KARİKATÜRLERDE DEHÜMANİZASYON: ASBAREZ GAZETESİ ÖRNEĞİNDE TÜRK İMGESİ

Öz

Ötekileştirmenin en ilkel şekli olan dehümanizasyon (gayriinsanileştirme), sosyalleşme sonucu düşmanı nefret edilecek bir nesneyedönüştüren psikolojik bir mekanizmadır. İnsani özelliklerinden sıyrılandüşman bu süreçte değersizleştirilip, aşağılanarak büyük grubun birarada varlığını sürdürmeye yardımcı olur. Tarihte özellikle İkinci DünyaSavaşı döneminde uygulanan dehümanizasyonu bir çeşit psikolojiksavaş yöntemi olarak da tanımlamak mümkündür. Medyadehümanizasyon algısının yaygınlaşmasında, milli kimliğin inşasında vesürekliliğinde etkin bir araç olarak kullanılabilir. Bu doğrultuda AsbarezGazetesi’nin incelenen tematik karikatürlerinde Türk imgesi önemli biryer tutmakta ve gayri-insanileştirmenin izlerini taşımaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dehümanizasyon, karikatürler, imge, politikpsikoloji, Asbarez

DEHUMANIZATION IN CARTOONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMAGE OF THE TURK IN ASBAREZ NEWSPAPER

Öz

The most primitive method of “othering” is dehumanizationwhich is a psychological mechanism that transforms the enemy into anobject that is to be hated. During this process the enemy is stripped fromany human attributions, devalued and humiliated which eventually helpsgroup cohesion. Most well known forms of dehumanization can be seenin WWII era which can also be categorized as a psychological warfarestrategy. Media assists as a tool in spreading the perception ofdehumanization, construction and sustainability of national identities. Inthis regard, the image of the “Turk” is widely represented in Asbareznewspaper cartoons which also demonstrate traces of dehumanization

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dehumanization, cartoons, image, political psychology,Asbarez

Kaynakça

1. ALFORD, Fred (1994) Group Psychology and Political Theory, New Haven, Yale University Press
2. CRENSHAW, Martha (2004) “The Psychology of Political Terrorism” in Political Psychology: Key Readings, John J. Jost, Jim Sidanius /Eds., New York, Psychology Press, pp 411-431.
3. ÇEVİK-ERSAYDI, Bahar Senem (2011) “Politik Psikoloji Bağlamında Ermeni Kimliğinin Siyasallaştırılması (Haytoug Dergisi Örneği)”- The Politization of the Armenian Identity in the Context of Political Psychology –A Case Study on Haytoug-, unpublished dissertation, Gazi University.
4. ERIKSON, Erik H. (1968) Identity: Youth and Crisis, New York, W.W. Norton.
5. ERIKSON, Erik H. (1980) Identity and the Life Cycle, New York, W.W. Norton
6. FREUD, Sigmund Freud (1949) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, 5th ed., Translated by: James Starchey, Lonfon, Hogarth Press.
7. HART, William B. & HASSENCAHL, Fran (2002) “Dehumanizing the Enemy in Editorial Cartoons”, Bradley S. Greenberg (Ed.), in Communication and Terrorism, Cresskill, New Jersey, Hampton Press, pp. 137-151.
8. HASLAM, Nick, LOUGHNAN, Stephen, REYNOLDS, Catherine, WILSON, Samuel, (2007) “Dehumanization: A New Perspective”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 409-422.

9. HASLAM, Nick (2006) “Dehumanization: An Integrative View”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol 10, No 3, pp. 252-264.
10. HOUGHTON, David Patrick (2008) Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals and Cases, New York, Routledge.
11. KANTARCI, Şenol (2007) Ermeni Lobisi, Ankara, Lalezar.
12. KASSABIAN, Alice (1987) “Armenian Ethnic Identity Within the Context of Traumatic Loss”, unpublished dissertation, The Catholic University of America.
13. KHAN, L. Ali (2006) A Theory of International Terrorism: Understanding Islamic Militancy, Martinus Nijnoff Publishers Brill Academic, Leiden. MERELMAN, Richard M (1972) “The Adolescence of Political Socialization”, Sociology of Education, Vol 45, pp. 134-166.
14. MOSES, Rafael (1990) “On Dehumanizing the Enemy”, Vamık D. Volkan, Demetrios A. Julius, Joseph V. Montville, The Psychodynamics of International Relations, Vol I, Massachusetts, Lexington Books, pp. 111-118.
15. MOSES, Rafael (1996) “The Perception of the Enemy: A Psychoanalytic View”, Mind and Human Interaction, Vol 7, No 1, pp. 37-43.
16. ÖZDAĞ, Ümit (2009) İstihbarat Teorisi, 3rd ed., Ankara, Kripto. POST, Jerrold M. (2004) Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
17. ROBINS, Robert S.- POST, Jerrold M. (1997) Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred, New Haven, Yale University Press.
18. SCHNAPPER, Dominique (2005) Sosyoloji Düşüncesinin Özünde Öteki İle İlişki, translator: Ayşegül Sözmezay, Istanbul, Bilgi University Publications.
19. STAUB, Ervin (2009) The Roots of Evil, 20th ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
20. STEIN, Howard F. (1990) “The Indespensible Enemy and American-Soviet Relations”, Vamık D. Volkan, Demetrios Julius, Joseph V. Montville (Eds.), The Psychodynamics of International Relationships Vol I, Massachusetts, Lexington Books, pp. 71-89.
21. VOLKAN, Vamık (1997) Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism, New York, Farrar Straus and Giroux. VOLKAN, Vamık (2004) Blind Trust, Charlottesville, Pitchstone Publishing.
22. MILGRAM, Stanley (1973) “The Perils of Obedience”, Harper’s Magazine, 1973, p.6, http://lniland.com/AP%20Psych%20Documents/Ch%2013%20- %20Milgram%20Study.pdf, retrieved: 20 May 2011.
23. About Asbarez Armenian News, http://asbarez.com/about/, retrieved: 15 May 2011. Paul Chaderjian, “Looking Back 100 Years”, http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=21676204594&ref=mf, ARF-D Brief, http://www.arfd.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ARF_Brief-14- March-2011-A5.pdf, retrieved: 15 May 2011.
24. About ARF, http://arf1890.info/AboutARF/AboutARF.html, ARF Program, http://arf1890.info/AboutARF/PDF/ARFProgramEnglish.pdf, retrieved: 16 May 2011.
25. AYF Goals, http://www.ayf.org/AboutUs/Goals/tabid/54/Default.aspx, retrieved: 16 May 2011.
26. Collapse of Turkey’s Genocide Denial Topic at ANCA-WR, http://asbarez.com/100497/collapse-of-turkey%e2%80%99s-genocidedenial-topic-at-anca-wr-town-hall/, Asbarez, retrieved: Jan 26, 2012.
27. Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations, Joint Publication 3-53, 5 September 2003, p. 10, http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/resources/doctrine/psyop-jp-3-53.pdf, retrieved: 17 November 2011.
28. German Propaganda Archives, Calvin, http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm, Retrieved: Jan 04, 2012.
29. Massis Araradian, www.MassisArt.com, Masis Araradian’s cartoons drawn for Asbarez Newspaper
30. SANOSSIAN, Shahan, “The pencil is mightier than the sword”, The Armenian Reporter, 23 February 2008, http://www.reporter.am/index.cfm?objectid=20A1B3FC-5FD3-11DE84170003FF3452C2, retrieved: 20 May 2011.