ALS Hastaları İçin Dalgacık Dönüşümü ve Rastgele Orman Sınıflandırıcı Kullanılan EEG Tabanlı Haberleşme Sistemi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 53 - 64, 25.01.2025

Nuri İkizler , Güneş Ekim

Öz

Amyotrofik Lateral Skleroz (ALS) hastalığının ilerleyen safhalarında, hastalar göz kasları dışında vücutlarındaki kasları kullanamaz hale gelirler. Çevreleri ile iletişim için tek şansları göz ve göz kası hareketleridir. Bu çalışmada, ALS hastalarının ifade etmek istedikleri ihtiyaç, duygu ve düşüncelerini içeren kelimeleri tek ve çift göz kırpmaları kullanarak sese dönüştüren bir sistemin tasarımı yapılmıştır. Tasarlanan sistemde, ilk olarak tek kanallı bir EEG cihazı tarafından ikili kodlanmış şekilde gönüllü deneklerden alınan EEG sinyaline karışmış durumdaki göz kırpma işaretleri, spektrogram yöntemi ile EEG sinyallerinden ayrılmıştır. Daha sonra Dalgacık Dönüşümü yöntemi ile öznitelik vektörleri bulunmuş ve Rastgele Orman algoritması kullanılarak tek veya çift göz kırpma olarak sınıflandırmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçta elde edilen tek ve çift göz kırpmalardan oluşan dizinin karşılığı olan kelime veya cümle seslendirilerek sistemin çalışması tamamlanmıştır. Etkileyici bir başarı oranına sahip sonuçlar ile bu alanda yapılacak çalışmalara yeni bir katkı sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göz-kırpma Tespiti, EEG, Spektrogram, Dalgacık Dönüşümü, Rastgele Orman

Kaynakça

• [1] Aktekin, M. R. ve Uysal, H., “Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”, Turk J Neurol, 26, 187-196, 2020.
• [2] Morris, J., “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related motor neuron diseases: an overview”, The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 55(3), 180-194, 2015.
• [3] Tramonti, F., Bongioanni, P., Di Bernardo, C., Davitti, S. ve Rossi, B., “Quality of life of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, Psychology, health & medicine, 17(5), 621-628, 2012.
• [4] Kaya, A. ve Özcan, F., “Communication with the patients of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and current technology”, The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 8(2), 2017.
• [5] Farwell, L. A. ve Donchin, E., “Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials”, Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 70(6), 510-523, 1998.
• [6] Meinicke, P., Kaper, M., Hoppe, F., Heumann, M. ve Ritter, H., “Improving transfer rates in brain computer interfacing: a case study”, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 15, 1131-1138, 2002.
• [7] Kaper, M. ve Ritter, H., “Generalizing to new subjects in brain-computer interfacing”, In The 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2, 4363-4366, 2004, September.
• [8] Amcalar, A. ve Çetin, M., “A brain-computer interface system for online spelling”, In 2010 IEEE 18th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, 196-199, 2010, April.
• [9] Akram, F., Han, S. M. ve Kim, T. S., “An efficient word typing P300-BCI system using a modified T9 interface and random forest classifier”, Computers in biology and medicine, 56, 30-36, 2015.
• [10] Oralhan, Z., “The effect of interstitial time and stimulus structure on performance in P300 based brain computer interface systems”, Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 7, 1834-1846, 2019.
• [11] Majaranta, P., Aula, A. ve Räihä, K. J., “Effects of feedback on eye typing with a short dwell time”, In Proceedings of the 2004 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications, 139-146, 2004, March.
• [12] Scott MacKenzie, I. ve Ashtiani, B., “BlinkWrite: efficient text entry using eye blinks”, Universal Access in the Information Society, 10, 69-80, 2011.
• [13] Miniotas, D., Spakov, O. ve Evreinov, G. E., “Symbol Creator: An Alternative Eye-based Text Entry Technique with Low Demand for Screen Space”, In INTERACT, 3, 137-143, 2003, September.
• [14] Usakli, A. B. ve Gurkan, S., “Design of a novel efficient human–computer interface: An electrooculogram based virtual keyboard”, IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, 59(8), 2099-2108, 2009.
• [15] Zhang, C., Yao, R. ve Cai, J., “Efficient eye typing with 9-direction gaze estimation”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77, 19679-19696, 2018.
• [16] Özbek Ülkütaş, H., EOG’nin Kodlanmasına Dayanan Bilgisayar Tabanlı Gözle Yazı Yazma Sistemi Geliştirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2015.
• [17] Porta, M. ve Turina, M., “Eye-S: a full-screen input modality for pure eye-based communication”, In Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications, 27-34, 2008, March.
• [18] Tsai, J., Lee, C., Wu, C., Wu, J. ve Kao, K., “A feasibility study of an eye-writing system based on electro-oculography”, Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 28(1), 39, 2008.
• [19] Wobbrock, J. O., Rubinstein, J., Sawyer, M. ve Duchowski, A. T., “Not typing but writing: Eye-based text entry using letter-like gestures”, In Proceedings of the conference on communications by gaze interaction (COGAIN), 61-64, 2007, September.
• [20] Lee, K. R., Chang, W. D., Kim, S. ve Im, C. H., “Real-time “eye-writing” recognition using electrooculogram”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(1), 37-48, 2016.
• [21] Fang, F. ve Shinozaki, T., “Electrooculography-based continuous eye-writing recognition system for efficient assistive communication systems”, PloS one, 13(2), e0192684, 2018.
• [22] Soman, S. ve Murthy, B. K., “Using brain computer interface for synthesized speech communication for the physically disabled”, Procedia Computer Science, 46, 292-298, 2015.
• [23] Reyes, A. F., Camacho, E. C., Armando, M. ve Calderón, J. M., “LSTM based brain-machine interface tool for text generation through eyes blinking detection”, In 2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), 1-6, 2021, January.
• [24] Mukherjee, K. ve Chatterjee, D., “Augmentative and Alternative Communication device based on eye-blink detection and conversion to Morse-code to aid paralyzed individuals”, In 2015 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT), 1-5, 2015, January.
• [25] Ikizler, N., Ekim, G. ve Atasoy, A., “A novel approach on converting eye blink signals in EEG to speech with cross correlation technique” AECE Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 23(2), 29-38, 2023.
• [26] Ekim, G., Atasoy, A. ve İkizler, N., “A New Approach for Eye-Blink to Speech Conversion by Dynamic Time Warping”, Traitement du Signal, 38(2), 369-377, 2021.
• [27] Ekim, G., Ikizler, N. ve Atasoy, A., “A Study on Eye-Blink Detection-Based Communication System by Using K-Nearest Neighbors Classifier”, AECE Advances in Electrical & Computer Engineering, 23(1), 71-78, 2023.
• [28] Ekim G., İkizler N. ve Atasoy A., “EEG Based Communication System by using Artificial Neural Networks”, 2023 Tıp Teknolojileri Kongresi-TIPTEKNO'23/2023 Medical Technologies Congress-TIPTEKNO'23, Gazimağusa, Kıbrıs (KKTC), 46-49, Kasım 2023.
• [29] https://store.neurosky.com/pages/mindwave, 12 Ağustos 2024 tarihinde ulaşıldı.
• [30] Deller Jr, J. R., Proakis, J. G. ve Hansen, J. H., Discrete time processing of speech signals, Prentice Hall PTR, 1993.
• [31] Allen, J. B. ve Rabiner, L. R., “A unified approach to short-time Fourier analysis and synthesis”, Proceedings of the IEEE, 65(11), 1558-1564, 1977.
• [32] Ekim, G., Ikizler, N. ve Atasoy, A., “The effects of different wavelet degrees on epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals”, In 2017 IEEE International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), 316-321, 2017, July.
• [33] Fraiwan, L., Lweesy, K., Khasawneh, N., Wenz, H. ve Dickhaus, H., “Automated sleep stage identification system based on time–frequency analysis of a single EEG channel and random forest classifier”, Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 108(1), 10-19, 2012.
• [34] Edla, D. R., Mangalorekar, K., Dhavalikar, G. ve Dodia, S., “Classification of EEG data for human mental state analysis using Random Forest Classifier”, Procedia computer science, 132, 1523-1532, 2018.
• [35] Hegelich, S., “Decision Trees and Random Forests: Machine Learning Techniques to Classify Rare Events”, European Policy Analysis 2 (1), 98–120, 2016.