Araştırma Makalesi
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ÇATIŞMA İLE UZLAŞI ARASINDA: MİLLİYETÇİLİK İKLİM POLİTİKALARI İLE UYUMLU OLABİLİR Mİ?

Yıl 2023, , 245 - 264, 18.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1358535

Öz

İklim değişikliği siyaset biliminin gündemine, diğer disiplinlere nazaran daha geç bir dönemde girmiştir. Bununla birlikte konunun siyaset biliminin genel kavramsal ve normatif çerçevesi içinde ele alınmaya başladığı çalışmaların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Bu makalede de iklim değişikliğinin milliyetçilik ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Metin üç bölüme ayrılmıştır. İlk bölümde, antroposen çağı kavramsallaştırması çerçevesinde sanayi-toplumunun iklim krizinin meydana gelmesindeki etkisi ve bunun ulus-devlet ve milliyetçilik ile ilişkisi özetlenmiştir. Devamında, milliyetçiliğin iklim değişikliğine uyum politikalarına karşı ne gibi dirençler meydana getirdiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Son bölümde ise hâlihazırda güçlü bir aktör olan ulus-devletin ve etkin bir ideoloji olan milliyetçiliğin, iklimsel uyum konusunda güncellenmesinin imkânları, literatürden örnekler ile tartışılmıştır. Milliyetçiliğin belirli bir türünün refah toplumları için iklim değişikliği çerçevesinde bir imkân olduğu, ancak gelişmekte olan toplumlar için aynı önermenin kuşkulu olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bununla birlikte milliyetçiliğin belirli bir döneminde demokratik siyasal katılmayı artırdığı da değerlendirildiğinde, bu ideolojinin iklim değişikliğine uyum konusunda kendini yeniden-üretmesi imkânı olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • “EU Referendum: Results”. (t.y.). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results. [Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2023].
  • Achenbach, J. (2019, August 18). Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: ‘ecofascism’. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2023).
  • Arbatli, E. (2018). Resource nationalism revisited: A new conceptualization in light of changing actors and strategies in the oil industry. Energy Research & Social Science, 40, 101–110.
  • Armiero, M. & von Hardenberg, W. G. (2013). Green rhetoric in blackshirts: Italian fascism and the environment. Environment and History, 19(3), 283–311. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734013X13690716950064
  • Barkdull, J. & Harris, P. G. (2017). Political science and severe climate change. St Antony's International Review, 13(1), 120-140. Barry, J. & Eckersley, R. (Eds.). (2005). The state and the global ecological crisis. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Beeson, M. (2010) The coming of environmental authoritarianism. Environmental Politics, 19(2), 276-294, DOI: 10.1080/09644010903576918
  • Biehl, J. & Staudenmaier, P. (2011). Ecofascism revisited: Lessons from the German experience. Porsgrunn: New Compass Press.
  • Bond, A. R., Sagers, M. J., Dienes, L., Goble, P., Harris, C. D., Kingkade, W. W., Lewis, R. A., Micklin, P. P., Mikesell, M. W., Parming, T., Pryde, P. R., Schwartz, L. & Winston, V. H. (1989). Panel on nationalism in the USSR: Environmental and territorial aspects. Soviet Geography, 30(6), 441-509. DOI: 10.1080/00385417.1989.10640785
  • Burns, C. & Carter, N. (2018). Brexit and UK environmental policy and politics. Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, 23(3), retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2385 at April 12, 2023, DOI : 10.4000/rfcb.2385
  • climatewatchdata. (2023). Historical GHG emissions. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?end_year=2020&start_year=1990. [Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2023].
  • Conversi D & Posocco L (2022) Which nationalism for the Anthropocene? A comparative study of exemplary green nation-states. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 857597. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2022.857597
  • Conversi, D. & Hau, M. F. (2021) Green nationalism. Climate action and environmentalism in left nationalist parties. Environmental Politics, 30(7), 1089-1110, DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2021.1907096.
  • Conversi, D. (2020a). The ultimate challenge: Nationalism and climate change. Nationalities Papers, 48(4), 625-636. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.18.
  • Conversi, D. (2020b). The future of nationalism in a transnational world. In J. Stone, R. M. Dennis, P. Rizova, X. Hou (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (pp. 43 – 59). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Conversi, D. (2022). Gellner in the Anthropocene: Modernity, nationalism and climate change. P. Skalník (Ed.), Ernest Gellner’s Legacy and Social Theory Today içinde (pp. 155-184). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dawson, J. I. (1996). Eco-nationalism: Anti-nuclear activism and national identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  • De-Shalit, A. (2006). Nationalism. A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge içinde (pp. 75-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The green state: Rethinking democracy and sovereignty. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Forchtner, B. (Ed.). (2019). The far right and the environment: Politics, discourse and communication. London: Routledge.
  • Fowler, C. & Jones, R. (2006). Can environmentalism and nationalism be reconciled? The Plaid Cymru/Green Party alliance, 1991–95. Regional & Federal Studies, 16(3), 315-331. DOI: 10.1080/13597560600852524
  • Galbreath, D. J. & Auers, D. (2009). Green, black and brown: Uncovering Latvias environmental polities. Journal of Baltic Studies, 40(3), 333-348. DOI: 10.1080/01629770903086244
  • Ginn, F. (2008). Extension, subversion, containment: Eco-nationalism and (post)colonial nature in Aotearoa New Zealand. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33(3), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00307.x
  • Hayton, R (2016). The UK Independence Party and the politics of Englishness. Political Studies Review, 14(3), 400-410, doi.org/10.1177/1478929916649612
  • Hazucha, A. (2002). Neither deep nor shallow but national eco-nationalism in Wordsworth's guide to the Lakes. ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 9(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/9.2.61
  • IPCC. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Jaspal, R., Nerlich, B. & Lemańcyzk, S. (2014). Fracking in the Polish press: Geopolitics and national identity. Energy Policy, 74, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.007.
  • Javeline, D. (2014). The most important topic political scientists are not studying: Adapting to climate change. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2), 420-434.
  • Kaplan, R. (1994). The coming anarchy. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/. [Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2023].
  • Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11), 3241–3246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112
  • Lubarda, B. (2020). Beyond ecofascism? Far-right ecologism (FRE) as a framework for future inquiries. Environmental Values, 29(6), 713-732. DOI: 10.3197/096327120x15752810323922
  • Malloy, T. H. (2009). Minority environmentalism and eco-nationalism in the Baltics: Green citizenship in the making? Journal of Baltic Studies, 40(3), 375-395. DOI: 10.1080/01629770903086269
  • Marcinkiewicz, K. & Tosun, J. (2015). Contesting climate change: mapping the political debate in Poland. East European Politics, 31(2), 187-207. DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2015.1022648
  • Margulies, M. (2021). Eco-Nationalism: A historical evaluation of nationalist praxes in environmentalist and ecologist movements. Consilience, 23, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.7916/consilience.vi23.6226
  • McLeman, R., & Gemenne, F. (Eds.). (2018). Routledge handbook of environmental displacement and migration. London: Routledge.
  • McNeill, J. R. (2000). Something new under the sun: An environmental history of the twentieth-century world. New York : W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mittiga, R. (2022). Political legitimacy, authoritarianism, and climate change. American Political Science Review, 116(3), 998-1011. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001301
  • NASA. (2023). Carbon dioxide. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/. [Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2023].
  • Ondieki, G. Shetty, D., & See, A. B. (January 3, 2023). Climate change puts more women at risk for domestic violence. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/03/domestic-violence-climate-change-umoja/. [Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2023].
  • Paterson, W. & Southern, D. (1991). Governing Germany. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Posocco, L., and Watson, I. (2022a). Nationalism and environmentalism: The case of Vauban. Nations and Nationalism, 28(4), 1193-1211. doi: 10.1111/nana.12823
  • Radkau, J. (2017). Doğa ve iktidar: Global bir çevre tarihi. (Çev. N. Güder). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Rees W. E. & Wackernagel, M. (2023). Ecological footprint accounting: Thirty tears and still gathering steam. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 65(5), 5-18. DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2023.2225405
  • Sarıbay, A. Y. (25 Mart 2020). Devlete bulaşan virüs. Fikirturu. https://fikirturu.com/toplum/devlete-bulasan-virus/ (Erişim tarihi: 30.08.2023).
  • Silone, İ. (1966 [1933]). Fontamara. (Çev. Sabahattin Ali). Ankara: Toplum Yayınevi.
  • Sobolewska, M., & Ford, R. (2020). Brexitland: Identity, diversity and the reshaping of British politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (2018). Uluslar ve ulusçuluk. (Çev. G. G. Özdoğan & B. Ersanlı Behar). İstanbul: Hil.
  • Spaiser, V., Dunn, K., Milner, P., & Moore, J. (2022, July 6). Climate change threat and authoritarianism: Initial experimental evidence and open questions. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qftvc
  • Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., & McNeill, J. R. (2007). The Anthropocene: Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(8), 614-621. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[614:TAAHNO]2.0.CO;2
  • Deudney, D. (2006). Security. A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge içinde (pp. 232-252). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511617805.015
  • Rokkan, S. (1999). State formation, nation-building, and mass politics in Europe: The theory of Stein Rokkan. (Ed. P. Flora, S. Kuhnle & D. Urwin). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kerr, S. (2023). Greening self-government? Incorporation of environmental justifications into sub-state nationalist claim making in Spain. Ethnicities, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968231171168
  • Conklin, B. A. & Graham, L. R. (1995).The shifting middle ground: Amazonian Indians and eco-politics. American Anthropologist, 97(4), 695-710.
  • Posocco, L. & Watson, I. (2022b). Reflexive green nationalism (RGN): A sociological antidote to the climate crisis? Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 1021641. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1021641
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. (Trans. M. Ritter). London: Sage.
  • Crutzen, P. J. (2002). Geology of mankind. Nature, 415, 23. https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a

BETWEEN CONFLICT AND RECONCILIATION: CAN NATIONALISM BE COMPATIBLE WITH CLIMATE POLICIES?

Yıl 2023, , 245 - 264, 18.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1358535

Öz

Climate change entered the agenda of political science later than other disciplines. However, the number of studies in which the subject has begun to be addressed within the general conceptual and normative framework of political science is increasing. This article aims to examine the relationship between climate change and nationalism. The text is divided into three parts. In the first part, the effect of the industrial-society on the occurrence of the climate crisis and its relationship with the nation-state and nationalism are summarized within the framework of the Anthropocene conceptualization. In the following, it is emphasized what kind of resistances nationalism brings about against climate change adaptation policies. In the last part, the possibilities of updating the nation-state, which is already a powerful actor, and nationalism, which is already an effective ideology, on climate adaptation are discussed with the cases from the literature. It has been argued that a certain type of nationalism is a possibility within the framework of climate change for welfare societies, but the same proposition for developing societies is dubious. However, considering that nationalism increased democratic political participation in a certain period, it is thought that this ideology has the opportunity to reproduce itself in adaptation to climate change.

Kaynakça

  • “EU Referendum: Results”. (t.y.). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results. [Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2023].
  • Achenbach, J. (2019, August 18). Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: ‘ecofascism’. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2023).
  • Arbatli, E. (2018). Resource nationalism revisited: A new conceptualization in light of changing actors and strategies in the oil industry. Energy Research & Social Science, 40, 101–110.
  • Armiero, M. & von Hardenberg, W. G. (2013). Green rhetoric in blackshirts: Italian fascism and the environment. Environment and History, 19(3), 283–311. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734013X13690716950064
  • Barkdull, J. & Harris, P. G. (2017). Political science and severe climate change. St Antony's International Review, 13(1), 120-140. Barry, J. & Eckersley, R. (Eds.). (2005). The state and the global ecological crisis. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Beeson, M. (2010) The coming of environmental authoritarianism. Environmental Politics, 19(2), 276-294, DOI: 10.1080/09644010903576918
  • Biehl, J. & Staudenmaier, P. (2011). Ecofascism revisited: Lessons from the German experience. Porsgrunn: New Compass Press.
  • Bond, A. R., Sagers, M. J., Dienes, L., Goble, P., Harris, C. D., Kingkade, W. W., Lewis, R. A., Micklin, P. P., Mikesell, M. W., Parming, T., Pryde, P. R., Schwartz, L. & Winston, V. H. (1989). Panel on nationalism in the USSR: Environmental and territorial aspects. Soviet Geography, 30(6), 441-509. DOI: 10.1080/00385417.1989.10640785
  • Burns, C. & Carter, N. (2018). Brexit and UK environmental policy and politics. Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, 23(3), retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2385 at April 12, 2023, DOI : 10.4000/rfcb.2385
  • climatewatchdata. (2023). Historical GHG emissions. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?end_year=2020&start_year=1990. [Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2023].
  • Conversi D & Posocco L (2022) Which nationalism for the Anthropocene? A comparative study of exemplary green nation-states. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 857597. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2022.857597
  • Conversi, D. & Hau, M. F. (2021) Green nationalism. Climate action and environmentalism in left nationalist parties. Environmental Politics, 30(7), 1089-1110, DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2021.1907096.
  • Conversi, D. (2020a). The ultimate challenge: Nationalism and climate change. Nationalities Papers, 48(4), 625-636. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.18.
  • Conversi, D. (2020b). The future of nationalism in a transnational world. In J. Stone, R. M. Dennis, P. Rizova, X. Hou (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (pp. 43 – 59). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Conversi, D. (2022). Gellner in the Anthropocene: Modernity, nationalism and climate change. P. Skalník (Ed.), Ernest Gellner’s Legacy and Social Theory Today içinde (pp. 155-184). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dawson, J. I. (1996). Eco-nationalism: Anti-nuclear activism and national identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  • De-Shalit, A. (2006). Nationalism. A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge içinde (pp. 75-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The green state: Rethinking democracy and sovereignty. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Forchtner, B. (Ed.). (2019). The far right and the environment: Politics, discourse and communication. London: Routledge.
  • Fowler, C. & Jones, R. (2006). Can environmentalism and nationalism be reconciled? The Plaid Cymru/Green Party alliance, 1991–95. Regional & Federal Studies, 16(3), 315-331. DOI: 10.1080/13597560600852524
  • Galbreath, D. J. & Auers, D. (2009). Green, black and brown: Uncovering Latvias environmental polities. Journal of Baltic Studies, 40(3), 333-348. DOI: 10.1080/01629770903086244
  • Ginn, F. (2008). Extension, subversion, containment: Eco-nationalism and (post)colonial nature in Aotearoa New Zealand. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33(3), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00307.x
  • Hayton, R (2016). The UK Independence Party and the politics of Englishness. Political Studies Review, 14(3), 400-410, doi.org/10.1177/1478929916649612
  • Hazucha, A. (2002). Neither deep nor shallow but national eco-nationalism in Wordsworth's guide to the Lakes. ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 9(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/9.2.61
  • IPCC. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Jaspal, R., Nerlich, B. & Lemańcyzk, S. (2014). Fracking in the Polish press: Geopolitics and national identity. Energy Policy, 74, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.007.
  • Javeline, D. (2014). The most important topic political scientists are not studying: Adapting to climate change. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2), 420-434.
  • Kaplan, R. (1994). The coming anarchy. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/. [Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2023].
  • Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11), 3241–3246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112
  • Lubarda, B. (2020). Beyond ecofascism? Far-right ecologism (FRE) as a framework for future inquiries. Environmental Values, 29(6), 713-732. DOI: 10.3197/096327120x15752810323922
  • Malloy, T. H. (2009). Minority environmentalism and eco-nationalism in the Baltics: Green citizenship in the making? Journal of Baltic Studies, 40(3), 375-395. DOI: 10.1080/01629770903086269
  • Marcinkiewicz, K. & Tosun, J. (2015). Contesting climate change: mapping the political debate in Poland. East European Politics, 31(2), 187-207. DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2015.1022648
  • Margulies, M. (2021). Eco-Nationalism: A historical evaluation of nationalist praxes in environmentalist and ecologist movements. Consilience, 23, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.7916/consilience.vi23.6226
  • McLeman, R., & Gemenne, F. (Eds.). (2018). Routledge handbook of environmental displacement and migration. London: Routledge.
  • McNeill, J. R. (2000). Something new under the sun: An environmental history of the twentieth-century world. New York : W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mittiga, R. (2022). Political legitimacy, authoritarianism, and climate change. American Political Science Review, 116(3), 998-1011. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001301
  • NASA. (2023). Carbon dioxide. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/. [Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2023].
  • Ondieki, G. Shetty, D., & See, A. B. (January 3, 2023). Climate change puts more women at risk for domestic violence. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/03/domestic-violence-climate-change-umoja/. [Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2023].
  • Paterson, W. & Southern, D. (1991). Governing Germany. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Posocco, L., and Watson, I. (2022a). Nationalism and environmentalism: The case of Vauban. Nations and Nationalism, 28(4), 1193-1211. doi: 10.1111/nana.12823
  • Radkau, J. (2017). Doğa ve iktidar: Global bir çevre tarihi. (Çev. N. Güder). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Rees W. E. & Wackernagel, M. (2023). Ecological footprint accounting: Thirty tears and still gathering steam. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 65(5), 5-18. DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2023.2225405
  • Sarıbay, A. Y. (25 Mart 2020). Devlete bulaşan virüs. Fikirturu. https://fikirturu.com/toplum/devlete-bulasan-virus/ (Erişim tarihi: 30.08.2023).
  • Silone, İ. (1966 [1933]). Fontamara. (Çev. Sabahattin Ali). Ankara: Toplum Yayınevi.
  • Sobolewska, M., & Ford, R. (2020). Brexitland: Identity, diversity and the reshaping of British politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (2018). Uluslar ve ulusçuluk. (Çev. G. G. Özdoğan & B. Ersanlı Behar). İstanbul: Hil.
  • Spaiser, V., Dunn, K., Milner, P., & Moore, J. (2022, July 6). Climate change threat and authoritarianism: Initial experimental evidence and open questions. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qftvc
  • Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., & McNeill, J. R. (2007). The Anthropocene: Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(8), 614-621. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[614:TAAHNO]2.0.CO;2
  • Deudney, D. (2006). Security. A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge içinde (pp. 232-252). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511617805.015
  • Rokkan, S. (1999). State formation, nation-building, and mass politics in Europe: The theory of Stein Rokkan. (Ed. P. Flora, S. Kuhnle & D. Urwin). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kerr, S. (2023). Greening self-government? Incorporation of environmental justifications into sub-state nationalist claim making in Spain. Ethnicities, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968231171168
  • Conklin, B. A. & Graham, L. R. (1995).The shifting middle ground: Amazonian Indians and eco-politics. American Anthropologist, 97(4), 695-710.
  • Posocco, L. & Watson, I. (2022b). Reflexive green nationalism (RGN): A sociological antidote to the climate crisis? Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 1021641. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1021641
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. (Trans. M. Ritter). London: Sage.
  • Crutzen, P. J. (2002). Geology of mankind. Nature, 415, 23. https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politik Ekoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Halil Kanadıkırık 0000-0002-7215-1073

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Kanadıkırık, H. (2023). ÇATIŞMA İLE UZLAŞI ARASINDA: MİLLİYETÇİLİK İKLİM POLİTİKALARI İLE UYUMLU OLABİLİR Mİ?. Enderun, 7(2), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1358535