BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

AMERİKAN KAYNAKLARINDAN KURTULUŞ SAVAŞI BAŞINDA ERMENİLERLE İLGİLİ GELİŞMELER

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 50, 13 - 86, 01.06.2015

Öz

Fransız İhtilaliyle gelen milliyetçilik akımı, Osmalı İmparatorluğu’nunazınlıklarını da etkiledi. Yunanlıların devlete karşı ayaklanıp 1830’daİmparatorluktan ayrılması, Ermenilere de bağımsızlık kazanıp kendi ulusdevletlerini kurabileceklerini düşündürdü. Bu ara endüstride ilerleyipyayılmacılığa yönelen ve zayıflamakta olduğunu gördükleri OsmanlıDevleti’nin verimli topraklarına göz diken emperyalist devletler de Osmanlıhalklarını bölüp yönetime karşı örgütleyerek emellerine hızla ulaşacaklarınıdüşünerek Ermeni ihtilal Komiteleri ile birlikte Ermenileri devlete karşıkışkırtmaya başladılar. Ermenilerin bağımsızlık için devlete karşıayaklanmaları kanlı Türk-Ermeni çarpışmalarına dönüştü. İki ulusarasında böylece başlayan düşmanlık, dünya savaşı yıllarında OsmanlıErmenileri’nin İtilaf Devletleri’ne destek vermesiyle iyice tırmandı.Hükümetin, silahlanarak devleti içten vurmaya kalkışan Ermenileri biryasayla yaşadıkları bölgelerden uzaklaştırmasıysa büyük tepkiler doğurdu.Amerikan kaynaklarına dayanarak yapılan bu araştırmada önce DünyaSavaşı Osmanlıyı da içeren İttifak Blokunun yenilgisiyle sona erdiğindesavaşı bitiren güç olan Amerika’nın savaş süresince İtilaf devletlerininOsmanlı topraklarını aralarında paylaşırken Amerika’yı dışladığınıgörünce uluslara çoğunluk oldukları topraklarda egemenlik sözü veripsömürgeciliği reddeden Wilson İlkeleri etrafında barışa çağırması,ardından çıkar alanlarını korumaya kararlı İtilaf Devletlerinin Amerika’yıkarşılarına almadan barış konferansında amaçlarına varmak içinAnadolu’da Ermeni devleti kurulması ve bu ülkenin Türk toprakları ilebirlikte Amerikan Mandası yapılmasına ikna etmeye çalışmaları elealınmaktadır. Amerika’nın heyetler göndererek bu yönde yaptığı saptamalarsonunda Türklerin öne sürüldüğü gibi Ermenilere zulüm ve baskıuygulamadığının, ayrıca doğu Anadoluda çoğunlukta olmadıklarısaptanınca Amerikan Kongresinin öneriyi reddetmesi, Ermenilerinse barışgörüşmelerinde batı devletlerinin desteğine sahip olmadıklarını anlamalarıincelenmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Arşivler ve Birincil Kaynaklar ABCFM 353, Roll 6, April 15, 1917.
  • ABCFM Unit V, Vol. VI Reel: 504.
  • ABCFM Unit V: Vol. VII, Reel: 506, March 29 1916.
  • Bible House, İstanbul Browne’s Papers (Hoover Inst. )
  • Columbia University, New York “Congressional Records 65”, 1st and 2nd Sessions, 1741-43.
  • Department of State, Div. Of Western European Affairs, July 18,1917, 867.22/9.
  • Foreign Relations, 1917 Part I: Continuation of the War- Participation of U.S. World’s Work, New York, 1920,V. XL, No.1, (May 1920).
  • Harbord, MaJ. Gen. James G., Conditions in the Near East- Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia. Washington Government Printing Office, 1920
  • Harvard University, Houghton Library Hoover Institute Archive Library of Congress Manchester Guardian Mosley, Brig. Gen. George van Horn, Mandatory Over Armenia, Report Made to Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord,Washington Government Printing Office, 1920
  • New York Times.
  • Public Records Office, Londra Stanford University, Hoover Instıtute Archive United Church Board for World Ministries ABCFM Arşivi, New York University of Utah Adıvar, Halide Edip. Memoirs of Halide Edib, Murray, 1926.
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. General Harbord’un Anadolu Gezisi ve Raporu, Tercüman Yayınları: İstanbul,1981
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. “Ana Hatlarıyla General Mosley Raporu: Türkiye’de Amerikan Mandası”, Belleten Cilt: XLVIII, Sayı 189-190 (Ocak-Nisan 1984).
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. Ottoman Armenians’ Intricate Relations With Western Powers During the Peace Settlements of the First World War, Review of Armenian Studies, No.18 2008 s. 39-80
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sonunda Osmanlı Ermenilerinin Büyük Batı Devletleriyle Karmaşık İlişkileri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 33/34, (2009): ss.61-124.
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. "Brownie and the Leaders of the Sivas Congress", George Sellers Harris ve Bilge Criss (der.), Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: The American Dimension. Brill, 2009
  • Armenians In the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (1912-1926). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi. Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü: İstanbul, 1984.
  • Aspaturian, Vernon V. “Armenia in the World Arena 1914-1921.”Armenian Review Vol.46, Sayı. 1-4 s.181-184 (1993).
  • Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal. Nutuk. Cilt. I, İstanbul, 1967.
  • Atatürk’ün Tamim Telgraf ve Beyannameleri, Ankara, 1956
  • Baykal, Bekir Sıtkı. Erzurum Kongresi ile İlgili Belgeler. Ankara: Türk İnkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 1969.
  • Bayur, Hikmet. Türk İnkılabı Tarihi. Vol. III, Bölüm IV, Ankara, 1967.
  • Bıyıklıoğlu, Tevfik. Atatürk Anadolu'da. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1955.
  • Bilgen, Deniz. ABD’li Gözüyle Sivas Kongresi. İstanbul, 2004.
  • Bryson, Thomas A. “Mark Lambert Bristol, U.S. Navy, Admiral-Diplomat: His Influence on the Armenian Mandate Question.” The Armenian Review Vol. 21, No. 4–84, (Winter 1968).
  • Bryson, Thomas A. “The Armenia-America Society: A Factor In AmericanTurkish Relations, 1914-1924”, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society, (Haziran 1971).
  • Callwell, C. E. Field Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries. London, 1927, cilt II.
  • Dyer, Gwynne, “The Turkish Armistice of 1918, 2- A Lost Opportunity The Armistice Negotiations of Moudros.” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 3, (1972).
  • Erim, Nihat. Devletlerarası Hukuk ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri. Cilt I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1953.
  • Erol, Mine. Türkiye’de Amerikan Mandası Meselesi, Giresun: İleri Basımevi, 1977.
  • Faulkner, Harold U. American Political and Social History, Appleton-CenturyCrofts: New York, 1952.
  • Fischer, Fritz. Germany's Aims in the First World War, Chatto & Windus, 1967. Gidney, James B. A Mandate for Armenia, Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1967.
  • Gordon, Leland James. American Relations with Turkey 1830–1930.
  • Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932.
  • Grabill, Joseph. Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East, Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927. Minneapolis, 1971.
  • Hoover, Herbert. The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. McGraw-Hill book, New York, 1961.
  • Hovannisian, Richard G.,“The Allies and Armenia, 1915-18" Journal of Contemporary History, 1968.
  • Hovannisian, Richard G.. The Armenian Holocaust, A Bibliography Relating to the Deportations, Massacres and Dispersion of the Armenian People, 1915-1923. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Armenian Heritage Press, 1980
  • Howard, Harry N. The King Crane Commission: An American Inquiry in the Middle East. Beirut: Khayats, 1963.
  • Howard, Harry N. Turkey, The Straits and the US Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  • Howard, Harry N. “An American Experiment In Peacemaking- The King Crane Commission” The Muslim World, 2, April 1942.
  • Hurewitz, Jacob & Jacob D. Ed. Diplomacy in the Near and the Middle East: A Documentary Record, 1535-1956. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Jaschke, Gotthaard. “Mondros’a Giden Yol.” Belleten Cilt: XXVIII, Sayı: 109, Ankara, 1964.
  • Karabekir, Kazım. İstiklal Harbimiz. İstanbul, 1960.
  • Khatsian, Alexander. “The Lausanne Conference and the Two Armenian Delegations.” The Armenian Review, Vol. 14, No: 3-35, Catholic Historical Society, 82, (Haziran 1971).
  • Kurat, Yuluğ Tekin. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Paylaşılması. Turhan Kitabevi, 1976.
  • Latimer, Frederic P. The Political Philosophy of Mustapha Kemal Atatürk as Evidenced in His Published Speeches and Interviews. Princeton University, 1964.
  • Logan, Rayford Whittingham. The Senate and the Versailles Mandate System. Washington DC, The Minorities Publishes, 1945.
  • Lybyer, Albert Howe. “Turkey Under the Armistice.” Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 4, (Nisan, 1922).
  • Macmillan, Margaret. Peacemakers, Londra, 2001.
  • Mears, Eliot Grinnell. A Politico-Economic Interpretation, 1908-1923. Macmillan Company, 1924.
  • Meray, Seha. Lozan Barış Konferansı Tutanakları. Ankara, 1973.
  • Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the Nineteenth Century. University of California Press: Berkeley, Los, Angeles, London, 1963.
  • Sonyel, Salahi, Armenian Deportations: A Repraisal In the Light of New Documents, Belleten, No. 141, Ocak 1972.
  • Studies In Atatürk’s Turkey. (ed.) George Haris ve Bilge Chriss, Leiden-Boston, 2009.
  • Şimşir, Bilal. İngiliz Belgelerinde Atatürk - British Documents on Atatürk. Ankara, 1973.
  • Şimşir, Bilâl. Malta Sürgünleri, İstanbul 1976.
  • Trusk, Roger. The United States Response to Turkis Nationalism and Reform 1914-1939, University of Minnessotta Press, 1971
  • Tumulty, Joseph Patrick. Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him. Doubleday, Page, 1921.
  • Tunaya, Tarık Zafer. Türkiye’de Siyasi Partiler. İstanbul, 1952.
  • Turan, Ömer. King Crane Raporu ve Etkileri (1919)
  • Türkgeldi, Ali. Moudros ve Mudanya Mütarekeleri Tarihi. Türk Devrim Tarihi Enstitüsü:Ankara, 1948.
  • Westerman, William Linn. The Armenian Problem and the Disruption of Turkey, What Really Happened At Paris: the Sory of the Peace Conference by American Delegates. ed.by Edward Mandell House and Seymour, N.Y. 1921.

(DEVELOPMENTS ON THE ARMENIAN ISSUE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TURKISH INDEPENDENCE WAR THROUGH AMERICAN SOURCES)

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 50, 13 - 86, 01.06.2015

Öz

Nationalism which emerged with the French Revolution alsoinfluenced the minorities in the Ottoman Empire. Revolts by the Greeks andtheir secession from the Ottoman Empire in 1930 led Armenians to believe thatthey can gain their independence and establish their own nation state.Meanwhile, imperialist countries, which progressed industrially and turnedtowards expansionism and set their eye on the rich lands of the weakeningOttoman Empire, together with the Armenian revolutionary committees, startedto provoke Armenians to rebel against the Ottoman state believing that theywould achieve their goals by dividing the Ottoman people. Armenian revoltsagainst the state turned into bloody clashes between the Turks and Armenians.This hostility between the two nations escalated when the Ottoman Armenianssupported the Allied Powers during the First World War. The OttomanGovernment’s decision to resettle Armenians which took up arms and tried tohit the state from within drew strong reactions. This study which is based onAmerican sources first analyzes the United States’ call for peace following thedefeat of the Central Powers through Wilson’s Fourteen Points which promisedsovereignty to the nations on territories where they constitute the majority andrejected colonialism when the US – the power which ended the war – saw thatthey were excluded from the talks where the Allied Powers were sharingOttoman territories among themselves. Secondly, it analyzes the efforts by theAllied Powers, which were determined to look out for their best interests, toestablish an Armenian State in Anatolia and convince the US for an Americanmandate over Armenia along with Turkish territories, in order to reach theirgoals in the peace conference without antagonizing the US. This study alsoexamines the rejection of the mandate by the United States Senate following theAmerican delegations’ findings on the issue which indicated that, contrary toclaims, there were no Turkish cruelty and oppression against Armenians andthat Armenians did not constitute the majority in eastern Anatolia, and therealization by Armenians that they don’t have the support of Western Countriesin the peace talks

Kaynakça

  • Arşivler ve Birincil Kaynaklar ABCFM 353, Roll 6, April 15, 1917.
  • ABCFM Unit V, Vol. VI Reel: 504.
  • ABCFM Unit V: Vol. VII, Reel: 506, March 29 1916.
  • Bible House, İstanbul Browne’s Papers (Hoover Inst. )
  • Columbia University, New York “Congressional Records 65”, 1st and 2nd Sessions, 1741-43.
  • Department of State, Div. Of Western European Affairs, July 18,1917, 867.22/9.
  • Foreign Relations, 1917 Part I: Continuation of the War- Participation of U.S. World’s Work, New York, 1920,V. XL, No.1, (May 1920).
  • Harbord, MaJ. Gen. James G., Conditions in the Near East- Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia. Washington Government Printing Office, 1920
  • Harvard University, Houghton Library Hoover Institute Archive Library of Congress Manchester Guardian Mosley, Brig. Gen. George van Horn, Mandatory Over Armenia, Report Made to Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord,Washington Government Printing Office, 1920
  • New York Times.
  • Public Records Office, Londra Stanford University, Hoover Instıtute Archive United Church Board for World Ministries ABCFM Arşivi, New York University of Utah Adıvar, Halide Edip. Memoirs of Halide Edib, Murray, 1926.
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. General Harbord’un Anadolu Gezisi ve Raporu, Tercüman Yayınları: İstanbul,1981
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. “Ana Hatlarıyla General Mosley Raporu: Türkiye’de Amerikan Mandası”, Belleten Cilt: XLVIII, Sayı 189-190 (Ocak-Nisan 1984).
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. Ottoman Armenians’ Intricate Relations With Western Powers During the Peace Settlements of the First World War, Review of Armenian Studies, No.18 2008 s. 39-80
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sonunda Osmanlı Ermenilerinin Büyük Batı Devletleriyle Karmaşık İlişkileri.” Ermeni Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 33/34, (2009): ss.61-124.
  • Akgün, Seçil Karal. "Brownie and the Leaders of the Sivas Congress", George Sellers Harris ve Bilge Criss (der.), Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: The American Dimension. Brill, 2009
  • Armenians In the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (1912-1926). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi. Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü: İstanbul, 1984.
  • Aspaturian, Vernon V. “Armenia in the World Arena 1914-1921.”Armenian Review Vol.46, Sayı. 1-4 s.181-184 (1993).
  • Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal. Nutuk. Cilt. I, İstanbul, 1967.
  • Atatürk’ün Tamim Telgraf ve Beyannameleri, Ankara, 1956
  • Baykal, Bekir Sıtkı. Erzurum Kongresi ile İlgili Belgeler. Ankara: Türk İnkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 1969.
  • Bayur, Hikmet. Türk İnkılabı Tarihi. Vol. III, Bölüm IV, Ankara, 1967.
  • Bıyıklıoğlu, Tevfik. Atatürk Anadolu'da. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1955.
  • Bilgen, Deniz. ABD’li Gözüyle Sivas Kongresi. İstanbul, 2004.
  • Bryson, Thomas A. “Mark Lambert Bristol, U.S. Navy, Admiral-Diplomat: His Influence on the Armenian Mandate Question.” The Armenian Review Vol. 21, No. 4–84, (Winter 1968).
  • Bryson, Thomas A. “The Armenia-America Society: A Factor In AmericanTurkish Relations, 1914-1924”, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society, (Haziran 1971).
  • Callwell, C. E. Field Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries. London, 1927, cilt II.
  • Dyer, Gwynne, “The Turkish Armistice of 1918, 2- A Lost Opportunity The Armistice Negotiations of Moudros.” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 3, (1972).
  • Erim, Nihat. Devletlerarası Hukuk ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri. Cilt I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1953.
  • Erol, Mine. Türkiye’de Amerikan Mandası Meselesi, Giresun: İleri Basımevi, 1977.
  • Faulkner, Harold U. American Political and Social History, Appleton-CenturyCrofts: New York, 1952.
  • Fischer, Fritz. Germany's Aims in the First World War, Chatto & Windus, 1967. Gidney, James B. A Mandate for Armenia, Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1967.
  • Gordon, Leland James. American Relations with Turkey 1830–1930.
  • Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932.
  • Grabill, Joseph. Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East, Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927. Minneapolis, 1971.
  • Hoover, Herbert. The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. McGraw-Hill book, New York, 1961.
  • Hovannisian, Richard G.,“The Allies and Armenia, 1915-18" Journal of Contemporary History, 1968.
  • Hovannisian, Richard G.. The Armenian Holocaust, A Bibliography Relating to the Deportations, Massacres and Dispersion of the Armenian People, 1915-1923. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Armenian Heritage Press, 1980
  • Howard, Harry N. The King Crane Commission: An American Inquiry in the Middle East. Beirut: Khayats, 1963.
  • Howard, Harry N. Turkey, The Straits and the US Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  • Howard, Harry N. “An American Experiment In Peacemaking- The King Crane Commission” The Muslim World, 2, April 1942.
  • Hurewitz, Jacob & Jacob D. Ed. Diplomacy in the Near and the Middle East: A Documentary Record, 1535-1956. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Jaschke, Gotthaard. “Mondros’a Giden Yol.” Belleten Cilt: XXVIII, Sayı: 109, Ankara, 1964.
  • Karabekir, Kazım. İstiklal Harbimiz. İstanbul, 1960.
  • Khatsian, Alexander. “The Lausanne Conference and the Two Armenian Delegations.” The Armenian Review, Vol. 14, No: 3-35, Catholic Historical Society, 82, (Haziran 1971).
  • Kurat, Yuluğ Tekin. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Paylaşılması. Turhan Kitabevi, 1976.
  • Latimer, Frederic P. The Political Philosophy of Mustapha Kemal Atatürk as Evidenced in His Published Speeches and Interviews. Princeton University, 1964.
  • Logan, Rayford Whittingham. The Senate and the Versailles Mandate System. Washington DC, The Minorities Publishes, 1945.
  • Lybyer, Albert Howe. “Turkey Under the Armistice.” Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 4, (Nisan, 1922).
  • Macmillan, Margaret. Peacemakers, Londra, 2001.
  • Mears, Eliot Grinnell. A Politico-Economic Interpretation, 1908-1923. Macmillan Company, 1924.
  • Meray, Seha. Lozan Barış Konferansı Tutanakları. Ankara, 1973.
  • Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the Nineteenth Century. University of California Press: Berkeley, Los, Angeles, London, 1963.
  • Sonyel, Salahi, Armenian Deportations: A Repraisal In the Light of New Documents, Belleten, No. 141, Ocak 1972.
  • Studies In Atatürk’s Turkey. (ed.) George Haris ve Bilge Chriss, Leiden-Boston, 2009.
  • Şimşir, Bilal. İngiliz Belgelerinde Atatürk - British Documents on Atatürk. Ankara, 1973.
  • Şimşir, Bilâl. Malta Sürgünleri, İstanbul 1976.
  • Trusk, Roger. The United States Response to Turkis Nationalism and Reform 1914-1939, University of Minnessotta Press, 1971
  • Tumulty, Joseph Patrick. Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him. Doubleday, Page, 1921.
  • Tunaya, Tarık Zafer. Türkiye’de Siyasi Partiler. İstanbul, 1952.
  • Turan, Ömer. King Crane Raporu ve Etkileri (1919)
  • Türkgeldi, Ali. Moudros ve Mudanya Mütarekeleri Tarihi. Türk Devrim Tarihi Enstitüsü:Ankara, 1948.
  • Westerman, William Linn. The Armenian Problem and the Disruption of Turkey, What Really Happened At Paris: the Sory of the Peace Conference by American Delegates. ed.by Edward Mandell House and Seymour, N.Y. 1921.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA64GH32UT
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Seçil Karal Akgün Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Sayı: 50

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Akgün, Seçil Karal. “AMERİKAN KAYNAKLARINDAN KURTULUŞ SAVAŞI BAŞINDA ERMENİLERLE İLGİLİ GELİŞMELER”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, sy. 50 (Haziran 2015): 13-86.