EXAMINING THE MOTIVATIONS OF TOURISTS TO PARTICIPATE IN RURAL TOURISM AND ETHNIC RECREATIONAL TOURISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENERATIONS X, Y, AND Z

Öz

ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the motivations of Generations X, Y, and Z for participating in rural tourism and ethnic recreational tourism. Tourism is based on various motivations shaped by cultural and social dynamics, with rural areas and ethnic experiences playing a significant role in tourism preferences. Using quantitative research methodology, 390 surveys were administered to tourists from different age groups. The findings indicate that gender has no significant effect on motivations in either type of tourism. However, education level and income status variables led to significant differences in both rural and ethnic-recreational tourism motivations. Notably, lower income and certain education groups demonstrated lower tourism motivations. Regarding generational variables, rural tourism participation motivation was highest among Generation Z and lowest among Generation X; whereas in ethnic-recreational tourism, Generation Z's motivation was significantly lower compared to Generation X. Analysis of motivation statements revealed that rural tourism motivations were generally high, with nature-based and psychological relaxation elements being particularly prominent. In ethnic-recreational tourism, participation in cultural activities and package tour preferences were predominant. The study's findings support the determinant role of demographic factors on tourism motivations, demonstrating that motivation structures vary across different types of tourism. Keywords: Rural Tourism, Ethnic Tourism, Recreation, Motivation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Keywords: Rural Tourism
• Ethnic Tourism
• Recreation
• Motivation.

Kaynakça

1. Aguiló, E., Alegre, J., & Sard, M. (2005). The persistence of the sun and sand tourism model. Tourism Management, 26(2), 219–231.
2. Aleksandrova, A., & Aigina, E. (2017). Modern aspects of cultural and historical heritage involvement in tourism activities in Russia. Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 8(7), 244–254. Avcıkurt, C., & Köroğlu, Ö. (2008). Kırsal turizm. In N. Hacıoğlu & C. Avcıkurt (Eds.), Turistik ürün çeşitlendirmesi (pp. 61–82). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
3. Barke, M. (2004). Rural tourism in Spain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(3), 137–149. Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Loureiro, Y. K., & Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: A review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 24(3), 245–267.
4. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (17. baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Cawley, M., & Gillmor, D. A. (2008). Integrated rural tourism: Concepts and practice. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 316–337.
5. Cordes, K. A., & Ibrahim, H. M. (1999). Applications in recreation and leisure: For today and the future (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
6. Correia, A., Kozak, M., & Ferradeira, J. (2013). From tourist motivations to tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(4), 411–424.
7. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. Çeken, H., Karadağ, L., & Dalgın, T. (2007). Kırsal kalkınmada yeni bir yaklaşım: Kırsal turizm ve Türkiye’ye yönelik teorik bir çalışma. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 1–14.
8. Çeken, H., Uçar, M., & Dalgın, T. (2012). Kırsal turizmin gelişimi konusunda yerel halkın algıları: Fethiye yöresi örneği. Turar Turizm ve Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 4–28.

9. Çetin, İ., Katlav, E., & Çobanoğlu, C. (2022). The effect of border tourism destination attributes on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention: The case of Province of Van. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 25(4), 1–30.
10. Dashper, K. (2014). Rural tourism: An international perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Demircioğlu, G. (1993). Kırsal turizm nedir? Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(5), 8–10. Diker, O. (2019). Somut olmayan kültürel miras ile ilişkisi bağlamında etnik turizm. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 671–684.
11. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social Cognition, 25(5), 582–602.
12. Frochot, I. (2005). A benefit segmentation of tourists in rural areas: A Scottish perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 281–289.
13. Gunn, C. A. (1972). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. University of Texas Press. Hall, C. M., & Müller, D. K. (2004). Tourism, mobility and second homes: Between elite landscape and common ground. Channel View Publications.
14. Hitchcock, M. (1999). Tourism and ethnicity: Situational perspectives. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(1), 17–32.
15. Hurma, H., Turksoy, N., & Inan, C. (2016, March). The role of tourism activities in rural development. In IBANESS Conference Series – Edirne, Turkey.
16. Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1983). Towards a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 10(2), 256–262.
17. Karakucuk, S. (1997). Rekreasyon (Boş zamanları değerlendirme): Kavram, kapsam ve bir araştırma (2nd ed.). Seren Ofset.
18. Kaya, Z., Sayılı, M., & Bal, T. (2012). Kırsallık, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve kırsal turizm. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 113–124.
19. Kim, S., & Littrell, M. A. (2001). Predictors of senior travelers’ motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 364–372.
20. Koroglu, A., & Koroglu, O. (2006). Kırsal turizmin yerel kalkınmadaki rolü: Buldan ilçesi örneği. Buldan Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 235–238.
21. Kuter, N., & Ünal, H. E. (2013). Kırsal kalkınmada kırsal turizmin önemi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 192–201.
22. Lane, B. (1994). What is rural tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1–2), 7–21.
23. Lawson, F., & Band-Bovy, M. (1977). Tourism and recreation development. London.
24. Leitner, M. J., & Leitner, S. F. (1996). Leisure in later life. Haworth Press.
25. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper & Brothers.
26. McDonough, M. H., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2007). Testing self-determined motivation as a mediator of the relationship between psychological needs and affective and behavioral outcomes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 645–663.
27. Mieczkowski, K. (2023). Koncepcja ekonomicznej niemożliwości świadczenia w odniesieniu do wykonania zobowiązań umownych. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego–Seria Prawnicza, (42), 34–54. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
28. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (1994). Tourism strategies and rural development. OECD Publishing.
29. Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1983). Inferring travel motivation from travelers' experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 22(2), 16–20.
30. Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 12–21.
31. Sarıoğlan, M. (Ed.). (2020). Güncel turizm araştırmaları. Akademisyen Kitabevi.
32. Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. Jossey-Bass.
33. Sharpley, R., & Roberts, L. (2004). Rural tourism 10 years on. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(3), 119–124.
34. Shivers, J. S., & DeLisle, L. J. (1997). The story of leisure. Australia.
35. Smith, M. K. (2012). Issues in cultural tourism studies (2nd ed.). Routledge.
36. Smith, V. L. (1978). Tourism and behaviour. Williamsburg, VA: Department of Anthropology.
37. Soykan, F. (1999). Doğal çevre ve kırsal kültürle bütünleşen bir turizm türü: Kırsal turizm. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 67–75.
38. Soykan, F. (2000). Kırsal turizm ve Avrupa’da kazanılan deneyim. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 21–33.
39. The Independent. (2007). Generation X: The slackers who changed the world. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/generation-x-the-slackers-who-changed-the-world-436651.html
40. Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: An introduction. Channel View Publications.
41. Torre, G. M. V., & Gutiérrez, E. A. (2008). The demand of rural tourism in a natural park in Southern Spain. In P. M. Burns & M. Novelli (Eds.), Tourism development: Growth, myths and inequalities (pp. 113–125). London: CAB International.
42. Ünal, A., & Bayar, S. B. (2020). Destinasyonlara ilişkin hatırlanabilir deneyimlerin turistlerin tekrar seyahat niyetlerine etkileri: Side örneği. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1–13.
43. Williams, A. M., & Shaw, G. (2011). Tourism and economic development: European experiences (3rd ed.). Wiley. Yıldız, S. M., & Duyan, M. (2019). The relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty: An empirical investigation of sports and physical activity sector. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 2019(1), 17–30.
44. Yılmazer, B., Saraç, Ö., Pamukçu, H., & Batman, O. (2024). The significance of the relationship between novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and smart transportation system applications for tourism activities. In S. Çakır (Ed.), Strategic tourism planning for communities (pp. 81–93). Emerald Publishing.