Improved methodology for resistance screening in spring wheat against the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen) (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)

Abstract

The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen) is a polyphagous and economically important nematode in wheat production systems, particularly in rainfed environments. Chemical management of this nematode is not economically or environmentally sound, leaving cultural practices like crop rotation as the most widely accepted option. Long-term control is best achieved in established wheat monoculture systems through genetic improvement, which provides both economic and environmental benefits to the growers. Intensive screening under controlled conditions can facilitate and accelerate the identification of resistance and its subsequent deployment in commercial wheat cultivars. In this study, a number of variables were assessed to optimize P. thornei screening, including initial nematode density, soil type, container size, reference cultivars, harvest time and watering regime with perlite. Growth room experiments showed clear separation between the resistant and susceptible cultivars, using sandy growth medium (70:29:1 sand, field soil and organic matter), small container (15 mm diameter x 100 mm in long), inoculation density with 400 individuals per plant, 9 week growing period and bottom perlite irrigation system. 

Keywords

• Resistance
• wheat
• screening methods

Buğdayda Kök yara nematodu, Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen) (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)’ye karşı dayanıklılık çalışmalarında kullanılan yöntemlerin uygunluğunun araştırılması

Öz

Kök yara nematodları, Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen) polifag bir zararlı olup, özellikle kurak alanlarda yapılan buğday üretiminde çok önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Buğday ıslah programlarında dayanıklı çeşit geliştirebilmek için ıslah materyalinin hızlı ve doğru şekilde kontrollü koşullarda test edilmesi gerekmektedir. Kök yara nematodlarına karşı dayanıklı çeşit elde etmek amacıyla laboratuvar koşullarında yürütülecek nematod bitki interaksiyonu çalışmalarında öncelikli olarak en uygun in-vitro koşulların belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla 2 farklı toprak tipi, 2 hasat zamanı, 2 çeşit, 2 sulama sistemi, 3 saksı tipi, 2 inokulum miktarı araştırılmış ve 7 tekerrürlü olarak denemeye alınmıştır. Çalışmada P. thornei’ye karşı dayanıklılık denemelerinde en uygun parametrelerin; kumlu toprak tipi (70:29:1 kum:tarla toprağı:organik madde), küçük boy saksı (boru tipi, çap: 15 mm, yükseklik:100 mm), inokulum yoğunluğu 400 birey, 9 hafta hasat süresi, alttan perlitle yapılan sulama sistemi olduğu belirlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dayanıklılık
• buğday
• testleme yöntemleri

Kaynakça

1. Castillo, P. & N. Vovlas, 2007. Pratylenchus, Nematoda, Pratylenchidae: Diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 6:1-530.
2. Gözel, U., 2001. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi Buğday Alanlarında Bulunan Bitki Paraziti Nematod Türleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (Basılmamış) Doktora tezi, Adana. Turkey, 140 S. Hollaway, G. J., S. P. Taylor, R. F. Eastwood & C. H. Hunt, 2000. Effect of field crops on density of Pratylenchus in southeastern Australia, part 2: P. thornei. Journal of Nematology, 32: 600–608.
3. Keil, T., E. Laubach, S. Sharma, & C. Jung, 2009. Screening for resistance in the primary and secondary gene pool of barley against the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus. Plant Breeding, 128: 436-442.
4. Kimpinski, J. & Willis, C. B., 1981. Influence of Pratylenchus penetrans soil temperature and pH on and P. crenatus in alfalfa and timothy. Journal of Nematology, 13: 333-338.
5. Mizukubo, T. & H. Adachi, 1997. Effect of temperature on Pratylenchus penetrans development. Journal of Nematology, 29:306-314.
6. Moody, E. H., B. F, Lownsbery, & J. H. Ahmed, 1973. Culture of Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus on carrot discs. Journal of Nematology, 5: 255-226.
7. Nicol, J. M., 1996. The Distribution, Pathogenecity and Population Dynamics of Pratylenchus thornei on Wheat in South Australia. PhD Thesis, The Univ. Of Adelaide. Faculty of Agricultural and Natural resource Sciences. Department of Crop Protection.
8. Nicol, J. M., K. A. Davies, T. W Hancock, & J. M. Fisher, 1999. Yield loss caused by Pratylenchus thornei on wheat in South Australia. Journal of Nematology, 31(4): 367-376.

9. Nicol, J. M. & O. I. Monasterio, 2000. Screening for resistance and tolerance against tho root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei on wheat. 6th international wheat congress 5-9 th June 2000. Budapest - Hungary.
10. Nicol J. M., 2002. Important Nematode Pests. Pp. 345–366 in B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram & H. Gomez Macpherson, eds. Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production. Rome: FAO Publisher.
11. Nicol, J., R. Rivoal, S.Taylor, & M. Zaharieva, 2004. Global Importance of Cyst (Heterodera spp.) and Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) on Cereals: yield loss, population dynamics, use of host resistance and integration of molecular tools. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2: 233-251.
12. Sasser, J. N. & D. W. Freckman, 1987. A word perspective on Nematology: the role of the Society. In: VEECH, J.A. & D.W. DICKSON (ed). Vistas on Nematology: a comemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Society of Nematologists. Hyattsville (MD) EUA, Society of Nematologists, p. 7-14.
13. Sheedy, J. G., 2004. Resistance to Root-Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in Wild Relatives of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Iranian Landrace Wheats. Univ. Of Queensland Master Thesis, Brisbane Australia.
14. Sher, S. A & M. W. Allen, 1953. Revision of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda : Tylenchida). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 57 : 441-469.
15. Southey, J. F. 1986. Principles of sampling for nematodes. pp. 1-4 In: Southey, J. F. (ed.). Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
16. Taylor, S. P., V. A. Vanstone, A. H. Ware, A.C. McKay, D. Szot, M H. Russ, 1999 Measuring yield loss in cereals caused by root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei) with and without nematicide. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50: 617-622
17. Thompson, J. P., T. G. Clewett, & M. M. O'Reilly, 1993. Tolerance and resistance in wheat to Pratylenchus thornei. In `Pratylenchus Workshop, APPS Conference, Hobart, July 1993'. pp. 43 - 48.
18. Thompson, J. P., P. S. Brennan, T. G. Clewet, J. G. Sheedy & N. P. Seymour, 1999. Progress in breeding wheat for tolerance and resistance to root-lesion nematode (P.thornei ). Australian Plant Pathology, 28:45-52.
19. Toktay, H., 2008. Bazı Yazlık Buğday Çeşitlerinin Pratylenchus thornei Sher et Allen (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)’ye Karşı Dayanıklılığının Araştırılması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Basılmamış) Doktora Tezi, Adana,Türkiye.), 117 S. (Resistance of Some Spring Wheat Against Pratylenchus thornei Sher Et Allen Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae.(Unpublished) PhD thesis, University of Cukurova, Institute of Nature of Science, Adana, Turkey, pp:117).
20. Toktay, H., C. L. McIntyre, J. M. Nicol, H. Ozkan, & H. I. Elekcioglu, 2006: Identification of common root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei Sher et Allen) loci in bread wheat. Genome 49, 1319-1323.
21. Umesh, K. C. & Ferris, H., 1994. Infuluence of temprature and host plant on the interaction between Praytlenchus neglectus and Meloidogyne chitwoodi.Journal of Nematology, 26: 65-71.
22. Vanstone, V. A., A. J. Rathjen, A. H. Ware & R. D. Wheeler, 1998. Relationship between root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei) and performance of wheat varieties. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 38: 181-188.
23. Van Gundy, S. D., B. J. Perez, G., l. H. Stolzy, & I. Thomason, 1974. A pest management approach to the control of Pratylenchus thornei on wheat in Mexico. Journal of Nematology, 6: 107-116.