The effectiveness of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hym: Aphelinidae) against Glasshouse Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)) under glasshouse conditions

Yıl 2016, , 15 - 22, 01.03.2016

Doğancan Kahya , Gordon Port

https://doi.org/10.16969/teb.43413

Öz

Glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most economically important pests in terms of its damage to vegetable crops in glasshouse condition. Chemical control is still applied against this pest, but resistance has prevented the use of chemical control methods. In addition chemical pesticides pollute the environment. Biological control, therefore, is one of the viable alternative methods being use in the control of Glasshouse whitefly. The aim of this present study is to use of biological control against Glasshouse whitefly. The effectiveness of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was observed between three different varieties of the tomato and cucumber (Moneymaker (tomato), Alicante (tomato) and Telegraph Improved (cucumber)) for this study The results obtained from present study indicated that the percentage of parasitism was 67% for Moneymaker, 67% for Alicante, and 62% for Telegraph Improved. While there was no significant difference in the percentage of parasitism, there was only a difference in the number of whitefly eggs laid between in variety of Alicante ((tomato) and Telegraph Improved (cucumber) in this study. According to the results, the biological control using E. formosa against Glasshouse whitefly can be used successfully on varieties of Moneymaker (tomato), Alicante (tomato), and Telegraph Improved (cucumber) for the control of Glasshouse whitefly in glasshouses.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Encarsia formosa, Biological control, Glasshouse whitefly

Sera Beyazsineği,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hem: Aleyrodidae),’ne karşı Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hym: Aphelinidae) yumurta parazitoitinin etkinliğinin sera koşullarında araştırılması

Öz

Sera Beyazsineği Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) sera koşullarında yetiştirilen sebze ürünlerinde ekonomik açıdan zarara sebep olan önemli zararlı türler arasında yer almaktadır. Kalite ve verim açısından zarara sebep olan bu tür için kimyasal mücadele yaygın bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Ancak kimyasal mücadele bu zararlıda dayanıklılığa sebep olmakta ve kullanılan kimyasal pestisitlerin çevreye zarar verdiği bilinmektedir. Geliştirilen alternatif mücadele yöntemlerinden olan biyolojik mücadele bu zararlının kontrol altına alınmasında kullanılabilecek bir yöntemdir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, Sera Beyazsineğine karşı ticari olarak da kullanılan Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)’nın etkinliğinin Moneymaker ve Alicante adlı domates ve Telegraph Improved adlı hıyar çeşitlerinde araştırılmasıdır. Bu projeden elde edilen sonuçlara göre parazitlenme oranlarında (Moneymaker için %67, Alicante için %67, Telegraph Improved için %62). bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Sadece Alicante ve Telegraph Improved çeşitlerinde Sera Beyazsineğinin bıraktığı yumurta sayısı açısından bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, E. formosa’nın Sera Beyazsineğine karşı bu çalışmada kullanılan Moneymaker ve Alicante isimli domates ve Telegraph Improved isimli hıyar çeşitlerinde sera koşullarında kullanılabilecek başarılı bir parazitoit olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Encarsia formosa, Biyolojik mücadele, Sera Beyazsineği

Kaynakça

• Bale, J.S., J.C.V. Lenteren & F. Bigler, 2008. Biological control and sustainable food production. Philo transactions: Biological Sciences, 363(1492): 761-776.
• Byrne, D.N & T.S. Bellows, 1991. Whitefly biology. Annual review of Entomology, 36(1): 431-457.
• Capinera, J.L., 2008. “Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), 4242-4250”. In: Encylopedia of Entomology (Ed: Capinera, J.). Springer Netherlands, pp.4347.
• Cooper, R.M & R.D. Oetting, 1987. Influence of greenhouse environment on selected pest populations and their natural enemies. The Florida Entomologist, 70(1): 59-65.
• Fargues, J., C. Vidal, N. Smits, M. Rougier, T. Boulard, M. Mermier, P. Reich, B. Jeannequin, G. Ridray & J. Kagier, 2003. Climatic factors on entomopathogenic hyphomycetes infection of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Mediterranean glasshouse tomato. Biological Control, 28(3): 320-331.
• Gorman, K., F. Hewiit, I. Denholm & G.J. Devine, 2002. New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK. Pest Management Science, 58(2): 123-130.
• Hoddle, M.S., R.G. Van Driesche & J.P. Sanderson, 1998. Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid, Encarisa formosa. Annual Review of Entomology, 43(1): 645-669.
• Hoy, M.A., 2008. “Augmentative Biological Control, 327-334”. In: Encylopedia of Entomology (Ed: Capinera, J.). Springer Netherlands, pp.4347.
• Lei, H., W.F. Tjallingii & J.C. Van Lenteren, 1998. Probing and feeding characteristics of the greenhouse whitefly in association with host-plant acceptance and whitefly strains. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 88(1): 73-80.
• Mahr, S.E.R., R.A. Cloyd, D.L. Mahr & C.S. Sadorf, 2001. Biological Control of Insects and Other Pests of Greenhouse Crops. North Central Regional Publication 581 University of Wisconsin, pp.100.
• Mellor, H.E., J. Bellingham & M. Anderson, 1997. Spectral efficiency of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa its hymenopteran parasitoid. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83(1): 11-20.
• Osborne, L.S. & Z. Landa, 1992. Biological control of whiteflies with entomopathogenic fungi. The Florida Entomologist, 75(4): 456-471.
• Sütterlin, S. & J.C. Van Lenteren, 1997. Influence of hairiness of Gerbera jamesonii leaves on the searching efficiency of the parasitoid, Encarisa formosa. Biological Control, 9(3): 157-165. Syngenta Bioline, 2014. Technical
• sheet encarline f, Encarisa formosa,
• whitefly control. (Web page:
• http://www3.syngenta.com/global/bioline/SiteCollectionDocuments/Products/B16%20%20Encarsia%20formos
• a.pdf), (Date accessed: August 2014).
• Van Lenteren, J.C., 2000. A greenhouse without pesticides: fact or fantasy? Crop protection, 19(6): 375-384.
• Van Lenteren, J.C., D. Babendreier, F. Bigler, G. Burgio, H.M.T. Hokkanen, S. Kuske, A.J.M. Loomans, I. Menzler- Hokkanen, P.C.J. Van Rijn, M.B. Thomas, M.G. Tommasini & Q.Q. Zeng, 2003. Environmental risk assessment of exotic natural enemies used in inundative biological control. Biocontrol, 48(1): 3-38.
• Van Lenteren, J.C., H.J.W. Van Roermund & S. Sütterlin, 1996. Biological control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) with the parasitoid Encarisa formosa: How does it work?. Biological Control, 6(1): 1-10.
• Van Roermund, H.J.W., J.C. Van Lenteren & R. Rabbinge, 1997. Biological control of greenhouse whitefly with the parasitoid Encarisa formosa on tomato: an individual-based simulation approach. Biological Control, 9(1): 25-47.
• Wisler, G.C., R.H. Li, H.Y. Liu, D.S. Lowry & J.E. Duffus, 1998. Tomato chlorosis virus: a new whitefly-transmitted, phloem-limited, bipartite closterovirus of tomato. Phytopathology, 88(5): 402-409.