OLAYLAR VE YORUMLAR

Öz

Bu incelemede Kasım 2024-Nisan 2025 tarihleri döneminde Ermenistan’daki iç gelişmeler, dış ilişkiler, Azerbaycan ile barış süreci ile Türkiye-Ermenistan arasındaki ilişkiler ve normalleşme süreci ele alınmaktadır. Ermenistan yönetimi çalkantılı bir dönem geçirmiştir. İç politikada sayıca az fakat sesi gür çıkan muhalefet anayasa değişikliği hazırlığını, Başbakan Nikol Paşinyan’ın “Ermeni Soykırımı” tanıtımının öncelik olmadığı beyanını ve onun soykırım söylemini irdeleyen, hatta sorgulayan ifadelerini vatana ihanet suçlamalarıyla en ağır şekilde eleştirmiştir. Hatta muhalefet, eleştirilerini yönetimin meşruiyetinin bulunmadığı noktasına kadar getirmiştir. Diğer taraftan yönetimin ifadeleri söylemde kalmış, Azerbaycan ile öngörülen barış antlaşmasının önündeki iki temel engel olan anayasa değişikliği ve Zangezur koridoru konularında somut bir gelişme kaydedilmemiştir. Barış antlaşması sürecinde nihai taslak üzerinde mutabakat sağlanmış, metin imzaya hazır hale gelmiş, bu olumlu gelişme uluslararası alanda övgüyle karşılanmış, metnin bir an önce imzalanması ve onaylanması beklentisi ifade edilmiştir. Ancak engeller giderilemedikçe, sürecin sonuçlandırılmasının vakit alacağı anlaşılmıştır. Dış politikada devam eden tavşana kaç, tazıya tut politikası ve aynı anda iki sandalyeye oturma gayretini sürdürebilmek zorlaşmış, hassas dengelerin dikkate alınması gereken gelişmeler ortaya çıkmıştır. Dengeli ve dengeleyici dış politika söylemi ile Batı’ya, AB’ye ve ABD’ye yaklaşılmış, AB’ye üyelik başvurusu girişimi başlatılmış, ABD ile stratejik ortaklık anlaşması imzalanmıştır. Ancak ABD yeni yönetiminin Rusya ile ilişkilere yaklaşımı, keza AB’nin ortaya çıkan zafiyeti karşısında Rusya ile ilişkilerin ihmal edilmemesi gereği ortaya çıkmış, Batı’dan gelen aksine telkinlere rağmen Paşinyan Moskova’da Zafer Günü törenine katılmak zorunluğunu hissetmiştir. Türkiye ile ilişkiler hareketliliğini korumuş, karşılıklı temaslarda aktif bir dönem yaşanmıştır. 24 Nisan anma günü etkinliklerinin sönük geçmesi özellikle Diasporada eziklik hissi ve tepki yaratmıştır. Ermeni Dışişleri Bakanı Ararat Mirzoyan beraberinde bir heyetle Antalya Diplomasi Forumuna katılmış, Türk Dışişleri Bakanı Hakan Fidan ile ikili görüşme yapmıştır. Ermeni tarafı Türkiye-Ermenistan sınırının kara ve demir yolu ulaşımı için açılması üzerinde durmuş, normalleşme sürecinin Azerbaycan-Ermenistan ilişkilerinin normalleşmesine bağlanmasını eleştirmiştir. Antalya Forumunda üç Güney Kafkas ülkesinin dışişleri bakanları da ortak bir panel toplantısı yapmış, bu gelişme aralarında üçlü görüşme süreci başlatılmasına ilham vermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Paşinyan
• Mirzoyan
• Papikian
• II. Karekin
• Putin
• Lavrov
• Taşnaksutyun (EDF)
• Diaspora
• Erdoğan
• Fidan

FACTS AND COMMENTS

Öz

This article covers the period of November 2024-April 2025 of the internal developments in Armenia, the foreign dynamics shaping its international relations, the ongoing process of signing the peace agreement with Azerbaijan and the bilateral relations of Türkiye and Armenia in the light of the process of normalisation of their relations. The Armenian government has passed through a turbulent period. Internally, the preparations for changing the constitution, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s statement that the international recognition of the “Armenian Genocide” is not a priority for the government as well as the fact that he questioned, even challenged the “genocide” discourse was heavily criticized by the small but vociferous opposition as treason to the country. In fact, the opposition’s criticisms reached to such an extent that they denied the legitimacy of the government. On the other hand, official words were not put into deeds as no concrete steps were taken to overcome the two major impediments to concluding the planned peace agreement with Azerbaijan: the changing of the constitution and the Zangezur corridor. The two parties, Armenia and Azerbaijan, announced the conclusion of the final draft text of the peace agreement, meaning the text was ready for signing, which drew international acclaim as a positive development with the expectation that it would be signed and ratified shortly. However, it has been acknowledged that the signing will have to wait until the expressed impediments are overcome. Developments have emerged in foreign policy where prudence and caution were needed for sustaining the policies of running with the hare and hunting with the hounds as well as trying to sit on two chairs faced challenges. The proclamation of a balanced and balancing foreign policy provided the justification of siding with the West, the EU, and the US, leading to the application for membership in the EU and signing of a strategic partnership agreement with the US. However, it soon transpired that relations with Russia should not be underestimated in view of the new US administration’s approach to Russia, as well as the surfacing fragility of the EU. Hence, Pashinyan yielded to the necessity of attending the Victory Day parade in Moscow despite the disapproval of the West. Relations with Türkiye have kept their momentum, leading to an active period in bilateral contacts. The sobriety of the commemoration of 24 April caused pessimism and depression particularly in the Diaspora. Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs Ararat Mirzoyan attended the Antalya Diplomacy Forum accompanied by officials and held a meeting with the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Hakan Fidan. The Armenian side underlined the need for opening the Türkiye-Armenia border for land and railroad connections and expressed dissatisfaction with linking the bilateral process of normalization with the normalization of Armenia-Azerbaijan relations. At the Antalya Forum, three participating Foreign Ministers of the South Caucasus countries took part in a trilateral panel discussion, which inspired the initiation of a process of trilateral meetings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pashinyan
• Mirzoyan
• Papikian
• Karekin II
• Putin
• Lavrov
• Dashnaktsutyun (ARF)
• Diaspora
• Erdogan
• Fidan

Kaynakça

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82. “Meeting of the Foreign Minister of Armenia with the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the Crisis in Georgia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 3 Nisan 2025, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/04/03/Mirzoyan_Grono/13165.
83. “Meeting of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia with the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the Crisis in Georgia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 10 Ocak 2025, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/01/10/Mirzoyan_EU/13028.
84. “Mirzoyan: Armenia and Azerbaijan are Very Close to Finalizing Draft Peace Agreement”, News.am, 11 Mart 2025, https://news.am/eng/news/871102.html.
85. “Moscow Warns of Growing NATO Influence in Caucasus”, Asbarez, 6 Mayıs 2025, https://asbarez.com/moscow-warns-of-growing-nato-influence-in-caucasus/.
86. “New Report: Azerbaijani Regime Ethnically Cleansed Nagorno-Karabakh According to International Fact-Finding Mission”, Freedom House, 11 Kasım 2024, https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-azerbaijani-regime-ethnically-cleansed-nagorno-karabakh-according-international.
87. “No Outright Winner in Gyumri Municipal Election”,Hetq, 31 Mart 2025, https://hetq.am/en/article/173504.
88. “No: 91, 24 Nisan 2025, Bazı Ülkelerin Yetkililerince 1915 Olaylarına İlişkin Yapılan Beyanlar Hk.”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, 24 Nisan 2025, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-91_-bazi-ulkelerin-yetkililerince-1915-olaylarina-iliskin-yapilan-beyanlar-hk.tr.mfa.
89. “Official Visit of the Foreign Minister of Iran to Armenia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 25 Mart 2025, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/03/25/Armenia_Iran/13143.
90. Oleh Pavliuk, “Armenian PM Decides not to Participate in Another Summit with Putin”, Pravda, 25 Aralık 2024, https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/12/25/7490648/.
91. “Opening of Armenia-Turkey Border: Trade Impact”, German Economic Team, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2025, https://www.german-economic-team.com/en/newsletter/opening-of-armenia-turkey-border-trade-impact/.
92. “Participation of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia in the Panel Discussion at the “Manama Dialogue”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 7 Aralık 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/12/07/participation-of-the-deputy-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-armenia-in-the-panel-discussion-at-the-%E2%80%9C/12993.
93. “Pashinyan Believes New Constitution Must Not Contain Reference to Declaration of Independence, ‘But İt’s Up To The People to Decide’”, ArmenPress, 16 Nisan 2025, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1217286.
94. “Pashinyan Calls Armenia's Declaration of Independence "A Big Problem And Tragedy"”, Arka News Agency, 14 Kasım 2025, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/pashinyan_calls_armenia_s_declaration_of_independence_a_big_problem_and_tragedy/.
95. “Pashinyan Explains Why Armenia Doesn’t Seek Azeri Constitutional Change”, ArmenPress, 13 Kasım 2025, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1204830.
96. “Pashinyan to Chair Eurasian Intergovernmental Council Session in Moscow”, ArmenPress, 13 December 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1207357.
97. “Pashinyan: Resignations in Armenia are Systemic, not Personal”, Arka News Agency, 22 Kasım 2024, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/pashinyan-resignations-in-armenia-are-systemic-not-personal/.
98. “Paşinyan, Ermenistan'ın Azerbaycan'dan Anayasa Değişikliği Talep Etmemesinin Nedenini Açıkladı”, ArmenPress,13 Kasım 2024, https://armenpress.am/tr/article/1204830.
99. “President of Poland is on Three-Day Official Visit to Armenia”, 1Lurer, 20 Kasım 2025, https://www.1lurer.am/en/2024/11/25/President-of-Poland-is-on-a-three-day-official-visit-to-Armenia/1226389.
100. “President Vahagn Khachaturyan met with President of Georgia Mikheil Kavelashvili, who is on an Official Visit to Armenia”, The President of the Republic of Armenia, 29 Nisan 2025, https://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2025/04/29/President-Vahagn-Khachaturyan-met-with-the-President-of-Georgia/.
101. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s Interview with Public Television”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 22 Kasım 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2024/11/22/Nikol-Pashinyan-Interview/.
102. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s Message on the Occasion of May 9”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 9 Mayıs 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2025/05/09/Nikol-Pashinyan-Congratulations/.
103. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Interview with Public Television”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 25 Ocak 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2025/01/25/Nikol-Pashinyan-Interview-Petros-Ghazaryan/.
104. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Official Visit to the Republic of Estonia”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2025/04/27/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-Estonia/.
105. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Working Visit to Hungary”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 6 Kasım 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2024/11/06/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-Hungary/.
106. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Working Visit to the Holy See (Vatican)”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 18 Kasım 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2024/11/18/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-Vatican/.
107. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Working Visit to the Munich”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2025/02/13/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-Munich/.
108. “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's Working Visit to the USA”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia”, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2025/02/03/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-Vashington/?ref=oc-media.org.
109. “Putin Denies Foreign Aggression against Armenia”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 28 Kasım 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33219461.html.
110. Robert Zargarian, “Yerevan Has ‘No Plans Yet’ to Quit Russian-Led Trade Bloc”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 13 Ocak 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33274100.html.
111. Robert Zargarian, IMF, ”World Bank Note Slowing Growth in Armenia”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 28 Nisan 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33399140.html.
112. Ruslan Rehimov, “Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşkanı Aliyev, Fransa'nın Ermenistan'ı Yeni Savaşa Sürüklediğini Söyledi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 13 Mart 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/azerbaycan-cumhurbaskani-aliyev-fransanin-ermenistani-yeni-savasa-surukledigini-soyledi/3508953.
113. Ruslan Rehimov, Büşranur Keskinkılıç, ”Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan Dışişleri Bakanları Antalya'da Görüştü” Anadolu Ajansı, 12 Nisan 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/azerbaycan-ve-ermenistan-disisleri-bakanlari-antalyada-gorustu/3536200.
114. “Russia ‘Stunned’ By Pashinian’s Armenian Genocide Comments”,The California Courier, 6 Şubat 2025, https://www.thecaliforniacourier.com/russia-stunned-by-pashinians-armenian-genocide-comments/.
115. “Russia Always Perceived Armenian Genocide as Its Own Grief, Says Moscow”, ArmenPress, 24 April 2025, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1218063.
116. “Russia Concerned about Armenia EU Move, Says Pashinyan after Putin Call”, ArmenPress, 31 Ocak 2025,https://armenpress.am/en/article/1210902.
117. “Russian Border Guards Leave Armenia-Iran Checkpoint”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 30 Aralık 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33258387.html.
118. “Russian Border Guards Leave Armenia-Iran Checkpoint”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 30 Aralık 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33258387.html.
119. Ruzanna Stepanian, “Aliyev Again Rules out Unconditional Peace Deal with Armenia”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 2 Nisan 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33368783.html.
120. Ruzanna Stepanian, “Pashinian Confirms Refusal to Host Eurasian Union Summit”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 4 Aralık 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33226874.html.
121. Ruzanna Stepanian, “Pashinian Under Fire After Questioning Armenian Genocide”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 27 Ocak 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33290488.html.
122. “Secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council Arrives in Armenia”, ArmenPress, 8 Ocak 2025, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1209013.
123. Shoghik Galstian, “Armenian Protest Leader Admits ‘Mistakes’”, The Mirror Spectator, 2 Ocak 2025, https://mirrorspectator.com/2025/01/02/armenian-protest-leader-admits-mistakes/.
124. Shoghik Galstian, “Pashinian Defends Trip To Moscow”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 7 Mayıs 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33407443.html.
125. Shoghik Galstian, “Pashinian Under Fire For Another ‘Pro-Turkish’ Statement”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, 25 Kasım 2025, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33215221.html.
126. “Signing of the Joint Declaration on the Strategic Partnership Between the Republic of Armenia and the Netherlands”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 12 Mart 2025, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/03/12/Armenia_Netherlands/13109.
127. Siranush Ghazanchyan, “Armenia’s Balanced Foreign Policy Reaching Its Primary Milestone – PM”, Public Radio of Armenia, 15 Ocak 2025, https://en.armradio.am/2025/01/15/armenias-balanced-foreign-policy-reaching-its-primary-milestone-pm/.
128. Siranush Ghazanchyan, “Armenian FM to Pay Official Visit to Brazil”, Public Radio of Armenia, 19 Mart 2025, https://en.armradio.am/2025/03/19/armenian-fm-to-pay-official-visit-to-brazil/.
129. Siranush Ghazanchyan, “Armenian PM Offers Condolences to Families of Turkey Ski Resort Fire Victims”, Public Radio of Armenia”, 22 Ocak 2025, https://en.armradio.am/2025/01/22/armenian-pm-offers-condolences-to-families-of-turkey-ski-resort-fire-victims/.
130. “Slovenian Foreign Minister to Pay Official Visit to Armenia”, Arka News Agency, 15 Nisan 2025, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/slovenian-foreign-minister-to-pay-official-visit-to-armenia/.
131. “Soykırım da Artık Bir Öncelik Değil”, Ermenistan Kamu Radyosu, 31 Ekim 2024, https://tr.armradio.am/2024/10/31/soykirim-da-artik-bir-oncelik-degil/?doing_wp_cron=1747218861.8346560001373291015625.
132. “Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan at Rio Branco Institute in Brazil”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, 20 Mart 2025, https://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/2025/03/20/Mirzoyan_RioBranco/13131.
133. “State Department Responds to Aliyev's Claims of U.S. Arming Yerevan”, Arka News Agency, 25 Aralık 2025, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/state-department-responds-to-aliyev-s-claims-of-u-s-arming-yerevan/.
134. “Statement by Three Armenian National Political Parties”, Asbarez, 18 Şubat 2025, https://asbarez.com/statement-by-three-armenian-national-political-parties/.
135. “Syrian Armenian Brigade Pledges to Defend Rojava Against Attacks”, The California Courier, 19 Aralık 2024, https://www.thecaliforniacourier.com/syrian-armenian-brigade-pledges-to-defend-rojava-against-attacks/.
136. “Telephone Conversation with Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan”, President of Russia, 17 Ocak 2025, http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/76123.
137. “The 14th Session of the Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation Between Armenia and Georgia Took Place”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia”, 30 Ocak 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2025/01/30/Nikol-Pashinyan/.
138. “The Border Guard is a Symbol of Peace and Security, And Our Policy is to Increase The Presence of Border Guards Along The Borders of The Republic of Armenia. Prime Minister”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 26 Nisan 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2025/04/26/Nikol-Pashinyan/.
139. “The Delegation Led by Edward Asryan is on an Official Visit to the Hellenic Republic”, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Armenia, 27 Şubat 2025, https://www.mil.am/en/news/12639.
140. “'There’s a Chance to Open New Era in Caucasus' - Armenian Foreign Minister at Antalya Forum”, JAM News, 14 Nisan 2025, https://jam-news.net/armenian-fm-on-antalya-diplomacy-forum/.
141. “To the participants of the Second International Conference on “The Right to Return: Advancing Justice for Azerbaijanis Expelled from Armenia”, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 5 Kasım 2024, https://president.az/en/articles/view/67466.
142. “Turkey Again Says Normalization with Armenia Depends on Yerevan-Baku Peace Process”, ArmenPress, 6 Kasım 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1204157. “Türkiye-Armenia Dialogue Has Never Been So Active: Pashinyan”, Hürriyet Daily News, 5 Şubat 2025, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-armenia-dialogue-has-never-been-so-active-pashinyan-205472.
143. “U.S. Secretary Of State: Now is Time for Azerbaijan And Armenia to Sign Peace Treaty”, Apa, 14 Mart 2025, https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/us-secretary-of-state-now-is-time-for-azerbaijan-and-armenia-to-sign-peace-treaty-462940.
144. “U.S., Armenia Sign Strategic Partnership Agreement”, Radio Free Europe, 15 Ocak 2025, https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-partnership-agreement-blinken-mirzoyan-russia/33276117.html.
145. “Visit of H.E. Ararat Mirzoyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia to India”, Ministry of External Affairs Government of India”, 10 Mart 2025, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39146.
146. “We Have Decided to Adopt a Balanced and Balancing Foreign Policy, Which Means That We Will Try to Balance Relations with the EU, Russia and Regional Powers, Prime Minister”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, 23 Ocak 2025, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2025/01/23/Nikol-Pashinyan-Panel-discussion/.
147. “Yerevan and Ankara to Discuss Relaunch of Gyumri-Kars Railway”, Arka News Agency, 25 Ekim 2024, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/yerevan_and_ankara_to_discuss_relaunch_of_gyumri_kars_railway_.
148. “Yerevan Responded to Moscow's Request for the Pentagon to Transfer Equipment to Armenia”, Eurasia Daily, 20 Mart 2025, https://eadaily.com/en/news/2025/03/20/yerevan-responded-to-moscows-request-for-the-pentagon-to-transfer-equipment-to-armenia. “Yerevan’s Participation in ICC ‘Directly Harms Russia-Armenia’ Ties, Moscow Warns”, Asbarez, 4 December 2024, https://asbarez.com/yerevans-participation-in-icc-directly-harms-russia-armenia-ties-moscow-warns/.
149. Xandie (Alexandra) Kuenning, “Armenia Turkey Checkpoint to Temporarily Open for Humanitarian Aid to Syria”, OC Media, 20 Mart 2025, https://oc-media.org/armenia-turkey-checkpoint-to-temporarily-open-for-humanitarian-aid-to-syria/.
150. “«Զարեհ Սինանյանը Պետք է Պատասխան Տա. Նույնիսկ Բացահայտ Թուրքամետ Օտարազգի Գործիչները Չեն Համարձակվել Այս Լեզվով Խոսել ՀՅԴ-Ի Մասին». Նժդեհ Գարագավորյան”, 168.am,26 Aralık 2025, https://168.am/2024/12/26/2146729.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawHbGQRleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHREsI85IUqDkVfG4fkyAQmq7Fb2H-fQFhxEveDdsB42qjYdfCv1dAOnouQ_aem_mblxNvxbk74g8ncUhy3ndg.
151. “35th ARF World Congress Convenes in Yerevan”, Asbarez, https://asbarez.com/35th-arf-world-congress-convenes-in-yerevan/.
152. “64th plenary session of PABSEC General Assembly held in Yerevan”, ArmenPress, 13 December 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1207458.