Araştırma Makalesi
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TRACES OF NATIONALISM AND IDEOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY: EMOTIONAL POLITICS AND CEREMONIES AMONG TURKISH CYPRIOTS IN THE 1950s

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 180 - 197, 25.12.2025

Öz

This article examines nationalism studies not from an ideological or doctrinal perspective, but as a flexible morphology shaped and reproduced according to context. Michael Freeden’s ideological morphology approach has enabled us to demonstrate how fundamental concepts of nationalism, such as collective identity, sovereignty and homogeneity, are reconfigured in different historical and cultural contexts. In 1950s Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots redefined this discourse during the re-establishment of post-colonial power relations. The theoretical framework emphasises the emotional and political interactions between nationalism and the institutions of modernity. Where modernity and emotion intersect, nationalism is a reborn structure – sometimes ideology, sometimes reflex, sometimes silent ritual. Empirically, the study is supported by discourse analysis of Hansard parliamentary minutes, the period press, and secondary sources. This method demonstrates how nationalist ideology in 1950s Cyprus was shaped by both the British administration and local actors. In conclusion, by redefining nationalism in its historical context, the article proposes a holistic theoretical-empirical model that explains the continuity of ideological morphology through emotions, rituals, and symbolic performances.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S. (2004), The Cultural Politics of Emotion, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • An, A., (1996), Kıbrıs’ ta Fırtınalı Yıllar: 1942-1962, Galeri Kültür Yayınları. Anderson, B. (2006), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Rev. ed.), Verso, London.
  • Anderson, David M. (1993), “Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954–60,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21(3): 177-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086539308582912
  • Anderson, David M. (1993), “Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954–60,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21(3): 177-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086539308582912
  • Arık, U. (2011). “Kıbrıs Krizi,” LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 3-21. Billig, M. (1995), Banal Nationalism, SAGE, London.
  • Breuilly, J. (1993), Nationalism and the State, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • Brubaker, R. (1996), Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Bryant, R. (2011). The Past in Pieces: Belonging in the New Cyprus, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania.
  • Bryant, R., & Hatay, M. (2019). From Salvation to Struggle: Commemoration, Affect, and Agency in Cyprus. In Memorials in the Aftermath of Armed Conflict: From History to Heritage (pp. 61-93). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Bryant, R., & Papadakis, Y. (Eds.). (2012). Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Butler, J. (1990), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge, London.
  • Demertzis, N. (2014). Political emotions. In Nesbitt-Larking, P., Kinnvall, C., Capelos, T., Dekker, H. (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Global Political Psychology (pp. 223-241). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 -1-137-29118-9_13
  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields,” American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
  • Dodd, C. (2010), The History and the Politics of Cyprus, Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230275287
  • Eiranen, R. (2022). Emotions and Nationalism. In K. Barclay and P. N. Stearns (Eds.), The Routledge History of Emotions in the Modern World (pp. 407-422). Routledge, London.
  • Evre, B. (2004). Kıbrıs Türk Milliyetçiliği: Oluşumu ve Gelişimi. Işık Kitabevi Yayınları, Lefkoşa.
  • Fairclough, N. (1995), Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, Longman, London.
  • Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Freeden, M. (2003), Ideology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Freeden, M. (2005). Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • French, D. (2015), Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Gallie, W. B. (1955), “Essentially Contested Concepts,” In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 56: 167-198. Aristotelian Society, Wiley.
  • Gellner, E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press.
  • Greenfeld, L. (1992), Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Harvard University Press.
  • Hatay, M. (2005). Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish ‘Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus, International Peace Research Institute.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. & Ranger T. (Eds.), (1983), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990), Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4544562
  • Hürsöz (1948a), “Bugün 28 Kasım Miting Günüdür”, Hürsöz, 28 November 1948, p. 4. Hürsöz (1948b), “Milli Miting”, Hürsöz, 30 November 1948, p. 1.
  • Ioannides, Christos P. (2018), Cyprus under British Colonial Rule: Culture, Politics, and the Movement toward Union with Greece, 1878–1954, Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland.
  • Jabbarli, R. (2024). “Making and Transcending Boundaries: The Effect of Ritual on Nationalism,” Theory and Society, 53(6), 1415-1440.
  • Kaya, Mehmet S. (2022), “İdeoloji ve İdeolojilerin Sistematik Analizi: Michael Freeden’ın Morfolojik Yaklaşımı,” Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4): 1199-1220.
  • Kelling, George H. (1990), Countdown to Rebellion: British Policy in Cyprus, 1939–1955, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. Ker-Lindsay, J. (2011), The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Koschut, S. (2020). Emotion, Discourse, and Power in World Politics. In S. Koschut (Ed.), The Power of Emotions in World Politics (pp. 3-28), Routledge, London. Mamdani, M. (1996), Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Milliyet (1955a), “Kıbrıs Türkleri Miting Yaptı”, Milliyet, 7 February 1955, p. 1.
  • Milliyet (1955b), “Kıbrıslılar Alâka Bekliyor”, Milliyet, 15 April 1955, p. 1. Kıvanç, H. (1955), “Kanayan Kıbrıs: Kıbrıs Türkü Anavatan Hasretiyle Yanıyor”, Milliyet, 15 April 1955, p. 3.
  • Nevzat, A. (2005), Nationalism amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave, Oulu University Press, Oulu.
  • Novo, Andrew R. (2010), On All Fronts: EOKA and the Cyprus Insurgency, PhD Dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid: 9fcd14f8-f60d-49b3-82b4-411e3370e890
  • Orr, C. W. J. (1972), Cyprus under British Rule (Reprint), Zeno Publishers, London. Özmatyatli, İçim Ö. and Özkul, Ali Efdal (2013), “20th Century British Colonialism in Cyprus through Education,” Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 50: 1-20.
  • Papadakis, Y. (2005). Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide, I. B. Tauris.
  • Partha, C. (1993). The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Scarinzi, F. (2021), “Force Structure and Counterinsurgency Outcome: The Case of the Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959),” Defence Studies, 21(2): 204-225.
  • Skey, M. (2021). National Belonging and Everyday Life: The Significance of Nationhood in an Uncertain World. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1998), Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism, Routledge, London.
  • UK, Hansard, 1955. Sittings in 1955 (Parliamentary Debates). https://api.parliament. uk/historic-hansard/sittings/1955/index.html [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 05 May 1955 vol. 540, cc. 1910-71, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/may/05/cyprus/index.htm [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 23 July 1954 vol. 530, cc. 1841-52, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1954/jul/23/cyprus-future [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 28 July 1954 vol. 531, cc. 517-571, https://api. parliament.uk /historic-hansard/commons/1954/jul/28/cyprus-constitutional-arrangements-1 [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HL Deb 23 February 1954 vol. 185, cc. 1068-98, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1954/feb/23/cyprus [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansdard. 1954. Sittings in 1954 (Parliamentary Debates). https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/sittings/1954/index.html [Electronic version].
  • Wetherell, M. (2012). Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding, SAGE, London.
  • Wimmer, A. (2018), Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together while Others Fall Apart, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Wodak, R. (2020), The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse, SAGE, London.
  • Yankı (1945), “Kıbrıs’ta Türk Varlığı Sağlam Temellere Dayanmalıdır”, Yankı, 24 September 1945.
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2020), The Nationalisms in Cyprus within International Context (1954-1964): A Critical Approach, Near East University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Nicosia.
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2025a), “Cyprus in British Parliamentary Debates in 1955: Violence, Negotiation and Colonial Narrative,” İçtimaiyat, 9(2): 55-72. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1724680
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2025b). “Cyprus in 1954 British Parliamentary Debates: Discursive Structures, Actors and the Colonial Imaginary,” Vakanüvis-Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (Vakanüvis 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı), 1412-1439. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1700311

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 180 - 197, 25.12.2025

Öz

Bu makale milliyetçilik çalışmalarını ideolojik veya doktrinsel bir bakış açısıyla değil, bağlama göre şekillenen ve yeniden üretilen esnek bir morfoloji olarak incelemektedir. Michael Freeden’ın ideolojik morfoloji yaklaşımı, kolektif kimlik, egemenlik ve homojenlik gibi milliyetçiliğin temel kavramlarının farklı tarihsel ve kültürel bağlamlarda nasıl yeniden yapılandırıldığını göstermemizi sağlamıştır. 1950’lerin Kıbrıs’ında, Kıbrıslı Türkler sömürge sonrası güç ilişkilerinin yeniden kurulması sırasında bu söylemi yeniden tanımladılar. Teorik çerçeve, milliyetçilik ile modernite kurumları arasındaki duygusal ve politik etkileşimleri vurgulamaktadır. Modernite ve duygu kesiştiği yerde, milliyetçilik yeniden doğan bir yapıdır – bazen ideoloji, bazen refleks, bazen sessiz bir ritüel. Araştırma, Hansard parlamento tutanakları, dönem basını ve ikincil kaynakların söylem analizi ile ampirik olarak desteklenmektedir. Bu yöntem, 1950’lerin Kıbrıs’ında milliyetçi ideolojinin hem İngiliz yönetimi hem de yerel aktörler tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, milliyetçiliği tarihsel bağlamında yeniden tanımlayarak, makale duygular, ritüeller ve sembolik performanslar aracılığıyla ideolojik morfolojinin sürekliliğini açıklayan bütüncül bir teorik-ampirik model önermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S. (2004), The Cultural Politics of Emotion, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • An, A., (1996), Kıbrıs’ ta Fırtınalı Yıllar: 1942-1962, Galeri Kültür Yayınları. Anderson, B. (2006), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Rev. ed.), Verso, London.
  • Anderson, David M. (1993), “Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954–60,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21(3): 177-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086539308582912
  • Anderson, David M. (1993), “Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954–60,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21(3): 177-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086539308582912
  • Arık, U. (2011). “Kıbrıs Krizi,” LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 3-21. Billig, M. (1995), Banal Nationalism, SAGE, London.
  • Breuilly, J. (1993), Nationalism and the State, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • Brubaker, R. (1996), Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Bryant, R. (2011). The Past in Pieces: Belonging in the New Cyprus, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania.
  • Bryant, R., & Hatay, M. (2019). From Salvation to Struggle: Commemoration, Affect, and Agency in Cyprus. In Memorials in the Aftermath of Armed Conflict: From History to Heritage (pp. 61-93). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Bryant, R., & Papadakis, Y. (Eds.). (2012). Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Butler, J. (1990), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge, London.
  • Demertzis, N. (2014). Political emotions. In Nesbitt-Larking, P., Kinnvall, C., Capelos, T., Dekker, H. (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Global Political Psychology (pp. 223-241). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 -1-137-29118-9_13
  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields,” American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
  • Dodd, C. (2010), The History and the Politics of Cyprus, Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230275287
  • Eiranen, R. (2022). Emotions and Nationalism. In K. Barclay and P. N. Stearns (Eds.), The Routledge History of Emotions in the Modern World (pp. 407-422). Routledge, London.
  • Evre, B. (2004). Kıbrıs Türk Milliyetçiliği: Oluşumu ve Gelişimi. Işık Kitabevi Yayınları, Lefkoşa.
  • Fairclough, N. (1995), Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, Longman, London.
  • Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Freeden, M. (2003), Ideology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Freeden, M. (2005). Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • French, D. (2015), Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Gallie, W. B. (1955), “Essentially Contested Concepts,” In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 56: 167-198. Aristotelian Society, Wiley.
  • Gellner, E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press.
  • Greenfeld, L. (1992), Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Harvard University Press.
  • Hatay, M. (2005). Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish ‘Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus, International Peace Research Institute.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. & Ranger T. (Eds.), (1983), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1990), Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4544562
  • Hürsöz (1948a), “Bugün 28 Kasım Miting Günüdür”, Hürsöz, 28 November 1948, p. 4. Hürsöz (1948b), “Milli Miting”, Hürsöz, 30 November 1948, p. 1.
  • Ioannides, Christos P. (2018), Cyprus under British Colonial Rule: Culture, Politics, and the Movement toward Union with Greece, 1878–1954, Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland.
  • Jabbarli, R. (2024). “Making and Transcending Boundaries: The Effect of Ritual on Nationalism,” Theory and Society, 53(6), 1415-1440.
  • Kaya, Mehmet S. (2022), “İdeoloji ve İdeolojilerin Sistematik Analizi: Michael Freeden’ın Morfolojik Yaklaşımı,” Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4): 1199-1220.
  • Kelling, George H. (1990), Countdown to Rebellion: British Policy in Cyprus, 1939–1955, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. Ker-Lindsay, J. (2011), The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Koschut, S. (2020). Emotion, Discourse, and Power in World Politics. In S. Koschut (Ed.), The Power of Emotions in World Politics (pp. 3-28), Routledge, London. Mamdani, M. (1996), Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Milliyet (1955a), “Kıbrıs Türkleri Miting Yaptı”, Milliyet, 7 February 1955, p. 1.
  • Milliyet (1955b), “Kıbrıslılar Alâka Bekliyor”, Milliyet, 15 April 1955, p. 1. Kıvanç, H. (1955), “Kanayan Kıbrıs: Kıbrıs Türkü Anavatan Hasretiyle Yanıyor”, Milliyet, 15 April 1955, p. 3.
  • Nevzat, A. (2005), Nationalism amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave, Oulu University Press, Oulu.
  • Novo, Andrew R. (2010), On All Fronts: EOKA and the Cyprus Insurgency, PhD Dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid: 9fcd14f8-f60d-49b3-82b4-411e3370e890
  • Orr, C. W. J. (1972), Cyprus under British Rule (Reprint), Zeno Publishers, London. Özmatyatli, İçim Ö. and Özkul, Ali Efdal (2013), “20th Century British Colonialism in Cyprus through Education,” Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 50: 1-20.
  • Papadakis, Y. (2005). Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide, I. B. Tauris.
  • Partha, C. (1993). The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Scarinzi, F. (2021), “Force Structure and Counterinsurgency Outcome: The Case of the Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959),” Defence Studies, 21(2): 204-225.
  • Skey, M. (2021). National Belonging and Everyday Life: The Significance of Nationhood in an Uncertain World. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1998), Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism, Routledge, London.
  • UK, Hansard, 1955. Sittings in 1955 (Parliamentary Debates). https://api.parliament. uk/historic-hansard/sittings/1955/index.html [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 05 May 1955 vol. 540, cc. 1910-71, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/may/05/cyprus/index.htm [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 23 July 1954 vol. 530, cc. 1841-52, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1954/jul/23/cyprus-future [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HC Deb 28 July 1954 vol. 531, cc. 517-571, https://api. parliament.uk /historic-hansard/commons/1954/jul/28/cyprus-constitutional-arrangements-1 [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansard, HL Deb 23 February 1954 vol. 185, cc. 1068-98, https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1954/feb/23/cyprus [Electronic version].
  • UK, Hansdard. 1954. Sittings in 1954 (Parliamentary Debates). https://api. parliament.uk/historic-hansard/sittings/1954/index.html [Electronic version].
  • Wetherell, M. (2012). Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding, SAGE, London.
  • Wimmer, A. (2018), Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together while Others Fall Apart, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Wodak, R. (2020), The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse, SAGE, London.
  • Yankı (1945), “Kıbrıs’ta Türk Varlığı Sağlam Temellere Dayanmalıdır”, Yankı, 24 September 1945.
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2020), The Nationalisms in Cyprus within International Context (1954-1964): A Critical Approach, Near East University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Nicosia.
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2025a), “Cyprus in British Parliamentary Debates in 1955: Violence, Negotiation and Colonial Narrative,” İçtimaiyat, 9(2): 55-72. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1724680
  • Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2025b). “Cyprus in 1954 British Parliamentary Debates: Discursive Structures, Actors and the Colonial Imaginary,” Vakanüvis-Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (Vakanüvis 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı), 1412-1439. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1700311
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Kültür Politikası
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cemal Yorgancıoğlu

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yorgancıoğlu, C. (2025). TRACES OF NATIONALISM AND IDEOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY: EMOTIONAL POLITICS AND CEREMONIES AMONG TURKISH CYPRIOTS IN THE 1950s. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 180-197.

Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi (LAÜ) Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi haziran ve aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan iki hakemli bir dergidir. Derginin yelpazesi toplum bilimlerinin tüm disiplinlerini ve dallarını kapsamaktadır. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi yalnızca Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleleri kabul etmektedir.  http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/