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THE CHINA-KYRGYZSTAN-UZBEKISTAN RAILWAY: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 41 - 54, 31.07.2024

Öz

This paper aims to analyse the causes and consequences of the China-Kyrgyzstan- Uzbekistan railway. The project is one of the most important and ambitious in the modern history of Central Asia. The construction of the railway will transform trade and transit routes in Eurasia. The paper argues that the start of the project was driven by internal, regional, and global factors. The expected benefits from the railway are significant for each participating country. Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan plan to develop their infrastructure, diversify exports, and penetrate new markets, while China diversifies its transit routes and deepens economic integration with Central Asia. However, the paper highlights that there are important risks related to the railway, and addressing these will increase the benefits of the project.

Kaynakça

  • American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation (2024). China Global Investment Tracker. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment- tracker/. Accessed: 17.06.2024.
  • Azattyk (2024). 312 kilometers will pass through Kyrgyzstan. The railway project received the blessing of three presidents. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyk. org/a/32985298.html. Accessed: 10.06.2024.
  • China Daily (2024). Xinjiang trade zone to drive region’s growth. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/31/WS65b98768a3104efcbdae8c47. html. Accessed on 06.06.2024.
  • Daryo (2024). Uzbekistan and China are implementing projects worth $56.7 billion. Retrieved from https://daryo.uz/ru/2024/01/25/v-sovmestnom-investicionnom- forume-v-knr-popisano-dogovorennosti-po-realizacii-500-proektov- na-567-mlrd. Accessed: 25.01.2024.
  • Donaldson, Dave (2018). “Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure.” American Economic Review, 108(4-5): 899–934.
  • Eurasianet (2023). China building up electric auto infrastructure in Central Asia. Retrieved from https://eurasianet.org/china-building-up-electric-auto-infrastructure- in-central-asia. Accessed: 20.05.2024.
  • Eurasianet (2024a). China is turning Central Asia into a springboard for car exports. Retrieved from https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D 1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9-превращает-центральную-азию-в-плацдарм-для- экспорта-автомобилей. Accessed: 17.06.2024.
  • Eurasianet (2024b). China-Central Asia: China surpasses Russia throughout the region. Retrieved from https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1 %82%D0%B0%D0%B9-центральная-азия-кнр-обходит-россию-по-всему- региону. Accessed: 15.05.2024.
  • Gazeta.uz (2024a). Uzbekistan and China intend to increase trade turnover to $20 billion. Retrieved from https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/01/24/china-meeting/. Accessed: 24.01.2024.
  • Gazeta.uz (2024b). Uzbekistan’s national debt reached $31.5 billion in the first half of the year. Retrieved from https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2023/11/08/gov-debt/. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • Gyawali, Pratistha (2024). “Estimating the Landlocked Penalty for International Trade”. The World Economy, 47(6): 2220-2235.
  • Institute of Strategic Analysis and Forecast (2024). “Construction of the China – Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan Railway: Significance and Implementation Problems”. Retrieved from https://www.isap.center/analytics/144. Accessed: 12.06.2024.
  • International Trade Centre (2024). Trade Map. Retrieved from https://www. trademap.org/Index.aspx. Accessed: 04.06.2024.
  • Kabar (2024). Transition to a qualitatively new level. China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway. Retrieved from https://kabar.kg/news/perekhod-na-kachestvenno- novyi-uroven-zheleznaia-doroga-kitai-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan/. Accessed: 19.06.2024.
  • Karimov, Navruz and Abror Kurbonmuratov (2023). Who will actually benefit from the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railroad? Retrieved from https:// thediplomat.com/2023/10/who-will-actually-benefit-from-the-china-kyrgyzstan- uzbekistan-railroad/. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Karymshakov, Kamalbek and Burulcha Sulaimanova (2020). The Impact of Infrastructure on Trade in Central Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1184. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/publications/ impact-infrastructure-trade-central-asia. Accessed: 18.05.2024.
  • Kazinform (2024). Construction of China-Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan railway to begin in late August. Retrieved from https://en.inform.kz/news/construction- of-china-uzbekistan-kyrgyzstan-railway-to-begin-in-late-august-205422/. Accessed: 14.06.2024.
  • Khitakhunov, Azimzhan (2024). The New Era of Central Asia-China Cooperation: the Case of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway. Asya Avrupa, 85: 18-27.
  • Kun.uz (2024). Which countries have the largest capital presence in Uzbekistan enterprises? Retrieved from https://kun.uz/ru/news/2024/01/15/kakiye-strany- imeyut-naibolsheye-prisutstviye-kapitala-v-predpriyatiyax-uzbekistana. Accessed: 15.06.2024.
  • Kursiv (2024). 21 Uzbek trading houses will open in China. Retrieved from https://uz.kursiv.media/2024-06-05/v-kitae-otkroetsya-21-uzbekskij-torgovyjdom/. Accessed: 05.06.2024.
  • Nikkei Asia (2023). Xinjiang foreign trade hits record despite Western sanctions. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Supply-Chain/Xinjiang-foreign- trade-hits-record-despite-Western-sanctions. Accessed: 20.11.2023.
  • People’s Daily Online (2024). China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway to bring tangible benefits to participants, the whole region, experts say. Retrieved from http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0612/c90000-20180502.html. Accessed: 18.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024a). The President of Uzbekistan took part in the Uzbek-Chinese Investment Forum. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/6994. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024b). The first electric cars were produced at the BYD plant in Jizzakh. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/7349. Accessed: 27.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024c). New projects worth $1.7 billion have been formed in Andijan. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/7030. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • Radio Azattyk (2024). Chinese megaprojects are back in fashion in Central Asia’s poorest countries. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyq.org/a/china-kyrgyzstan- tajikistan-megaprojects-central-asia-belt-road/33008189.html. Accessed: 27.06.2024.
  • Radio Ozodi (2024). China leads among investor countries in Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://rus.ozodi.org/a/kitay-lidiruet-sredi-stran-investorov-v-uzbekistan/ 32940880.html. Accessed: 05.06.2024.
  • Sharifli, Yunis (2022). China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway: Opportunities and challenges for China. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/ china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway-opportunities-and-challenges-for-china/. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2023). China’s Xinjiang inaugurates a pilot free trade zone. Retrieved from https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202311/02/content_WS6542d652c6d0868f4e8e0e0c.html. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Tracy Elena F., Evgeny Shvarts, Eugene Simonov and Mikhail Babenko (2017). China’s new Eurasian ambitions: the environmental risks of the Silk Road Economic Belt, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 58(1): 56-88, doi: 10.1080/15387216.2017.1295876
  • Uzbekistan Temir Yollari (2024). Uzbekistan – China: Issues of strengthening bilateral cooperation were discussed. Retrieved from https://railway.uz/ru/informatsionnaya_ sluzhba/novosti/36108/. Accessed: 08.06.2024.
  • UzDaily (2024). China Railway International to design and build the China- Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway. Retrieved from https://www.uzdaily.com/ en/post/90193. Accessed: 15.06.2024.
  • Voice of America (2024). Debt to China fuels anxiety in Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/debt-to-china-fuels-anxiety-in-kyrgyzstan/ 7575825.html. Accessed: 18.04.2024.
  • Xinhua (2024a). Heads of state of China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan congratulate the signing of an intergovernmental agreement on the railway project. Retrieved from https://english.news.cn/20240606/bbfe58594fd94831848f74c- 716fa543e/c.html. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Xinhua (2024b). Exclusive: Construction of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway will accelerate economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation between East and West – expert. Retrieved from https://russian.news. cn/20240608/273c9d475fd645c48e366a3ada641094/c.html. Accessed: 08.06.2024.
  • Zhen, Liu (2024). China reaches deal on Central Asian railway project linking it with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/ diplomacy/article/3265685/china-reaches-deal-central-asian-railway-project- linking-it-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 41 - 54, 31.07.2024

Öz

Kaynakça

  • American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation (2024). China Global Investment Tracker. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment- tracker/. Accessed: 17.06.2024.
  • Azattyk (2024). 312 kilometers will pass through Kyrgyzstan. The railway project received the blessing of three presidents. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyk. org/a/32985298.html. Accessed: 10.06.2024.
  • China Daily (2024). Xinjiang trade zone to drive region’s growth. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/31/WS65b98768a3104efcbdae8c47. html. Accessed on 06.06.2024.
  • Daryo (2024). Uzbekistan and China are implementing projects worth $56.7 billion. Retrieved from https://daryo.uz/ru/2024/01/25/v-sovmestnom-investicionnom- forume-v-knr-popisano-dogovorennosti-po-realizacii-500-proektov- na-567-mlrd. Accessed: 25.01.2024.
  • Donaldson, Dave (2018). “Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure.” American Economic Review, 108(4-5): 899–934.
  • Eurasianet (2023). China building up electric auto infrastructure in Central Asia. Retrieved from https://eurasianet.org/china-building-up-electric-auto-infrastructure- in-central-asia. Accessed: 20.05.2024.
  • Eurasianet (2024a). China is turning Central Asia into a springboard for car exports. Retrieved from https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D 1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9-превращает-центральную-азию-в-плацдарм-для- экспорта-автомобилей. Accessed: 17.06.2024.
  • Eurasianet (2024b). China-Central Asia: China surpasses Russia throughout the region. Retrieved from https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1 %82%D0%B0%D0%B9-центральная-азия-кнр-обходит-россию-по-всему- региону. Accessed: 15.05.2024.
  • Gazeta.uz (2024a). Uzbekistan and China intend to increase trade turnover to $20 billion. Retrieved from https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/01/24/china-meeting/. Accessed: 24.01.2024.
  • Gazeta.uz (2024b). Uzbekistan’s national debt reached $31.5 billion in the first half of the year. Retrieved from https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2023/11/08/gov-debt/. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • Gyawali, Pratistha (2024). “Estimating the Landlocked Penalty for International Trade”. The World Economy, 47(6): 2220-2235.
  • Institute of Strategic Analysis and Forecast (2024). “Construction of the China – Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan Railway: Significance and Implementation Problems”. Retrieved from https://www.isap.center/analytics/144. Accessed: 12.06.2024.
  • International Trade Centre (2024). Trade Map. Retrieved from https://www. trademap.org/Index.aspx. Accessed: 04.06.2024.
  • Kabar (2024). Transition to a qualitatively new level. China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway. Retrieved from https://kabar.kg/news/perekhod-na-kachestvenno- novyi-uroven-zheleznaia-doroga-kitai-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan/. Accessed: 19.06.2024.
  • Karimov, Navruz and Abror Kurbonmuratov (2023). Who will actually benefit from the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railroad? Retrieved from https:// thediplomat.com/2023/10/who-will-actually-benefit-from-the-china-kyrgyzstan- uzbekistan-railroad/. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Karymshakov, Kamalbek and Burulcha Sulaimanova (2020). The Impact of Infrastructure on Trade in Central Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1184. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/publications/ impact-infrastructure-trade-central-asia. Accessed: 18.05.2024.
  • Kazinform (2024). Construction of China-Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan railway to begin in late August. Retrieved from https://en.inform.kz/news/construction- of-china-uzbekistan-kyrgyzstan-railway-to-begin-in-late-august-205422/. Accessed: 14.06.2024.
  • Khitakhunov, Azimzhan (2024). The New Era of Central Asia-China Cooperation: the Case of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway. Asya Avrupa, 85: 18-27.
  • Kun.uz (2024). Which countries have the largest capital presence in Uzbekistan enterprises? Retrieved from https://kun.uz/ru/news/2024/01/15/kakiye-strany- imeyut-naibolsheye-prisutstviye-kapitala-v-predpriyatiyax-uzbekistana. Accessed: 15.06.2024.
  • Kursiv (2024). 21 Uzbek trading houses will open in China. Retrieved from https://uz.kursiv.media/2024-06-05/v-kitae-otkroetsya-21-uzbekskij-torgovyjdom/. Accessed: 05.06.2024.
  • Nikkei Asia (2023). Xinjiang foreign trade hits record despite Western sanctions. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Supply-Chain/Xinjiang-foreign- trade-hits-record-despite-Western-sanctions. Accessed: 20.11.2023.
  • People’s Daily Online (2024). China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway to bring tangible benefits to participants, the whole region, experts say. Retrieved from http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0612/c90000-20180502.html. Accessed: 18.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024a). The President of Uzbekistan took part in the Uzbek-Chinese Investment Forum. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/6994. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024b). The first electric cars were produced at the BYD plant in Jizzakh. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/7349. Accessed: 27.06.2024.
  • President.uz (2024c). New projects worth $1.7 billion have been formed in Andijan. Retrieved from https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/7030. Accessed: 01.06.2024.
  • Radio Azattyk (2024). Chinese megaprojects are back in fashion in Central Asia’s poorest countries. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyq.org/a/china-kyrgyzstan- tajikistan-megaprojects-central-asia-belt-road/33008189.html. Accessed: 27.06.2024.
  • Radio Ozodi (2024). China leads among investor countries in Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://rus.ozodi.org/a/kitay-lidiruet-sredi-stran-investorov-v-uzbekistan/ 32940880.html. Accessed: 05.06.2024.
  • Sharifli, Yunis (2022). China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway: Opportunities and challenges for China. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/ china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway-opportunities-and-challenges-for-china/. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2023). China’s Xinjiang inaugurates a pilot free trade zone. Retrieved from https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202311/02/content_WS6542d652c6d0868f4e8e0e0c.html. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Tracy Elena F., Evgeny Shvarts, Eugene Simonov and Mikhail Babenko (2017). China’s new Eurasian ambitions: the environmental risks of the Silk Road Economic Belt, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 58(1): 56-88, doi: 10.1080/15387216.2017.1295876
  • Uzbekistan Temir Yollari (2024). Uzbekistan – China: Issues of strengthening bilateral cooperation were discussed. Retrieved from https://railway.uz/ru/informatsionnaya_ sluzhba/novosti/36108/. Accessed: 08.06.2024.
  • UzDaily (2024). China Railway International to design and build the China- Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway. Retrieved from https://www.uzdaily.com/ en/post/90193. Accessed: 15.06.2024.
  • Voice of America (2024). Debt to China fuels anxiety in Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/debt-to-china-fuels-anxiety-in-kyrgyzstan/ 7575825.html. Accessed: 18.04.2024.
  • Xinhua (2024a). Heads of state of China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan congratulate the signing of an intergovernmental agreement on the railway project. Retrieved from https://english.news.cn/20240606/bbfe58594fd94831848f74c- 716fa543e/c.html. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
  • Xinhua (2024b). Exclusive: Construction of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway will accelerate economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation between East and West – expert. Retrieved from https://russian.news. cn/20240608/273c9d475fd645c48e366a3ada641094/c.html. Accessed: 08.06.2024.
  • Zhen, Liu (2024). China reaches deal on Central Asian railway project linking it with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/ diplomacy/article/3265685/china-reaches-deal-central-asian-railway-project- linking-it-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan. Accessed: 06.06.2024.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Azimzhan Khitakhunov Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3455-563X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Khitakhunov, A. (2024). THE CHINA-KYRGYZSTAN-UZBEKISTAN RAILWAY: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. Eurasian Research Journal, 6(3), 41-54.