Böceklerde melanizasyon ve melanin temelli bağışıklık

Öz

Böceklerde melanin gibi bir çok pigmentin etkili
olduğu renk ve desenlenmeler eşeysel davranışlar, uyarı renklenmesi ve kamuflaj
gibi farklı fonsiyonlar için hayati rol oynar. Kütikular melanin bir çok türde
genetik ve çevresel seçilime uğrar ve melanin kütikula sertleşmesi, yaraların
iyileşmesi ve omurgasızlardaki bağışıklıkta iş gören çok önemli bir bileşendir.
Melanin ve öncülleri bakteri, fungus ve virüslere kadar uzanan patojenlere
karşı geniş bir yelpazede koruyuculuk sağlar. Böceklerde kütikular melanizm ve
bazı doğal bağışıklık tepkileri ortak fizyolojik yolakları paylaşırlar.
Fenoloksidaz (PO) melanin sentezinin kilit enzimi olup hemolimf, bağırsak ve kütikulada
bulunur. Bir böcek hemolimfinde patojenle karşı karşıya geldiğinde hemositlerle
işgalci organizmanın etrafına birikerek etkisiz hale getirir (enkapsülasyon
tepkisi). Hemositler degranüle olarak tirozini L-DOPA’ya ve ardından çeşitli
difenol kinonlara dönüştüren tirozinaz fenoloksidaz salgılarlar. Bu substratlar
en sonunda melanokroma dönüşerek enzim içermeyen bir yolla melanine çevrilir.
Bu derlemede, özellikle melanin temelli bağışıklık tepkileri açısından böcek
fizyolojisinde melanizasyon süreci vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, küresel iklim
değişimi kapsamında, melanin temelli bağışıklık sistemi ile sıkı bir şekilde
ilişkisi olan termal melanin hipotezinin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Böcek bağışıklığı,melanin,melanizasyon,fenoloksidaz,termal melanin hipotezi

Melanisation and melanin-based immunity in insects

Abstract

The use of color patterns with pigments, such as melanin, play a vital role for various functions in insects including sexual behavior, warning coloration, and camouflage. Cuticular melanin appears to be under some genetic and environmental selection in many species and, melanin is also a crucial component in cuticular hardening, wound healing and invertebrate immunity. Melanin and its precursors provides a protection against a wide range of pathogens (including bacteria, fungi, animals and viruses) in insects. Cuticular melanism and some innate immune responses can share common physiological pathways in insects. Phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, is found in the haemolymph, midgut and cuticle. When an insect host is confronted with a hemocoel-bound pathogen, it encapsulates the invading organism with hemocytes (encapsulation response). The hemocytes degranulate to release a tyrosinase phenoloxidase, which converts tyrosine to L-DOPA and several other diphenol quinones. These substrates are eventually transformed into melanochrome, which non-enzymatically converts to melanin. In this review, importance of the melanisation process in insect pyhsiology especially in melanin-based innate immunity responses is highlighted. Additionaly, a special attention is given the importance of the thermal melanin hypothesis, which is tightly associated with melanin-based immune investment within the context of global climate change.

Keywords

• insect immunity,melanin,melanisation,phenoloxidase,thermal melanin hypothesis

Kaynakça

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