Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS OF EURASIA AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 7 - 26, 31.01.2022

Öz

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative. This modern initiative aims to revive the ancient Silk Road and connect China with many neighboring and distant countries and economic blocs. China invests mainly in infrastructure by developing a network of land and maritime roads, facilitating communication, trade and transportation. The various projects under this initiative will make China a leader in international trade and an attractive region for giant partners. This paper analyzes the Chinese presence in Eurasia after the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative and the contemporary geopolitics of Eurasia in light of the great Chinese expansion. This study contributes to clarifying the China-Central Asia relationship and represents this relationship
within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. This study is based on data issued by governmental institutions and international research centers, which makes it an important reference in Central Asian studies. This paper concluded that the Belt and Road Initiative will have a significant impact on the economy of Central Asia and its geopolitical position through the great Chinese openness and dependence on Central Asia in China’s regional and international trade. The paper also discusses the Sino-Russian contrast that may arise with the Chinese penetration into Central Asia.

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Graham (2017). Destined for War. Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Aoyama, Rumi (2016). “One Belt, One Road: China´s new global strategy.” Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 5(2): 3-22.
  • Association of South East Asian Nations (2018). RCEP Agreement enters into force. Retrieved from https://aseanhttps//asean.org/?static_post=rcep-regional-comprehensive-economic-%20partnership. Accessed: 02.06.2021.
  • Atli, Altay (2017). Turkey’s relations with China and its repercussions on transatlantic relations: The Turkish perspective. Extracted from Toperich, Sasha;
  • Unver, Aylin. (2017). Turkey and Transatlantic Relations, Centre for Transatlantic Relations, John Hopkins School of Advances International Studies.
  • Bernal Meza, Raúl (2016). “China-Latin America relations and Winner-Winner rhetoric.” Extracted from: Moneta, Carlos and Sergio Cesarín (Eds.) - The Pragmatic Temptation. China-Argentina-Latin America: The Current, the Near and the Distant. Editorial of the National University of Tres de Febrero.
  • Bond, Ian (2017). The EU, the Eurasian Union and One Belt, One Road, can they work together? – Centre for European Reform.
  • Bremmer, Ian (2012). Every Nation for Itself. Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.
  • Brown, Kerry (2016). Expanding China’s global reach: Strategic priorities under Xi Jinping – The link between the outside and within, and the story of the three-zone. Extracted from Heilmann, Sebastian and Matthias Step, Eds. (2016) – China’s Core Executive Leadership style, structures, and processes under Xi Jinping – Mercator Institute for China Studies, No. 1.
  • Campos, Cinthia Regina and Ricardo Da Silva (2015). “O labirinto metodológico das relações Internacionais: Dilemas e potenciais saídas (The methodological labyrinth of international relations: Dilemmas and potential solutions)”. Revista Politica Hoje, 24(2): 47-74.
  • China Policy Observatory (2015). Documents of the III plenary session of the XVIII Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved from http: // politica-china.org/secciones/documentacion/documentos-de-la-iii-sesion-plenaria-del-xviii- comite-central-del-Partido-Comunista-de-China-2. Accessed: 09.06.2021.
  • Clover, Charles and Lucy Hornby (2015). China’s great game: Road to new empire. FT Series. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/6e098274-587a-11e5-a28b- 50226830d644. Accessed: 21.05.2021.
  • Colakoglu, Selсuk (2018). Turkey-China relations: From “Strategic Cooperation” to “Strategic Partnership?” Middle East Institute.
  • Creutzfeld, Benjamin (2012). Theory Talk #51: Yan Xuetong on Chinese Realism, the Tsinghua School of International Relations, and the Impossibility of Harmony”. Retrieved from http://www.theory-talks.org/2012/11/theory-talk-51.html. Accessed: 02.06.2021.
  • Della Porta, Donatella and Michael Keating (2008). How many approaches in the social sciences? An epistemological introduction. Extracted from Della porta, Donatella y Keating, Michael (Eds), Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences. A pluralistic perspective. Cambridge Univesity Press.
  • Djankov, Simeon (2016). The rationale behind China´s Belt and Road Initiative. Extracted from Djankov, Simeon and Sean Miner (Eds.). China´s Belt and Road Initiative. Motives, Scope and Challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Esteban, Mario and Miguel Otero-Iglesias (2015). What are the prospects for the new Chinese-led Silk Road and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank? Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190386/ARI23-2015-Esteban-OteroIglesias-What-are-prospects-for-new-Chinese-led-Silk-Road-and-Asian-Infrastructure-Investment-Bank.pdf” Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Girado, Gustavo (2017). How Did the Chinese do it? Some of the Causes of the Great Development of the Asian Giant. Ed. Astrea.
  • Grieger, Gisela (2016). One Belt, One Road: China´s regional integration initiative. European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Grygiel, Jakub J. (2011). Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Hendrix, Cullen S. (2016). Rough patches on the Silk and Road? The security implications of China´s Belt and Road Iniciative. Extracted from Djankov, Simeon and Sean Miner (Eds.). China´s Belt and Road Iniatiative. Motives, Scope and Challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Higuera, Gerogina (2015). La Nueva Ruta de la Seda frente al TPP (The New Silk Road versus the TPP). Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Opinion Document No. 138/2015.
  • Holmila, Antero (2020). “Rethinking Nicholas J. Spykman: From historical sociology to balance of power”. The International History Review, 42(5): 951- 966.
  • Johnson, Christopher K. (2016). President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS –March 2016.
  • Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye (2011). Power and Interdependence. Fourth Edition. Longman Classics in Political Science.
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Philippe Le Corre (2015). The Great Game never ends: China and Russia fight over Kazakhstan. Brookings Institution. December 2015. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/12/18-china-russia- kazakhstan-fight-kirisci-lecorre. Accessed: 22.05.2021.
  • Kuznetsova, Anna (2017). Greater Eurasia: Perceptions from Russia, the Euro-pean Union and China. Russian International Affairs Council. September 2017. Retrieved from http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/greater-eurasia- perceptions-from-russia-the-european-union-and-china/. Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Lo, Bobo (2015). Why Central Asia matters. Extracted from Institut Français des Relations Internationales. Frontiers New and Old: Russia´s policy in Central Asia. Russie Nei Visions No. 82. Malena, Jorge (2010). China, the Construction of a “Great Country”. China Intercontinental Press.
  • Mankoff, Jeffrey (2010). Russia, the Post-Soviet Space and Challenges to U.S. Policy. Extracted from Colton, Timothy et al. (Eds.), Designing U.S. Policy towards Russia. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  • Mankoff, Jefrrey (2016). Russian-style multilateralism: How the EEU and CSTO are Performing. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia Security Workshop. CAP Papers 159.
  • Mariani, Bernardo (2013). China’s role and interests in Central Asia. Safer World.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2013). President Xi Jinping delivers important speech and proposes to build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian countries. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t107 6334.shtml. Accessed: 18.06.2021.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2016). Tashkent Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Retrieved from https://mfa.uz/en/press/sco-uzbekistan/sconews/7761/. Accessed: 06.05.2021.
  • Montobbio, Manuel (2017). The global rise of China and the reconfiguration of the theory of international relations, Elcano Royal Institute, 2017.
  • Morgenthau, Hans (1986). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Latin American Editor Group.
  • National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China (2015). Visions and actions on jointly building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st century maritime Silk Road, March 2015.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2002). The paradox of American power. Publisher UNESP, Brazil.
  • Myers, Margaret. (2016). A new era of reforms. Extracted from Made in Chi-Lat, keys to renewing the convergence between Latin America and China. Integración & Comercio, No. 40. IDB INTAL. Planet, June 2016.
  • Office of the Leading group for the promotion of the construction of the Belt and Road (2017). Joint Construction of “Belt and Road”: China’s concept, practice and contribution. Foreign language editions, China International Book Trade Corporation.
  • Pantucci, Raffaelo and Sarah Lain (2016). China and Russia in Central Asia: Cooperation and conflict. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia Security Workshop. CAP Papers 159, March 2016.
  • Pardo de Santayana, José (2017). Geopolitics is back to stay. Spanish institute for strategic studies, IEEE. Analysis document 06/2017.
  • PWC Growth Markets Centre (2016) – China´s New Silk Route. The long and winding road. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-marketscenter/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf. Accessed: 16.05.2021.
  • Qin, Yaqing (2013). “Culture and global thought: Chinese international theory in the making”, Revista d’Afers Internacionals, No. 100: 67-89.
  • Qoraboyev, Ikboljon (2018). One Belt, One Road: A comparative regionalism approach. Extracted from: Cheng, Yu, Song, Lilei, Huang, Lihe (Eds.) - The Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Arena. Chinese and European Perspectives.
  • Ramos, Benjamin (2015). What China hides: Uyghur lace. The world order in the XXI century. Retrieved from http://elordenmundial.com/2015/12/18/lo-quechina-escondde-el -leza-uigur /. Accessed: 07.06.2021.
  • Republic of Turkey – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Turkey’s Multilateral Transportation Policy. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-multilateral-transportation- policy.en.mfa. Accessed: 05.05.2021.
  • Rolland, Nadège (2016) – Unwrapping the Belt and Road in Central Asia: Chinese perspectives. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia security workshop. CAP Papers 159.
  • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2016). Joint communique, the fifteenth meeting of the SCO Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) Council, Bishek, Kyrgyztan, 2-3 November 2016. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/38921373.858/Downloads/Joint_communique_The_Fifteenth_Meeting_ of_the_SCO_Heads_of_Government_(Prime_Ministers)_Council%20(1).pdf. Accessed: 05.05.2021.
  • Spykman, Nicholas J. (1944). The Geography of Peace, French translation by Olivier Zajec. New York, Harcourt, Brace. Published in Res Militaris, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 51, winter-spring 2014.
  • Spykman, Nicholas J. and Abbie A. Rollins (1939). “Geographic objectives in foreign policy” II. Extracted from The American Political Science Review, 33(4): 591-614.
  • State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Guiding options on promoting international cooperation in industrial capacity and equipment manufacturing. Documento No. 30, 13.05.2015.
  • Timofeev, Ivan and Elena Alekseenkova (2015). Eurasian geo-economics: A view from Russia. Russian international affairs council. September 2017. Retrieved from http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/geoekonomika-evrazii- vzglyad-iz-rossii/. Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Timofeev, Ivan, Yaroslav Lissovolik and Liudmila Filippova (2017). “Russia’s vision of the Belt and Road Initiative: From the rivalry of the great powers to forging a new cooperation model in Eurasia”. Extracted from China and World Economy, 25(5): 62-77. Institute of World Economics and Politics. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
  • Valiyev, Anar (2016). Azerbaijan: Perspective on Eurasian integration. European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Van der Putten, Frans-Paul, John Seaman, Mikko Huotari, Alice Ekman and Miguel Otero-Iglesias (2016). The Role of OBOR in Europe-China relations. Extracted from Van der Putten, Frans-Paul, John Seaman, Mikko Huotari, Alice Ekman and Miguel Otero-Iglesias – Europe and China’s New Silk Road. European think- tank network on China, ETNC.
  • Wang, Jisi (2014). “Marching westwards: The rebalancing of China’s geostrategy”. Extracted from The World in 2020 According to China. Chinese Foreign Policy Elites Discuss Emerging Trends in International Politics, Shao Binhong Ed., BRILL, 2014.
  • Wang, Yong (2016). “Offensive for defensive: The belt and road initiative and China’s new grand strategy”, The Pacific Review, 29(3): 455-463.
  • World Bank (2018). Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative. Accessed: 13.05.2021.
  • Xi, Jingping (2014). The Chinese dream of the great revitalization of the Chinese nation. Compilation. Documentary studies department attached to the CPC central committee. Editions of Foreign Languages.
  • Xinhua Net (2015). China, Russia agree to integrate belt initiative with EAEU construction. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2015- 05/09/c_134222936.htm. Accessed: 11.05.2021.
  • Yunling, Zhang (2017). Dynamics of the Asia-Pacific and corresponding strategies. Retrieved from http://cpifa.org/en/cms/book/206. Accessed: 13.05.2021.
  • Zakaria, Fareed (2008). The Post-American World. Norton & Co.
  • Zhang, Jun (2017). China´s economic diplomacy entered the new era. Foreign Affairs Journal. The 123rd issue. The Chinese People´s Institute of Foreign Affairs.
  • Zreik, Mohamad (2019). China’s involvement in the Syrian crisis and the implications of its neutral stance in the war. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 21(1): 56-65.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 7 - 26, 31.01.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Graham (2017). Destined for War. Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Aoyama, Rumi (2016). “One Belt, One Road: China´s new global strategy.” Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 5(2): 3-22.
  • Association of South East Asian Nations (2018). RCEP Agreement enters into force. Retrieved from https://aseanhttps//asean.org/?static_post=rcep-regional-comprehensive-economic-%20partnership. Accessed: 02.06.2021.
  • Atli, Altay (2017). Turkey’s relations with China and its repercussions on transatlantic relations: The Turkish perspective. Extracted from Toperich, Sasha;
  • Unver, Aylin. (2017). Turkey and Transatlantic Relations, Centre for Transatlantic Relations, John Hopkins School of Advances International Studies.
  • Bernal Meza, Raúl (2016). “China-Latin America relations and Winner-Winner rhetoric.” Extracted from: Moneta, Carlos and Sergio Cesarín (Eds.) - The Pragmatic Temptation. China-Argentina-Latin America: The Current, the Near and the Distant. Editorial of the National University of Tres de Febrero.
  • Bond, Ian (2017). The EU, the Eurasian Union and One Belt, One Road, can they work together? – Centre for European Reform.
  • Bremmer, Ian (2012). Every Nation for Itself. Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.
  • Brown, Kerry (2016). Expanding China’s global reach: Strategic priorities under Xi Jinping – The link between the outside and within, and the story of the three-zone. Extracted from Heilmann, Sebastian and Matthias Step, Eds. (2016) – China’s Core Executive Leadership style, structures, and processes under Xi Jinping – Mercator Institute for China Studies, No. 1.
  • Campos, Cinthia Regina and Ricardo Da Silva (2015). “O labirinto metodológico das relações Internacionais: Dilemas e potenciais saídas (The methodological labyrinth of international relations: Dilemmas and potential solutions)”. Revista Politica Hoje, 24(2): 47-74.
  • China Policy Observatory (2015). Documents of the III plenary session of the XVIII Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved from http: // politica-china.org/secciones/documentacion/documentos-de-la-iii-sesion-plenaria-del-xviii- comite-central-del-Partido-Comunista-de-China-2. Accessed: 09.06.2021.
  • Clover, Charles and Lucy Hornby (2015). China’s great game: Road to new empire. FT Series. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/6e098274-587a-11e5-a28b- 50226830d644. Accessed: 21.05.2021.
  • Colakoglu, Selсuk (2018). Turkey-China relations: From “Strategic Cooperation” to “Strategic Partnership?” Middle East Institute.
  • Creutzfeld, Benjamin (2012). Theory Talk #51: Yan Xuetong on Chinese Realism, the Tsinghua School of International Relations, and the Impossibility of Harmony”. Retrieved from http://www.theory-talks.org/2012/11/theory-talk-51.html. Accessed: 02.06.2021.
  • Della Porta, Donatella and Michael Keating (2008). How many approaches in the social sciences? An epistemological introduction. Extracted from Della porta, Donatella y Keating, Michael (Eds), Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences. A pluralistic perspective. Cambridge Univesity Press.
  • Djankov, Simeon (2016). The rationale behind China´s Belt and Road Initiative. Extracted from Djankov, Simeon and Sean Miner (Eds.). China´s Belt and Road Initiative. Motives, Scope and Challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Esteban, Mario and Miguel Otero-Iglesias (2015). What are the prospects for the new Chinese-led Silk Road and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank? Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190386/ARI23-2015-Esteban-OteroIglesias-What-are-prospects-for-new-Chinese-led-Silk-Road-and-Asian-Infrastructure-Investment-Bank.pdf” Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Girado, Gustavo (2017). How Did the Chinese do it? Some of the Causes of the Great Development of the Asian Giant. Ed. Astrea.
  • Grieger, Gisela (2016). One Belt, One Road: China´s regional integration initiative. European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Grygiel, Jakub J. (2011). Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Hendrix, Cullen S. (2016). Rough patches on the Silk and Road? The security implications of China´s Belt and Road Iniciative. Extracted from Djankov, Simeon and Sean Miner (Eds.). China´s Belt and Road Iniatiative. Motives, Scope and Challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Higuera, Gerogina (2015). La Nueva Ruta de la Seda frente al TPP (The New Silk Road versus the TPP). Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Opinion Document No. 138/2015.
  • Holmila, Antero (2020). “Rethinking Nicholas J. Spykman: From historical sociology to balance of power”. The International History Review, 42(5): 951- 966.
  • Johnson, Christopher K. (2016). President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS –March 2016.
  • Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye (2011). Power and Interdependence. Fourth Edition. Longman Classics in Political Science.
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Philippe Le Corre (2015). The Great Game never ends: China and Russia fight over Kazakhstan. Brookings Institution. December 2015. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/12/18-china-russia- kazakhstan-fight-kirisci-lecorre. Accessed: 22.05.2021.
  • Kuznetsova, Anna (2017). Greater Eurasia: Perceptions from Russia, the Euro-pean Union and China. Russian International Affairs Council. September 2017. Retrieved from http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/greater-eurasia- perceptions-from-russia-the-european-union-and-china/. Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Lo, Bobo (2015). Why Central Asia matters. Extracted from Institut Français des Relations Internationales. Frontiers New and Old: Russia´s policy in Central Asia. Russie Nei Visions No. 82. Malena, Jorge (2010). China, the Construction of a “Great Country”. China Intercontinental Press.
  • Mankoff, Jeffrey (2010). Russia, the Post-Soviet Space and Challenges to U.S. Policy. Extracted from Colton, Timothy et al. (Eds.), Designing U.S. Policy towards Russia. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  • Mankoff, Jefrrey (2016). Russian-style multilateralism: How the EEU and CSTO are Performing. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia Security Workshop. CAP Papers 159.
  • Mariani, Bernardo (2013). China’s role and interests in Central Asia. Safer World.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2013). President Xi Jinping delivers important speech and proposes to build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian countries. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t107 6334.shtml. Accessed: 18.06.2021.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2016). Tashkent Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Retrieved from https://mfa.uz/en/press/sco-uzbekistan/sconews/7761/. Accessed: 06.05.2021.
  • Montobbio, Manuel (2017). The global rise of China and the reconfiguration of the theory of international relations, Elcano Royal Institute, 2017.
  • Morgenthau, Hans (1986). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Latin American Editor Group.
  • National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China (2015). Visions and actions on jointly building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st century maritime Silk Road, March 2015.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2002). The paradox of American power. Publisher UNESP, Brazil.
  • Myers, Margaret. (2016). A new era of reforms. Extracted from Made in Chi-Lat, keys to renewing the convergence between Latin America and China. Integración & Comercio, No. 40. IDB INTAL. Planet, June 2016.
  • Office of the Leading group for the promotion of the construction of the Belt and Road (2017). Joint Construction of “Belt and Road”: China’s concept, practice and contribution. Foreign language editions, China International Book Trade Corporation.
  • Pantucci, Raffaelo and Sarah Lain (2016). China and Russia in Central Asia: Cooperation and conflict. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia Security Workshop. CAP Papers 159, March 2016.
  • Pardo de Santayana, José (2017). Geopolitics is back to stay. Spanish institute for strategic studies, IEEE. Analysis document 06/2017.
  • PWC Growth Markets Centre (2016) – China´s New Silk Route. The long and winding road. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-marketscenter/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf. Accessed: 16.05.2021.
  • Qin, Yaqing (2013). “Culture and global thought: Chinese international theory in the making”, Revista d’Afers Internacionals, No. 100: 67-89.
  • Qoraboyev, Ikboljon (2018). One Belt, One Road: A comparative regionalism approach. Extracted from: Cheng, Yu, Song, Lilei, Huang, Lihe (Eds.) - The Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Arena. Chinese and European Perspectives.
  • Ramos, Benjamin (2015). What China hides: Uyghur lace. The world order in the XXI century. Retrieved from http://elordenmundial.com/2015/12/18/lo-quechina-escondde-el -leza-uigur /. Accessed: 07.06.2021.
  • Republic of Turkey – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Turkey’s Multilateral Transportation Policy. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-multilateral-transportation- policy.en.mfa. Accessed: 05.05.2021.
  • Rolland, Nadège (2016) – Unwrapping the Belt and Road in Central Asia: Chinese perspectives. Extracted from The George Washington University, Central Asian Program. The Central Asia security workshop. CAP Papers 159.
  • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2016). Joint communique, the fifteenth meeting of the SCO Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) Council, Bishek, Kyrgyztan, 2-3 November 2016. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/38921373.858/Downloads/Joint_communique_The_Fifteenth_Meeting_ of_the_SCO_Heads_of_Government_(Prime_Ministers)_Council%20(1).pdf. Accessed: 05.05.2021.
  • Spykman, Nicholas J. (1944). The Geography of Peace, French translation by Olivier Zajec. New York, Harcourt, Brace. Published in Res Militaris, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 51, winter-spring 2014.
  • Spykman, Nicholas J. and Abbie A. Rollins (1939). “Geographic objectives in foreign policy” II. Extracted from The American Political Science Review, 33(4): 591-614.
  • State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Guiding options on promoting international cooperation in industrial capacity and equipment manufacturing. Documento No. 30, 13.05.2015.
  • Timofeev, Ivan and Elena Alekseenkova (2015). Eurasian geo-economics: A view from Russia. Russian international affairs council. September 2017. Retrieved from http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/geoekonomika-evrazii- vzglyad-iz-rossii/. Accessed: 12.06.2021.
  • Timofeev, Ivan, Yaroslav Lissovolik and Liudmila Filippova (2017). “Russia’s vision of the Belt and Road Initiative: From the rivalry of the great powers to forging a new cooperation model in Eurasia”. Extracted from China and World Economy, 25(5): 62-77. Institute of World Economics and Politics. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
  • Valiyev, Anar (2016). Azerbaijan: Perspective on Eurasian integration. European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Van der Putten, Frans-Paul, John Seaman, Mikko Huotari, Alice Ekman and Miguel Otero-Iglesias (2016). The Role of OBOR in Europe-China relations. Extracted from Van der Putten, Frans-Paul, John Seaman, Mikko Huotari, Alice Ekman and Miguel Otero-Iglesias – Europe and China’s New Silk Road. European think- tank network on China, ETNC.
  • Wang, Jisi (2014). “Marching westwards: The rebalancing of China’s geostrategy”. Extracted from The World in 2020 According to China. Chinese Foreign Policy Elites Discuss Emerging Trends in International Politics, Shao Binhong Ed., BRILL, 2014.
  • Wang, Yong (2016). “Offensive for defensive: The belt and road initiative and China’s new grand strategy”, The Pacific Review, 29(3): 455-463.
  • World Bank (2018). Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative. Accessed: 13.05.2021.
  • Xi, Jingping (2014). The Chinese dream of the great revitalization of the Chinese nation. Compilation. Documentary studies department attached to the CPC central committee. Editions of Foreign Languages.
  • Xinhua Net (2015). China, Russia agree to integrate belt initiative with EAEU construction. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2015- 05/09/c_134222936.htm. Accessed: 11.05.2021.
  • Yunling, Zhang (2017). Dynamics of the Asia-Pacific and corresponding strategies. Retrieved from http://cpifa.org/en/cms/book/206. Accessed: 13.05.2021.
  • Zakaria, Fareed (2008). The Post-American World. Norton & Co.
  • Zhang, Jun (2017). China´s economic diplomacy entered the new era. Foreign Affairs Journal. The 123rd issue. The Chinese People´s Institute of Foreign Affairs.
  • Zreik, Mohamad (2019). China’s involvement in the Syrian crisis and the implications of its neutral stance in the war. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 21(1): 56-65.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Mohamad Zreık Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6812-6529

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Zreık, M. (2022). CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS OF EURASIA AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE. Eurasian Research Journal, 4(1), 7-26.