Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize

Cornelius Tsamo; Goufdour Alexis

doi:10.35208/ert.1566585

Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize

Abstract

Direct discharged of vegetable oil refinery wastewater without treatment can cause severe environmental pollution, corrosion and clogging of pipes. This work is aimed at investigating the use of snail shell extracted chitin and chitosan fortified with alum in removing color, sulfate and phosphate from vegetable oil refinery wastewater, monitoring the pH, and testing the toxicity of the used materials on the growth performance of maize. Chitin and chitosan with good adsorbent properties were produced from snail shells. The spent chitin/alum and chitosan/alum were recycled and their toxicities on the growth performance of maize tested. The studied wastewater had pH of 10.40, sulfate and phosphate concentrations of 3100 and 1561.3 mg/L respectively. Maximum removal capacities for sulfate and phosphate of 842.54 and 728.07 mg/g were respectively obtained for chitin, and respectively 934.97 and 728.00 mg/L for chitosan against color removal of 0.96 and 0.95 Absorbance/g respectively on chitin and chitosan. Nearly 100% of color and phosphate were removed by chitin and chitosan systems for all tested parameters against a maximum of 84% for sulfate by chitosan at pH 10 and 80% for chitin at pH 4. From Pseudo-second order kinetics, phosphate and sulfate removal were faster on chitin than chitosan while color removal was faster on chitosan than chitin. Recycled adsorbents enhanced maize germination and survival than the control where they were absent. The use of chitin and chitosan fortified with appropriate amount of alum produces treated vegetable oil refinery effluent with acceptable characteristic for discharge and other uses in a low cost process requiring no electricity, and the recycled alum fortified materials are not toxic to plant growth, ensuring clean environment and generation of more revenue.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Wastewater Treatment Processes, Separation Processes, Environmental and Sustainable Processes

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cornelius Tsamo ^*
0000-0001-9730-4462
Cameroon

Goufdour Alexis This is me
0009-0000-0389-3260
Cameroon

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

October 14, 2024

Acceptance Date

December 9, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1566585

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44WB47TZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tsamo, C., & Alexis, G. (2025). Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize. Environmental Research and Technology, 8(3), 699-723. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1566585

AMA

1.Tsamo C, Alexis G. Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize. ERT. 2025;8(3):699-723. doi:10.35208/ert.1566585

Chicago

Tsamo, Cornelius, and Goufdour Alexis. 2025. “Sustainable Color, Sulfate and Phosphate Removal from Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Snail Shell Waste Extracted-Chitin-Chitosan Mixed With Alum: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium and Toxicity Assessment of Used Adsorbents on the Growth Performance of Maize”. Environmental Research and Technology 8 (3): 699-723. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1566585.

EndNote

Tsamo C, Alexis G (September 1, 2025) Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize. Environmental Research and Technology 8 3 699–723.

IEEE

[1]C. Tsamo and G. Alexis, “Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize”, ERT, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 699–723, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.35208/ert.1566585.

ISNAD

Tsamo, Cornelius - Alexis, Goufdour. “Sustainable Color, Sulfate and Phosphate Removal from Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Snail Shell Waste Extracted-Chitin-Chitosan Mixed With Alum: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium and Toxicity Assessment of Used Adsorbents on the Growth Performance of Maize”. Environmental Research and Technology 8/3 (September 1, 2025): 699-723. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1566585.

JAMA

1.Tsamo C, Alexis G. Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize. ERT. 2025;8:699–723.

MLA

Tsamo, Cornelius, and Goufdour Alexis. “Sustainable Color, Sulfate and Phosphate Removal from Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Snail Shell Waste Extracted-Chitin-Chitosan Mixed With Alum: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium and Toxicity Assessment of Used Adsorbents on the Growth Performance of Maize”. Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 699-23, doi:10.35208/ert.1566585.

Vancouver

1.Cornelius Tsamo, Goufdour Alexis. Sustainable color, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan mixed with alum: Kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents on the growth performance of maize. ERT. 2025 Sep. 1;8(3):699-723. doi:10.35208/ert.1566585