eygü, H., & Coşkun, H. (2020). “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye, İnovasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi (1995-2018)”. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23): 503-522.
  • Fredström, A., Peltonen, J., & Wincent, J. (2020). “A Country-Level İnstitutional Perspective on Entrepreneurship Productivity: The Effects of İnformal Economy and Regulation”. Journal of Business Venturing, 106002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106002
  • Friedman, B. A. (2011). “The Relationship between Governance Effectiveness and Entrepreneurship”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(17):221-225.
  • Galindo, M. Á. & Méndez, M. T. (2014). “Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and İnnovation: Are Feedback Effects at Work?”. Journal of Business Research, 67(5):825-829.
  • Groşanu, A., Boţa-Avram, C., Răchişan, P. R., Vesselinov, R. & Tiron-Tudor, A. (2015). “The İnfluence of Country-Level Governance on Business Environment and Entrepreneurship: A Global Perspective”. Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 17(38):60-75.
  • Haggard, S. & Tiede, L. (2011). “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where Are We?”. World Development, 39 (5):673-685.
  • Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Others?”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1):83-116.
  • Hamdan, A.M., Khamis, R., Al Hawaj, A. A. & Barone, E. (2020). “The Mediation Role of Public Governance in the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 16 (3):316-333.
  • Harbi, S. E., Grolleau G. & Bekir I. (2011). “Entrepreneurship and Growth: What Causes What? Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship”. Innovation and Economic Growth, 22:73-91.
  • Hartono, D., & Muzayanah, I. F. U. (2020). “The Roles of Entrepreneurship on Regional Economic Growth in Indonesia”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(1):28-41.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. ve Mastruzzi, M., (2006). Governance Matters V: Governance indicators for 1996-2005. Washington D.C.: World Bank
  • Khyareh, M., M., & Amini, H. (2021). “Governance Quality, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2):41-64.
  • Lepojevic, V., Djukic, M. I., & Mladenovic, J. (2016). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries”. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 13(1):17-29.
  • Li, H., Yang, Z., Yao, X., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2012). “Entrepreneurship, Private Economy and Growth: Evidence from China”. China Economic Review, 23(4):948-961.
  • Méndez-Picazo, M. T., Galindo-Martín, M. Á., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). “Governance, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10):865-877. Mueller, P. (2007). “Exploiting Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The İmpact of Entrepreneurship on Growth”. Small Business Economics, 28(4):355-362.
  • Munyo, I., & Veiga, L. (2022). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01032-8
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229. http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1):50-93.
  • Reynolds, P., Bygrave, W. D. & Autio, E. (2003). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2003 Executive Report: Babson College. London Business School: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
  • Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Galindo-Martín, M. Á. (2012). “Government Policies to Support Entrepreneurship”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10):861-864.
  • Salgado-Banda, H. (2007). “Entrepreneurshıp and Economıc Growth: An Empırıcal Analysıs”. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(01):3-9.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Editör (Casson, M.). Entrepreneurship (105-134). Hants: Edward Elgar.
  • Sternberg, R., & Wennekers, S. (2005). “Determinants and Effects of New Business Creation Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data”. Small Business Economics, 24(3):193-203.
  • Stoica, O., Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. (2020). “The Nexus between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis on Groups of Countries”. Sustainability, 12(3):1186.
  • Taşdemir, Y. (2022). “Çevre Kalitesi ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: Seçilmiş OECD Üyesi Ülkelerde Panel Nedensellik Analizi”. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20 (46):1022-1054.
  • Thai, M. T. T., & Turkina, E. (2014). Macro-Level Determinants of Formal Entrepreneurship Versus İnformal Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4):490-510.
  • Urbano, D., & Aparicio, S. (2016). “Entrepreneurship Capital Types and Economic Growth: International Evidence”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102:34-44.
  • Valliere, D., & Peterson, R. (2009). “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Countries”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21(5-6):459-480.
  • Van Stel, A., & Carree, M. (2004). “Business Ownership and Sectoral Growth: An Empirical Analysis of 21 OECD Countries”. International Small Business Journal, 22(4):389-419.
  • Van Stel, A., Carree M., & Thurik, R. (2005). “The Effect of Entrepreneurship on National Economic Growth”. Small Business Economics, 23:11-21.
  • Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. (1999). “Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Small Business Economics, 13(1):27-56.
  • Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). “Entrepreneurship, İnnovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data”. Small Business Economics, 24(3):335-350.
  • Yamada, G. (1996). “Urban İnformal Employment and Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence”. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44(2):289-314. Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Youssef, A. B., Boubaker, S., & Omri, A. (2018). “Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: The Need for İnnovative and İnstitutional Solutions”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129:232-241.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İlyas Kays İmamoğlu 0000-0002-7732-4148

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İmamoğlu, İ. K. (2022). YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(2), 304-317. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1205240
AMA İmamoğlu İK. YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. Aralık 2022;5(2):304-317. doi:10.46737/emid.1205240
Chicago İmamoğlu, İlyas Kays. “YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 304-17. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1205240.
EndNote İmamoğlu İK (01 Aralık 2022) YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 5 2 304–317.
IEEE İ. K. İmamoğlu, “YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 304–317, 2022, doi: 10.46737/emid.1205240.
ISNAD İmamoğlu, İlyas Kays. “YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 5/2 (Aralık 2022), 304-317. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1205240.
JAMA İmamoğlu İK. YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2022;5:304–317.
MLA İmamoğlu, İlyas Kays. “YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 304-17, doi:10.46737/emid.1205240.
Vancouver İmamoğlu İK. YÖNETİŞİM, GİRİŞİMCİLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2022;5(2):304-17.
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