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Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 239 - 250, 29.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.43220

Öz

Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious pests in Iran that attacks nearly all vegetables. Using synthetic insecticides is the main controlling method of this pest. Human and environmental health hazards on insecticides usage encourage scientists to search for alternative safer methods. This research is devised to evaluate the potential of two indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes against this pest. Ability of different concentrations of infective juveniles to infect penultimate and last instars larvae, pre-pupa and pupa was assessed under laboratory condition after 12, 24 and 48 h. Susceptibility of larval stages, pre-pupa and pupa to different concentrations of both entomopathogenic nematodes was evaluated in a pot experiment. Final instar larvae was the most susceptible stage in both laboratory and greenhouse condition. Pre-pupa was more vulnerable to entomopathogenic nematodes as compared with pupa. The mortality increased with increasing in the time of exposure. After 12 hours, the LD50 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) on final instar larvae were 34 and 56 infective juveniles per 10 cm Petri dish respectively. About 98 and 90% of final instar larvae were parasitized five days after exposing to H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae in the greenhouse. According to the results, these two indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes have good potentials in managing A. segetum.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265–276.
  • Adams, B.J., A. Fodor, H.S. Koppenhöfer, E. Stackebrandt, S.P. Stock & M.G. Klein, 2006. Biodiversity and systematics of nematode-bacterium entomopathogens. Biological Control, 37: 32–49.
  • Ansari, M.A., A. Farman & M. Moens, 2006. Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type population of S. scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Nematology, 8: 787–791.
  • Bedding, R.A., 1990.“Logistics and strategies for introducing entomopathogenic nematode technology in developing countries, 233–248”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control (Eds: R. Gaugler & H.K. Kaya), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 365 pp.
  • Bélair, G., L. Simard & J. Dionne, 2013. Canadian entomopathogenic nematode isolates: virulence against black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytoprotection, 93: 43–46.
  • Bourner, T.C., E. Vargas-Osuna, T. Willims, C.S. Alvrrez & J.S. Cory, 1992. A comparison of the efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses in spray and bait formulation for the control of Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2: 315–326.
  • Bowden, J., J. Cochrane, B.J. Emmett, T.E. Minall & P.L. Shperlock, 1983. A survey of cutworm attack in England and Wales, and a descriptive population model for Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 102: 29–47.
  • Campbell, J.F. & R. Gaugler, 1993. Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Behaviour, 126: 155–169.
  • Campbell, J.F., E.E. Lewis, F. Yoder & R. Gaugler, 1996.Spatial and temporal distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in turf. Parasitology, 113: 473–482.
  • Capinera, J.L., D. Pelissier, G.S. Menout & N.D. Epsky, 1988. Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with entomogenous nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 52: 427–435.
  • Damani Zamani, F., M.R. Moosavi & R. Asadi, 2015. Pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 3: (accepted-in Persian).
  • Dowds, B.C.A. & A. Peters, 2002. “Virulence mechanisms, 79–98”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Ed: R. Gaugle), CAB International, Wallingford, 388 pp.
  • Ebssa, L. & A.M. Koppenhöfer, 2012. Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 21: 779–796.
  • Ebssa, L. & A.M. Koppenhöfer, 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method. Pest Management Science, 68: 947–57.
  • Ehler, L.E., 1990. “Some contemporary issues in biological control of insects and their relevance to the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, 1–19”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control (Eds: R. Gaugler& H. K. Kaya), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 365 pp.
  • Ehlers, R.-U. & D.I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2005.“Mass production, 65–78”. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (Eds: P. S. Grewal, R. -U. Ehlers & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan), CAB International, Wallingford, 505 pp.
  • Ferguson, C.S., P.C. Schroeder & E.J. Shields, 1995. Vertical distribution, persistence, and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in alfalfa snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infested fields. Environmental Entomology, 24: 149–158.
  • Georgis, R. & G.O.Jr. Poinar, 1994. “Nematodes as bioinsecticides in turf and ornamentals, 477–489”. In: Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals (Ed: A. Leslie), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 273 pp.
  • Georgis, R. & G.O.Jr. Poinar, 1983. Effect of soil texture on the distribution and infectivity of Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Nematology, 15: 308–311.
  • Georgis, R., A.M. Koppenhöfer, L.A. Lacey, G. Belair, L.W. Duncan, P.S. Grewal, M. Samish, L. Tan, P. Torr & R.W.H.M. Van Tol, 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biological Control, 38: 103–123.
  • Gökçe, C., H. Yilmaz, Z. Erbas, Z. Demirbağ & İ. Demir, 2013. First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nematology, 45: 253–259.
  • Gökçe, C., Z. Erbas, H. Yilmaz, Z. Demirbağ & İ. Demir, 2015. A new entomopathogenic nematode species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and its virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39: 167–174.
  • Griffin, C.T., N.E. Boemare & E.E. Lewis, 2005.“Biology and behaviour, 47–64”. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (Eds: P. S. Grewal, R. -U. Ehlers & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan), CAB International, Wallingford, 505 pp.
  • Hazir, S., H.K. Kaya, S.P. Stock & N. Keskin, 2003. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27: 181–202.
  • Hominick, W.M., 2002. “Biogeography, 115–143”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Ed: R. Gaugler), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 388 pp.
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  • Jakubowska, A., M.M. Van Oers, J. Ziemnicka, J.J. Lipa & J.M. Valk, 2005. Molecular characterization of Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus from Poland. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 64–68.
  • Kamali, Sh., J. Karimi, M. Hosseini, R. Campos-Herrera & L.W. Duncan, 2013. Biocontrol potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae on cucurbit fly, Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 23: 1307–1323.
  • Kaya, H.K., M.M. Aguillera, A. Alumai, H.Y. Choo, M. De la Torre, A. Fodor, S. Ganguly, S. Hazır, T. Lakatos, A. Pye, M. Wilson, S. Yamanaka, H. Yangm & R.-U. Ehlers, 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. Biological control, 38: 134–155.
  • Kim, H.H., H.Y. Choo, H.K. Kaya, D.W. Lee, S.M. Lee & H.Y. Jeon, 2004. Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as a biological control agent against the fungus Gnat Bradysia agrestis (Diptera: Sciaridae) in propagation houses. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 171–183.
  • Kondo, E., 1987. Size-related susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to entomogenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae (DD-136). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 22: 560–569.
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Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’ un biyolojik mücadelesinde entomopatojen nematodlar, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) ve Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)’ ın etkinlikleri

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 239 - 250, 29.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.43220

Öz

Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), İran'da hemen hemen tüm sebze bitkilerine saldıran en önemli zararlılardan birisidir. Zararlının mücadelesinde sentetik kimyasallar kullanılmaktadır. İnsektisit kullanımının çevreye insan hayatına vermiş olduğu olumsuz etkileri ortadan kaldırmak için bilim insanları zararlılar ile mücadele için alternatif ve daha güvenli metotlar araştırmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma bu zararlıya karşı iki entomopatojen nematod türünün potansiyelini belirlemek için planlanmıştır. Farklı konsantrasyondaki nematod juvenillerinin zararlının sondan bir önceki, son, pre-pupa ve pupa dönemleri üzerindeki etkisi laboratuvar koşullarında uygulamadan 12, 24 ve 48 saat sonra değerlendirilmiştir. Larva dönemlerinin, pre-pupa ve pupa dönemlerinin her iki nematodun farklı konsantrasyonlarına uygunluğu saksı denemeleri ile belirlenmiştir. Zararlının son larva dönemi hem laboratuvar hem de sera koşullarında nematodlar için en uygun dönem olarak belirlenmiştir. Pupa dönemi ile karşılaştırıldığında pre-pupa dönemi nematodlara karşı daha hassas bulunmuştur. Ölüm oranı zararlının nematodla muamele süresi arttıkça artmıştır. Uygulamadan 12 saat sonra Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) ve Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)' nın son larva dönemine karşı 10 cm çapındaki Petri kabında LD50 değeri sırasıyla 34 ve 56 juvenil bulunmuştur. Serada H. bacteriophora ve S. carpocapsae uygulamalarından beş gün sonra son larva dönemlerinin yaklaşık % 98 ve 90'nın nematodlar tarafından parazitlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre her iki entomopatojen nematod türünün A. segetum mücadelesinde önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265–276.
  • Adams, B.J., A. Fodor, H.S. Koppenhöfer, E. Stackebrandt, S.P. Stock & M.G. Klein, 2006. Biodiversity and systematics of nematode-bacterium entomopathogens. Biological Control, 37: 32–49.
  • Ansari, M.A., A. Farman & M. Moens, 2006. Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type population of S. scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Nematology, 8: 787–791.
  • Bedding, R.A., 1990.“Logistics and strategies for introducing entomopathogenic nematode technology in developing countries, 233–248”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control (Eds: R. Gaugler & H.K. Kaya), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 365 pp.
  • Bélair, G., L. Simard & J. Dionne, 2013. Canadian entomopathogenic nematode isolates: virulence against black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytoprotection, 93: 43–46.
  • Bourner, T.C., E. Vargas-Osuna, T. Willims, C.S. Alvrrez & J.S. Cory, 1992. A comparison of the efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses in spray and bait formulation for the control of Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2: 315–326.
  • Bowden, J., J. Cochrane, B.J. Emmett, T.E. Minall & P.L. Shperlock, 1983. A survey of cutworm attack in England and Wales, and a descriptive population model for Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 102: 29–47.
  • Campbell, J.F. & R. Gaugler, 1993. Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Behaviour, 126: 155–169.
  • Campbell, J.F., E.E. Lewis, F. Yoder & R. Gaugler, 1996.Spatial and temporal distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in turf. Parasitology, 113: 473–482.
  • Capinera, J.L., D. Pelissier, G.S. Menout & N.D. Epsky, 1988. Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with entomogenous nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 52: 427–435.
  • Damani Zamani, F., M.R. Moosavi & R. Asadi, 2015. Pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 3: (accepted-in Persian).
  • Dowds, B.C.A. & A. Peters, 2002. “Virulence mechanisms, 79–98”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Ed: R. Gaugle), CAB International, Wallingford, 388 pp.
  • Ebssa, L. & A.M. Koppenhöfer, 2012. Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 21: 779–796.
  • Ebssa, L. & A.M. Koppenhöfer, 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method. Pest Management Science, 68: 947–57.
  • Ehler, L.E., 1990. “Some contemporary issues in biological control of insects and their relevance to the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, 1–19”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control (Eds: R. Gaugler& H. K. Kaya), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 365 pp.
  • Ehlers, R.-U. & D.I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2005.“Mass production, 65–78”. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (Eds: P. S. Grewal, R. -U. Ehlers & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan), CAB International, Wallingford, 505 pp.
  • Ferguson, C.S., P.C. Schroeder & E.J. Shields, 1995. Vertical distribution, persistence, and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in alfalfa snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infested fields. Environmental Entomology, 24: 149–158.
  • Georgis, R. & G.O.Jr. Poinar, 1994. “Nematodes as bioinsecticides in turf and ornamentals, 477–489”. In: Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals (Ed: A. Leslie), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 273 pp.
  • Georgis, R. & G.O.Jr. Poinar, 1983. Effect of soil texture on the distribution and infectivity of Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Nematology, 15: 308–311.
  • Georgis, R., A.M. Koppenhöfer, L.A. Lacey, G. Belair, L.W. Duncan, P.S. Grewal, M. Samish, L. Tan, P. Torr & R.W.H.M. Van Tol, 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biological Control, 38: 103–123.
  • Gökçe, C., H. Yilmaz, Z. Erbas, Z. Demirbağ & İ. Demir, 2013. First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nematology, 45: 253–259.
  • Gökçe, C., Z. Erbas, H. Yilmaz, Z. Demirbağ & İ. Demir, 2015. A new entomopathogenic nematode species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and its virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39: 167–174.
  • Griffin, C.T., N.E. Boemare & E.E. Lewis, 2005.“Biology and behaviour, 47–64”. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (Eds: P. S. Grewal, R. -U. Ehlers & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan), CAB International, Wallingford, 505 pp.
  • Hazir, S., H.K. Kaya, S.P. Stock & N. Keskin, 2003. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27: 181–202.
  • Hominick, W.M., 2002. “Biogeography, 115–143”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Ed: R. Gaugler), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 388 pp.
  • Hunt, D.J., 2007. “Introduction, 1–26”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Systematics, Phylogeny and Bacterial Symbionts, Nematology monographs and perspectives ((Eds; K. B. Nguyen & D. J. Hunt), Series Eds: D. J. Hunt & R. N. Perry), Vol 5. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 816 pp.
  • Jackson, J.J. & M.A. Brooks, 1995. Parasitism of western corn rootworm larvae and pupae by Steinernema carpocapsae. Nematology, 27: 15–20.
  • Jakubowska, A., M.M. Van Oers, J. Ziemnicka, J.J. Lipa & J.M. Valk, 2005. Molecular characterization of Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus from Poland. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 64–68.
  • Kamali, Sh., J. Karimi, M. Hosseini, R. Campos-Herrera & L.W. Duncan, 2013. Biocontrol potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae on cucurbit fly, Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 23: 1307–1323.
  • Kaya, H.K., M.M. Aguillera, A. Alumai, H.Y. Choo, M. De la Torre, A. Fodor, S. Ganguly, S. Hazır, T. Lakatos, A. Pye, M. Wilson, S. Yamanaka, H. Yangm & R.-U. Ehlers, 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. Biological control, 38: 134–155.
  • Kim, H.H., H.Y. Choo, H.K. Kaya, D.W. Lee, S.M. Lee & H.Y. Jeon, 2004. Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as a biological control agent against the fungus Gnat Bradysia agrestis (Diptera: Sciaridae) in propagation houses. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 171–183.
  • Kondo, E., 1987. Size-related susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to entomogenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae (DD-136). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 22: 560–569.
  • Koppenhöfer, A.M. & H.K. Kaya, 2002. “Entomopathogenic nematodes and insect pest management, 258–313”. In: Microbial Biopesticides (Eds: O. Koul & G.S. Dhaliwal), Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, 332 pp.
  • Koppenhöfer, A.M., 2000. “Nematodes, 283–301”. In: Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (Eds: L.A. Lacey & H.K. Kaya). Kluwer, Dordrecht, 911 pp.
  • Lacey, L.A. & R. Georgis, 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production. Journal of Nematology, 44: 218–225.
  • Lewis, E.E., 2002. “Behavioural ecology, 205–223”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Ed: R. Gaugle). CAB International, Wallingford, 388 pp.
  • Lewis, E.E., P.S. Grewal & R. Gaugler, 1995. Hierarchical order of host cues in parasite foraging strategies. Parasitology, 110: 207–213.
  • Lewis, E.E., R. Gaugler & R. Harrison, 1993. Response of cruiser and ambusher entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) to host volatile cues. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 765–769.
  • Metwally, H.M.S., G.A. Hafez, M.A. Hussein, M.A. Hussein, H.A., Salem & M.M.E. Saleh, 2012. Low cost artificial diet for rearing the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a host for entomopathogenic nematodes. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 22: 15–17.
  • Moosavi, M.R. & R. Zare, 2012. “Fungi as biological control agents of plant-parasitic nematodes, 67–107”. In: Plant Defence: Biological Control (Progress in Biological Control 12) (Eds: J. M. Merillon & K. G. Ramawat). Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht, 412 pp.
  • Moosavi, M.R. & R. Zare, 2015.“Factors affecting commercial success of biocontrol agents of phytonematodes, 423– 445”. In: Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes (Eds: T. H. Askary& P. R. P. Martinelli), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 500 pp.
  • Nguyen, K. B., 2007. “Methodology, morphology and identification, 59–119”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Systematics, Phylogeny and Bacterial Symbionts, Nematology monographs and perspectives (Eds; K. B. Nguyen & D. J. Hunt), Series Eds: D. J. Hunt & R. N. Perry), Vol 5. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 816 pp.
  • Rosen, W., 2002. Endogenous control of circadian rhythms of pheromone production in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 50: 21–30.
  • Saleh, M.M.E., M.A. Hussein, G.A. Hafez, M.A. Hussein, H.A. Salem & H.M.S. Metwally, 2015. Foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling Spodoptera littoralis and Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn plants. Advances in Applied Agricultural Science, 3: 51–61.
  • SAS. 1990. SAS/STATuser’sversion 6, 4thedition. Vol. 1 & 2. Cary: SAS Institute Inc.
  • Schroeder, W.J. & J.B. Beavers, 1987. Movement of the entomogenous nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae in soil. Nematology, 19: 257–259.
  • Sevim, A., Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2010. A new study on the bacteria of Agrotis segetum Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their insecticidal activities. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 34: 333–342.
  • Shannag, H.K., S.E. Webb & J.L. Capinera, 1994. Entomopathogenic nematode effect on pickleworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: 1205–1212.
  • Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., R. Stuart, C.W. McCoy, 2003.Comparison of beneficial traits among strains of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, for control of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control, 28: 129–136.
  • Sharma, M.P., A.N. Sharma, S.S. Hussaini, 2011. Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: Mass production and commercialisation status – a mini review. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 44: 855–870.
  • Smits, P.H., G.L. Wiegers & H.J. Vlug, 1994. Selection of insect parasitic nematodes for biological control of the garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola. Entomologia Experimentaliset Applicata, 70: 77–82.
  • Stock, S.P. & H. Goodrich-Blair, 2012.“Nematode parasites, pathogens and associates of insects and invertebrates of economic importance, 373–426”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, 2nd edition (Ed: L. A. Lacey), Academic Press, San Diego, 484 pp.
  • Unlu, I.O., R.-U. Ehlers & I.A. Susurluk, 2007.Additional data and first record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematology, 9: 739–741.
  • Vashisth, S., Y.S. Chandel & P.K. Sharma, 2013. Entomopathogenic nematodes - A review. Agricultural Reviews, 34: 163-175.
  • White, G.F., 1927. A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science, 66: 302–303.
  • Yan, X., X. Wang, R. Han, & X. Qiu, 2014. Utilisation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp., for the control of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in China. Nematology, 16: 31–40.
  • Yokomizo, K. & T. Kashio, 1996. Application of an entomogenous nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, for control of the cutworm, Agrotis segetum, in carrot fields. Proceedings of the Association for Plant Protection of Kyushu, 42: 89–92.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Maria Goudarzi

Mohammad Reza Moosavi

Rahil Asadi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Goudarzi, M., Moosavi, M. R., & Asadi, R. (2015). Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 39(3), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.43220
AMA Goudarzi M, Moosavi MR, Asadi R. Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). TED. Ekim 2015;39(3):239-250. doi:10.16970/ted.43220
Chicago Goudarzi, Maria, Mohammad Reza Moosavi, ve Rahil Asadi. “Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema Carpocapsae (Weiser), in Biological Control of Agrotis Segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 39, sy. 3 (Ekim 2015): 239-50. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.43220.
EndNote Goudarzi M, Moosavi MR, Asadi R (01 Ekim 2015) Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology 39 3 239–250.
IEEE M. Goudarzi, M. R. Moosavi, ve R. Asadi, “Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)”, TED, c. 39, sy. 3, ss. 239–250, 2015, doi: 10.16970/ted.43220.
ISNAD Goudarzi, Maria vd. “Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema Carpocapsae (Weiser), in Biological Control of Agrotis Segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 39/3 (Ekim 2015), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.43220.
JAMA Goudarzi M, Moosavi MR, Asadi R. Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). TED. 2015;39:239–250.
MLA Goudarzi, Maria vd. “Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema Carpocapsae (Weiser), in Biological Control of Agrotis Segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 39, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 239-50, doi:10.16970/ted.43220.
Vancouver Goudarzi M, Moosavi MR, Asadi R. Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), in biological control of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). TED. 2015;39(3):239-50.