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TUTELARY DEMOCRACY IN UNRECOGNIZED STATES

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 62 - 74, 16.03.2015

Öz

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for explaining the democratization dynamics in unrecognized states. It is argued that lack of recognition and pressure from the parent state oblige de facto states to depend on a patron state. In return for economic and military assistance, patron states expect to control the decision-making process in de facto states. It is stated that this limits these entities’ democratization potential to a maximum of being a tutelary democracy.

Keywords: De Facto/Unrecognized States, Democracy with Adjectives, Democratization, Patron States, Tutelary Democracy

 

Kaynakça

  • Alvarez, M. Cheibub, J. A., Limongi F. and Przeworski A. (1996), “Classifying
  • Political Regimes”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 31(2): 3- Bahcheli, T. (2004), “Under Turkey’s Wings: The Turkish Republic of Northern
  • Cyprus, the Struggle for International Acceptance”, in T. Bachceli, B. Bartmann and H. Srebnik (eds.), De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. London: Routledge, pp. 164-186. Beetham, D. (1999), Democracy and Human Rights. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Berg, E. (2012), “Parent States versus Secessionist Entities: Measuring Political
  • Legitimacy in Cyprus, Moldova and Bosnia & Hercegovina”, Europe-Asia Studies, 64(7): 1271-1296.
  • Berhan B. A. and Jenkins, G. P. (2012), “The Self-Imposed Embargo: Customs
  • Related Transaction Costs of North Cyprus”, Applied Economics, 44(5): 587-597. Bogaards, M. (2009), “How to Classify Hybrid Regimes? Defective Democracy and Electoral Authoritarianism”, Democratization, 16(2): 399-423.
  • Bogaards, M. (2012), “Where to Draw the Line? From Degree to Dichotomy in
  • Measures of Democracy”, Democratization, 19(4): 690-712. Bühlmann, M. Wolfgang, M. Müller, L. and Weßels, B. (2012), “The Democracy
  • Barometer: A New Instrument to Measure the Quality of Democracy and its Potential for Comparative Research”, European Political Science, 11(4): 519-536. Çağlar, http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=125330. 02013. “İlahiyat ve Külliye”, Star Kıbrıs. 02012. Retrieved:
  • Carothers, T. (2002), “The End of the Transition Paradigm”, Journal of Democracy, 13(1): 5-21. Caspersen,
  • Caucasus”, Survival, 50(4): 113-136. (2008), “Separatism and Democracy in the Caspersen, N. (2009), “Playing the Recognition Game: External Actors and De
  • Facto States”, The International Spectator, 44(4): 47-60. Caspersen, N. (2011), “Democracy, Nationalism and (Lack of) Sovereignty: The Complex Dynamics of Democratisation in Unrecognised States”, Nations and Nationalism, 17(2): 337-356.
  • Caspersen, N. (2012), Unrecognized States in the International System.
  • Cambridge: Polity Press. Collier, D. And Mahon J. (1993), “Conceptual “Stretching” Revisited: Adapting
  • Categories in Comparative Analysis”, American Political Science Review, 87(4): 845-8
  • Collier, D. and Levitsky S. (1997), “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual
  • Innovation in Comparative Research”, World politics 49(3): 430-451. Collier, D. and Levitsky S. (2009), “Conceptual Hierarchies in Comparative
  • Democracy: A New Approach”, Perspectives on Politics 9(02): 247-267. Diamond, L. J. (2002), “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes”, Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21-35.
  • Düzel, N. (2007), “Türk Ordusunun Denetimini Başta Biz İstemiyoruz’, Radikal. http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=210057. 15.01.2007. Retreived: 02013.
  • Elkins, Z. (2000), “Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative
  • Conceptualizations”, American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 193-200. Geldenhuys, D. (2009), Contested States in World Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gökçekuş, Ö. (2008), The Economics of the Isolation of Turkish Cypriots.
  • Nicosia: Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce. Isachenko, D. (2009), ‘On the Political Economy of Unrecognised State-building
  • Projects’, The International Spectator, 44(4): 61-75. Ishiyama, J. and Batta, A. (2012), “The Emergence of Dominant Political Party
  • Systems in Unrecognized States”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1- 2): 123-130. Kanol, D. (2011), ‘Toplumsal Varoluş Mitingleri: Üçüncü bir Görüş’, Ortam. http://www.ortamgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=130&art=2124. Retreived: 26.08.2012. 02011.
  • Katircioglu, S. (2010), ‘Trade and Growth in a Non-Recognized Small Island
  • State: Evidence from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(1): 112-130. Ker-Lindsay, J. (2014), “Understanding state responses to secession”, Peacebuilding, 2(1): 28-44.
  • King, C. (2001), “The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's
  • Unrecognized States”, World Politics 53(4): 524-552. Kolstİ, P. (2006), “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-states”,
  • Journal of Peace Research, 43(6) (2006): 723-740.
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2008), “Living with Non-recognition: State-and
  • Nation-building in South Caucasian Quasi-states”, Europe-Asia Studies, 60(3): 483-50
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2012a), “De Facto States and Democracy: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 141-1
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2012b), “Dynamics of De Facto Statehood: The South Caucasian De Facto States between Secession and Sovereignty”, Southeast
  • European and Black Sea Studies, 12(2): 281-298. Levitsky, S. and Way, L. (2002), “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”,
  • Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 51-65. Limongi N., Papaterra F., Cheibub, J. A., Alvarez, M. M. And Przeworski, A. (1996), “What Makes Democracies Endure?”, Journal of Democracy, 7(1): 39-55.
  • Linz, J. J. and Stepan, A. (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-communist Europe.
  • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Loveman, B. (1994), “Protected Democracies and Military Guardianship: Political
  • Transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36(2): 105-189.
  • Lynch, D. (2004), Engaging Eurasia's Separatist States: Unresolved Conflicts and De Facto States. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Matsuzato, K. (2008), “From Belligerent to Multi-ethnic Democracy: Domestic
  • Politics in Unrecognized States after the Ceasefires”, Eurasian Review, 1: 95-119. Merkel, W. (2004), “Embedded and Defective Democracies”, Democratization, 11(5): 33-58.
  • Munck, G. L. and Verkuilen, J. (2002), “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy Studies, 35(1): 5-34. Alternative
  • Indices”, Comparative Political Ó Beacháin, D. (2012), “The Dynamics of Electoral Politics in Abkhazia”,
  • Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45 (1-2): 165-174. O'Donell, G. A. (1994), “Delegative Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, 5(1): 55
  • Ozdeser, H. and Ozyigit, A. (2007), “Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in
  • Northern Cyprus: A Time Series Analysis”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 10: 88-96. Özersay, K. and Gürel, A. (2006), “Cyprus and the Politics of Property”,
  • Mediterranean Politics, 11 (3), 349-369. Özyigit, A. (2008), “The Impact of Aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus”,
  • International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40(2): 185-187. Pegg, S. (1998), International Society and the De Facto State. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Protsyk, O. (2012), “Secession and Hybrid Regime Politics in Transnistria”,
  • Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 175-182. Przeworski, A. (1988), “Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts” in J.
  • Elster and R. Slagstad (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59-80. Przeworski, A. and Limongi F. (1997), “Modernization: Theories and Facts”, World Politics 49(2): 155-183.
  • Rabkin, R. (1992), “The Aylwin Government and Tutelary Democracy: A
  • Concept in Search of a Case?’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 34(4): 119-194. Republic of Cyprus (2009), “Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral
  • Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo”, Written Submission, International Court of Justice, 8 July 2009.
  • Sartori, G. (1970), “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics”, The American Political Science Review, 64 (4), 1033-1053.
  • Schedler, A. (2002), “The Menu of Manipulation”, Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 36
  • Smolnik, F. (2012), “Political Rule and Violent Conflict: Elections as Institutional
  • Mutation in Nagorno-Karabakh”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1- 2): 153-163. Sonan, S. (2007), “From Bankruptcy to Unification and EU Membership? The Political Economy of Post-Nationalist Transformation in Northern Cyprus”,
  • RAMSES Working Paper 9. University of Oxford, European Studies Centre. Tansey, O. (2007), “Democratization without a State: Democratic Regime- building in Kosovo”, Democratisation, 14(1): 129-150.
  • Tansey, O. (2009), “Kosovo: Independence and Tutelage”, Journal of Democracy, 20(2): 153-166.
  • Valenzuela, S. J. (1992), “Democratic Consolidation in Post-transitional Settings:
  • Notion, Process, and Facilitation Conditions”, in S. Mainwaring, and G. A. O'Donnell (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. University of Notre Dame Press. Voller, Y. (2014), “Contested Sovereignty as an Opportunity: Understanding
  • Democratic Transitions in Unrecognised States”, Democratization, Early View. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.856418. von Steinsdorff, S. (2012), “Incomplete State Building – Incomplete Democracy?
  • How to Interpret Internal Political Development in the Post-Soviet De Facto States”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 201-206. Warner, J. (1999), “North Cyprus: Tourism and the Challenge of Non- recognition”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(2): 128-145.
  • Wigell, M. (2008), “Mapping ‘Hybrid Regimes’: Regime Types and Concepts in
  • Comparative Politics”, Democratisation, 15(2): 230-250. Zakaria, F. (1997), “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy”, Foreign Affairs, 76(6): 22

TANINMAMIŞ DEVLETLERDE VESAYET REJİMİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 62 - 74, 16.03.2015

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı tanınmamış devletlerdeki demokratikleşme sürecindeki dinamikleri açıklayabilmek için bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktır. Tanınmamışlık ve bunun beraberinde daha önce parçası olunan devletten gelen baskılar neticesinde, tanınmamış devletler bir koruyucu devlete ihtiyaç duyarlar. Fakat sağlanılan mali ve askeri yardım karşılığında koruyucu devletler tanınmamış devletlerdeki karar verme mekanizmalarını kontrol ederler. Bu tanınmamış devletlerin demokratikleşme potansiyelini kısıtlar ve bu devletlerde bir vesayet rejiminin oluşmasına yol açar

Kaynakça

  • Alvarez, M. Cheibub, J. A., Limongi F. and Przeworski A. (1996), “Classifying
  • Political Regimes”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 31(2): 3- Bahcheli, T. (2004), “Under Turkey’s Wings: The Turkish Republic of Northern
  • Cyprus, the Struggle for International Acceptance”, in T. Bachceli, B. Bartmann and H. Srebnik (eds.), De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. London: Routledge, pp. 164-186. Beetham, D. (1999), Democracy and Human Rights. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Berg, E. (2012), “Parent States versus Secessionist Entities: Measuring Political
  • Legitimacy in Cyprus, Moldova and Bosnia & Hercegovina”, Europe-Asia Studies, 64(7): 1271-1296.
  • Berhan B. A. and Jenkins, G. P. (2012), “The Self-Imposed Embargo: Customs
  • Related Transaction Costs of North Cyprus”, Applied Economics, 44(5): 587-597. Bogaards, M. (2009), “How to Classify Hybrid Regimes? Defective Democracy and Electoral Authoritarianism”, Democratization, 16(2): 399-423.
  • Bogaards, M. (2012), “Where to Draw the Line? From Degree to Dichotomy in
  • Measures of Democracy”, Democratization, 19(4): 690-712. Bühlmann, M. Wolfgang, M. Müller, L. and Weßels, B. (2012), “The Democracy
  • Barometer: A New Instrument to Measure the Quality of Democracy and its Potential for Comparative Research”, European Political Science, 11(4): 519-536. Çağlar, http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=125330. 02013. “İlahiyat ve Külliye”, Star Kıbrıs. 02012. Retrieved:
  • Carothers, T. (2002), “The End of the Transition Paradigm”, Journal of Democracy, 13(1): 5-21. Caspersen,
  • Caucasus”, Survival, 50(4): 113-136. (2008), “Separatism and Democracy in the Caspersen, N. (2009), “Playing the Recognition Game: External Actors and De
  • Facto States”, The International Spectator, 44(4): 47-60. Caspersen, N. (2011), “Democracy, Nationalism and (Lack of) Sovereignty: The Complex Dynamics of Democratisation in Unrecognised States”, Nations and Nationalism, 17(2): 337-356.
  • Caspersen, N. (2012), Unrecognized States in the International System.
  • Cambridge: Polity Press. Collier, D. And Mahon J. (1993), “Conceptual “Stretching” Revisited: Adapting
  • Categories in Comparative Analysis”, American Political Science Review, 87(4): 845-8
  • Collier, D. and Levitsky S. (1997), “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual
  • Innovation in Comparative Research”, World politics 49(3): 430-451. Collier, D. and Levitsky S. (2009), “Conceptual Hierarchies in Comparative
  • Democracy: A New Approach”, Perspectives on Politics 9(02): 247-267. Diamond, L. J. (2002), “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes”, Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21-35.
  • Düzel, N. (2007), “Türk Ordusunun Denetimini Başta Biz İstemiyoruz’, Radikal. http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=210057. 15.01.2007. Retreived: 02013.
  • Elkins, Z. (2000), “Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative
  • Conceptualizations”, American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 193-200. Geldenhuys, D. (2009), Contested States in World Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gökçekuş, Ö. (2008), The Economics of the Isolation of Turkish Cypriots.
  • Nicosia: Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce. Isachenko, D. (2009), ‘On the Political Economy of Unrecognised State-building
  • Projects’, The International Spectator, 44(4): 61-75. Ishiyama, J. and Batta, A. (2012), “The Emergence of Dominant Political Party
  • Systems in Unrecognized States”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1- 2): 123-130. Kanol, D. (2011), ‘Toplumsal Varoluş Mitingleri: Üçüncü bir Görüş’, Ortam. http://www.ortamgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=130&art=2124. Retreived: 26.08.2012. 02011.
  • Katircioglu, S. (2010), ‘Trade and Growth in a Non-Recognized Small Island
  • State: Evidence from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(1): 112-130. Ker-Lindsay, J. (2014), “Understanding state responses to secession”, Peacebuilding, 2(1): 28-44.
  • King, C. (2001), “The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's
  • Unrecognized States”, World Politics 53(4): 524-552. Kolstİ, P. (2006), “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-states”,
  • Journal of Peace Research, 43(6) (2006): 723-740.
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2008), “Living with Non-recognition: State-and
  • Nation-building in South Caucasian Quasi-states”, Europe-Asia Studies, 60(3): 483-50
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2012a), “De Facto States and Democracy: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 141-1
  • Kolstİ, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (2012b), “Dynamics of De Facto Statehood: The South Caucasian De Facto States between Secession and Sovereignty”, Southeast
  • European and Black Sea Studies, 12(2): 281-298. Levitsky, S. and Way, L. (2002), “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”,
  • Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 51-65. Limongi N., Papaterra F., Cheibub, J. A., Alvarez, M. M. And Przeworski, A. (1996), “What Makes Democracies Endure?”, Journal of Democracy, 7(1): 39-55.
  • Linz, J. J. and Stepan, A. (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-communist Europe.
  • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Loveman, B. (1994), “Protected Democracies and Military Guardianship: Political
  • Transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36(2): 105-189.
  • Lynch, D. (2004), Engaging Eurasia's Separatist States: Unresolved Conflicts and De Facto States. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Matsuzato, K. (2008), “From Belligerent to Multi-ethnic Democracy: Domestic
  • Politics in Unrecognized States after the Ceasefires”, Eurasian Review, 1: 95-119. Merkel, W. (2004), “Embedded and Defective Democracies”, Democratization, 11(5): 33-58.
  • Munck, G. L. and Verkuilen, J. (2002), “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy Studies, 35(1): 5-34. Alternative
  • Indices”, Comparative Political Ó Beacháin, D. (2012), “The Dynamics of Electoral Politics in Abkhazia”,
  • Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45 (1-2): 165-174. O'Donell, G. A. (1994), “Delegative Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, 5(1): 55
  • Ozdeser, H. and Ozyigit, A. (2007), “Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in
  • Northern Cyprus: A Time Series Analysis”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 10: 88-96. Özersay, K. and Gürel, A. (2006), “Cyprus and the Politics of Property”,
  • Mediterranean Politics, 11 (3), 349-369. Özyigit, A. (2008), “The Impact of Aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus”,
  • International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40(2): 185-187. Pegg, S. (1998), International Society and the De Facto State. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Protsyk, O. (2012), “Secession and Hybrid Regime Politics in Transnistria”,
  • Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 175-182. Przeworski, A. (1988), “Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts” in J.
  • Elster and R. Slagstad (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59-80. Przeworski, A. and Limongi F. (1997), “Modernization: Theories and Facts”, World Politics 49(2): 155-183.
  • Rabkin, R. (1992), “The Aylwin Government and Tutelary Democracy: A
  • Concept in Search of a Case?’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 34(4): 119-194. Republic of Cyprus (2009), “Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral
  • Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo”, Written Submission, International Court of Justice, 8 July 2009.
  • Sartori, G. (1970), “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics”, The American Political Science Review, 64 (4), 1033-1053.
  • Schedler, A. (2002), “The Menu of Manipulation”, Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 36
  • Smolnik, F. (2012), “Political Rule and Violent Conflict: Elections as Institutional
  • Mutation in Nagorno-Karabakh”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1- 2): 153-163. Sonan, S. (2007), “From Bankruptcy to Unification and EU Membership? The Political Economy of Post-Nationalist Transformation in Northern Cyprus”,
  • RAMSES Working Paper 9. University of Oxford, European Studies Centre. Tansey, O. (2007), “Democratization without a State: Democratic Regime- building in Kosovo”, Democratisation, 14(1): 129-150.
  • Tansey, O. (2009), “Kosovo: Independence and Tutelage”, Journal of Democracy, 20(2): 153-166.
  • Valenzuela, S. J. (1992), “Democratic Consolidation in Post-transitional Settings:
  • Notion, Process, and Facilitation Conditions”, in S. Mainwaring, and G. A. O'Donnell (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. University of Notre Dame Press. Voller, Y. (2014), “Contested Sovereignty as an Opportunity: Understanding
  • Democratic Transitions in Unrecognised States”, Democratization, Early View. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.856418. von Steinsdorff, S. (2012), “Incomplete State Building – Incomplete Democracy?
  • How to Interpret Internal Political Development in the Post-Soviet De Facto States”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45(1-2): 201-206. Warner, J. (1999), “North Cyprus: Tourism and the Challenge of Non- recognition”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(2): 128-145.
  • Wigell, M. (2008), “Mapping ‘Hybrid Regimes’: Regime Types and Concepts in
  • Comparative Politics”, Democratisation, 15(2): 230-250. Zakaria, F. (1997), “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy”, Foreign Affairs, 76(6): 22
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Direnç Kanol

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kanol, D. (2015). TUTELARY DEMOCRACY IN UNRECOGNIZED STATES. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 62-74.

Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi (LAÜ) Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi haziran ve aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan iki hakemli bir dergidir. Derginin yelpazesi toplum bilimlerinin tüm disiplinlerini ve dallarını kapsamaktadır. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi yalnızca Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleleri kabul etmektedir.  http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/