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Sütçü sığırların kan ve süt serumlarında Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antikorlarının ELISA ile belirlenmesi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 97 - 102, 01.06.2013

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma kan ve süt serumlarının Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) antijen varlığı ve BVDV’ye karşı gelişen antikorların tespit edilmesi amacıyla yapıldı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada toplam 202 adet sığır kan ve süt serum örnekleri kullanıldı. Çiftliklerden elde edilen serum örnekleri BVDV antijen varlığı yönünden direkt Enyzme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) ile BVDV’ye karşı gelişen antikor varlığı yönünden ise indirekt ELISA ile incelendi.Bulgular: 167 adet (%82.6) kan serumu ve 160 adet (%79.2) süt serum örneği BVDV antikorları yönünden pozitif belirlendi. Araştırmada 148 adet (%73.2) hayvandan alınan hem kan hem de süt serumu pozitif bulundu. 19 adet (%9.4) hayvanın sadece kan serumu BVDV antikor pozitif belirlenirken, 12 adet (%5.94) hayvanın ise sadece süt serumu antikor pozitif tespit edildi. İncelenen kan ve süt serum örneklerinde, BVDV antijen varlığı tespit edilmedi. Öneri: Kan ve süt serumu indirekt ELISA değerlerinin benzer tespit edilmesi (P>0.05) BVDV’nin serolojik teşhisinde kan serumu yerine süt serumu örneklerinin kullanılabileceğini
ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada hem kan hem de süt serum örneklerinde BVDV antijen varlığı tespit edilmemiş olmakla
birlikte antijen tespiti amacıyla rutin teşhiste lökosit örneklerinin yerine kan ve/veya süt serum örneklerinin kullanılabilmesi için
daha kapsamlı araştırmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Beaudeau F, Belloc C, Seegers H, Assie S, Sellal E, Joly A, 2001a. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA for the detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies in serum and milk. Vet Microbiol, 80, 329-337.
  • Beaudeau F, Belloc C, Seegers H, Assie S, Pourqouier P, Joly A, 2001b. Informative Value of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) antibodies in milk. J Vet Med B, 48, 705-712.
  • Bitsch V, Ronsholt L, 1995. Control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection without application of vaccines. Vet Clin N Am Food A, 11, 627-640.
  • Bock RE, Burgess GW, Douglas IC, 1986. Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine serum antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Aust Vet J, 63, 406-408.
  • Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Coria MF, 1985. Frequency of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in selected cattle herds. Am J Vet Res, 46, 2385–2387.
  • Bruschke CJ, Van Rijn PA, Moormann RJ, Van Oirschot JT, 1996. Antigenically different pestivirus strains induce congenital infection in sheep: a model for bovine virus diarrhea virus vaccine efficacy studies. Vet Microbiol, 33-43.
  • Bulut O, Yavru S, Yapkıç O, Kale M, Avcı O, Hasırcıoğlu S, 2006. Süt- çü sığırların Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) ve Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonları yönünden ELISA ile araştırılması. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 18, 2, 18-24.
  • Canal CW, Strasser M, Hertig C, Masuda A, Peterhans E, 1998. Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Vet Microbiol, 63, 85-97.
  • Cho HJ, Masri SA, Deregt D, Yeo SG, Thomas EJ, 1991. Sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus antibody in cattle. Can J Vet Res, 55, 56-59.
  • Chu HJ, Zee YC, Ardans AA, Dai K, 1985. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bovine sera. Vet Microbiol, 10, 325-333.
  • Collett MS, Moennig V, Horzinek MC, 1989. Recent advances in pestivirus research. J Gen Virol, 70, 253-266.
  • Collett MS, 1992. Molecular genetics of pestiviruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 15, 145-154.
  • Cutlip RC, McClurkin AW, Coria MF, 1980. Lesions in clinically healthy cattle persistently infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrheaglomerulonephritis and encephalitis. Am J Vet Res, 41, 1938-1941.
  • Doyle LG, Heuschele WP, 1983. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in captive exotic ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 183, 11, 1257- 1259.
  • Duffel SJ, Harkness JW, 1985. Bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease infection in cattle. Vet Rec, 117, 240-245.
  • Duman R, Yavru S, Kale M, Avcı O, 2009. Seroprevalence of viral upper respiratory infections in dairy cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15, 539-542.
  • Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, 2005. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. In: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Eds; Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 135-143, 981-998.
  • Fray MD, Paton DJ, Alenius S, 2000. The effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control. Anim Reprod Sci, 60-61, 615-627.
  • Fredriksen B, Pres CM, Loken T, Odegaard SA, 1999. Distribution of viral antigen in uterus, placenta and foetus of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol, 64, 109- 122.
  • Fulton RW, Briggs RE, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, Confer AW, Payton ME, Duff GC, Step DL, Walker DA, 2005. Transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1b to susceptible and vaccinated calves by exposure to persistently infected calves. Can J Vet Res, 69, 161-169.
  • Güngör Ö, 2006. Neonatal buzağılar ve kolostrum. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 12, 103-108.
  • Hewicker-Trautwein M, Trautwein G, 1994. Porencephaly, hydranencephaly and leukoencephalopathy in ovine fetuses following transplacental infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus: distribution of viral antigen and characterization of cellular response. Acta Neuropathol, 87, 385-397.
  • Horzinek MC, 1990. Bovine virus diarrhoea virus: An introduction. Rev Sci Tech, 9, 13-23.
  • Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK, Lloyd JW, Enevoldsen C, 1995. Comparison of the prevalence and incidence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Denmark and Michigan and association with possible risk factors. Acta Vet Scand, 36, 521-531.
  • Houe H, Lindberg A, Moennig V, 2006. Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virus control and eradication campaigns in Europe. J Vet Diagn Invest,18, 427-436.
  • Howard CJ, Clarke MC, Brownlie J, 1985. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in cattle sera. Vet Microbiol, 10, 359-369.
  • Juntti N, Larsson B, Fossum C, 1987. The use of monoclonal antibodies in blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Med, 34, 356-363.
  • Kale M, Yavru S, Ata A, Kocamüftüoglu M, Yapıcı O, Hasırcıoglu S, 2011. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in relation to fertility in heifers. J Vet Med Sci, 73, 331-336.
  • Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF, 1991. Replication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. Vet Rec, 128, 587-590.
  • Krametter-Froetscher R, Kohler H, Benetka V, Moestl K, Golja F, Vilcek S, Baumgartner W, 2007. Influence of communal alpine pasturing on the spread of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in austria: first identification of border disease virus in Austria. Zoonoses Public Health, 54, 209-213.
  • Kramps JA, Van Manen C, Van de Wetering G, Stienstra G, Quak S, Brinkhof J, Ronsholt L, Nylin BA, 1999. Simple, rapid and reliable enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) specific antibodies in cattle serum, plasma and bulk milk. Vet Microbiol, 64, 135-144.
  • Laamanen UI, Neuvonen EP, Yliviuhkola EM, Veijalainen PM, 1997. Comparison of RT-PCR assay and virus isolation in cell cultures for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in field samples. Res Vet Sci, 63, 199-203.
  • Lanyon S, Anderson M, Bergman E, Reichel M, 2013. Validation and evaluation of a commercially available ELISA for the detection of antibodies specific to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bovine pestivirus). Aust Vet J, 91, 52-56.
  • Liebler-Tenorio EM, Greiser-Wilke I, Pohlenz JF, 1997. Organ and tissue distribution of the antigen of the cytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhea virus in the early and advanced phase of experimental mucosal disease. Arch Virol, 142, 1613-1634.
  • Lindberg ALE, Alenius S, 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol, 64, 197-222.
  • Loken T, Krogsrud J, Larsen IL, 1991. Pestivirus infections in Norway. Serological investigations in cattle, sheep and pigs. Acta Vet Scand, 32, 27-34.
  • Meyers G, Thiel HJ, 1996. Molecular characterization of pestiviruses. Adv Virus Res, 47, 53-118.
  • Meyling A, Houe H, Jensen AM, 1990. Epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz, 9, 75-93.
  • Mockeliuniene V, Algirdas S, Raimundas M, Saulius P, 2004. Prevalence and epidemiological features of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in Lithuania. Vet Microbiol, 99, 51-57.
  • Moennig V, Frey HR, Liebler E, Pohlenz J, Liess B, 1990. Reproduction of mucosal disease with cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus selected in vitro. Vet Rec, 127, 200-203.
  • Nettleton PF, Herring JA, Corrigall W, 1980. Isolation of bovine virus diarrhoea virus from a Scottish red deer. Vet Rec, 107, 18, 425- 426.
  • Niskanen R, 1993. Relationship between the levels of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and the prevalence of cows exposed to the virus. Vet Rec, 133, 341-344.
  • Niskanen R, Alenius S, Larsson B, Juntti N, 1989. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus in milk. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 36, 113-118.
  • Niskanen R, Alenius S, Larsson B, Jacobsson SO, 1991. Determination of level of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in bulk tank milk as a tool in the diagnosis and prophylaxis of BVDV infections in dairy herds. Arch Virol, 3, 245-251.
  • Passler T, Walz P, Ditchkoff S, Givens M, Maxwell H, Brock K, 2007. Experimental persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in white-tailed deer. Vet Microbiol, 122, 350-356.
  • Potgieter LN, 1997. Bovine respiratory tract disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 13, 471-481.
  • Reimann I, Semmler I, Beer M, 2007. Packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response. Virology, 366, 377-386.
  • Saliki JT, Dubovi EJ, 2004. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 20, 69-83.
  • Stahl H, Rivera I, Vagsholm J, Moreno-Lopez K, 2002. Bulk milk testing for antibody seroprevalences to BVDV and BHV-1 in a rural region of Peru. Prev Vet Med, 56, 193-202.
  • Tavella A, Zambotto P, Stifter E, Lombardo D, Rabini M, Robatscher E, Brem G, 2012. Investigation to the specificity of positive BVDV results in ear notch samples: review on the five-year-old experience in the autonomous province of Bolzano (Italy). Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 125, 326-331.
  • Taylor LF, Van Donkersgoed J, Dubovi EJ, Harland RJ, van den Hurk JV, Ribble CS, Janzen ED, 1995. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in a population of feedlot calves in western Canada. Can J Vet Res, 59, 87-93.
  • Valle PS, Wayne MS, Skjerve E, 2001. A Bayesian approach to estimating the performance of a bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibody ELISA bulk-tank milk test. Prev Vet Med, 50, 71-87.
  • Vilcek S, Nettleton PF, Paton DJ, Belak S, 1997. Molecular characterization of ovine pestiviruses. J Gen Virol, 78, 725-735.
  • Westerbrink F, Middel WGJ, Straver PJ, de Leeuw PW, 1986. A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine virus diarrhoea virus serology. J Vet Med, 33, 354-361.
  • Zemke J, Knig P, Mischkale K, Reimann I, Beer M, 2010. Novel BVDV-2 mutants as new candidates for modified-live vaccines. Vet Microbiol, 142, 69-80.
  • Zoth CS, Taboga O, 2006. Multiple recombinant ELISA for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in cattle sera. J Virol Methods, 138, 99-10

Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 97 - 102, 01.06.2013

Öz

Aim: The aim of this study was to detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) antigens and determine of antibodies against BVDV in blood and milk serum.Materials and Methods: Totally 202 cattle blood and milk sera samples were used. Samples obtained from herds were analyzed for the detection of BVDV antigens by direct Enyzme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and for determine the presence of antibodies against BVDV by indirect ELISA.Results: While 167 of blood serum (82.6%) were positive for the presence of BVDV antibodies, 160 of milk serum samples (79.2%) were positive. In this study, 148 (73.2%) both blood and milk serum samples of same cattle were positive for BVDV antibodies. Only 19 (9.4%) blood serum of cattle was detected positive for BVDV, while only 12 (5.94%) milk serum was seropositive. No positive result to be determined for BVDV antigens in any blood or milk serum samples.Conclusion: Determined similar indirect ELISA results of blood and milk sera (P>0.05) may be suggest that milk sera can be used in determine of serological diagnosis of BVDV instead of blood sera. Further research is needed in order to achieve using blood and/or milk serum samples presence of BVDV antigens instead of leukocytes samples in routine diagnosis, even though not detect the presence of BVDV antigen in blood and milk serum samples in this study

Kaynakça

  • Beaudeau F, Belloc C, Seegers H, Assie S, Sellal E, Joly A, 2001a. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA for the detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies in serum and milk. Vet Microbiol, 80, 329-337.
  • Beaudeau F, Belloc C, Seegers H, Assie S, Pourqouier P, Joly A, 2001b. Informative Value of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) antibodies in milk. J Vet Med B, 48, 705-712.
  • Bitsch V, Ronsholt L, 1995. Control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection without application of vaccines. Vet Clin N Am Food A, 11, 627-640.
  • Bock RE, Burgess GW, Douglas IC, 1986. Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine serum antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Aust Vet J, 63, 406-408.
  • Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Coria MF, 1985. Frequency of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in selected cattle herds. Am J Vet Res, 46, 2385–2387.
  • Bruschke CJ, Van Rijn PA, Moormann RJ, Van Oirschot JT, 1996. Antigenically different pestivirus strains induce congenital infection in sheep: a model for bovine virus diarrhea virus vaccine efficacy studies. Vet Microbiol, 33-43.
  • Bulut O, Yavru S, Yapkıç O, Kale M, Avcı O, Hasırcıoğlu S, 2006. Süt- çü sığırların Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) ve Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonları yönünden ELISA ile araştırılması. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 18, 2, 18-24.
  • Canal CW, Strasser M, Hertig C, Masuda A, Peterhans E, 1998. Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Vet Microbiol, 63, 85-97.
  • Cho HJ, Masri SA, Deregt D, Yeo SG, Thomas EJ, 1991. Sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus antibody in cattle. Can J Vet Res, 55, 56-59.
  • Chu HJ, Zee YC, Ardans AA, Dai K, 1985. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bovine sera. Vet Microbiol, 10, 325-333.
  • Collett MS, Moennig V, Horzinek MC, 1989. Recent advances in pestivirus research. J Gen Virol, 70, 253-266.
  • Collett MS, 1992. Molecular genetics of pestiviruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 15, 145-154.
  • Cutlip RC, McClurkin AW, Coria MF, 1980. Lesions in clinically healthy cattle persistently infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrheaglomerulonephritis and encephalitis. Am J Vet Res, 41, 1938-1941.
  • Doyle LG, Heuschele WP, 1983. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in captive exotic ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 183, 11, 1257- 1259.
  • Duffel SJ, Harkness JW, 1985. Bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease infection in cattle. Vet Rec, 117, 240-245.
  • Duman R, Yavru S, Kale M, Avcı O, 2009. Seroprevalence of viral upper respiratory infections in dairy cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15, 539-542.
  • Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, 2005. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. In: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Eds; Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 135-143, 981-998.
  • Fray MD, Paton DJ, Alenius S, 2000. The effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control. Anim Reprod Sci, 60-61, 615-627.
  • Fredriksen B, Pres CM, Loken T, Odegaard SA, 1999. Distribution of viral antigen in uterus, placenta and foetus of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol, 64, 109- 122.
  • Fulton RW, Briggs RE, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, Confer AW, Payton ME, Duff GC, Step DL, Walker DA, 2005. Transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1b to susceptible and vaccinated calves by exposure to persistently infected calves. Can J Vet Res, 69, 161-169.
  • Güngör Ö, 2006. Neonatal buzağılar ve kolostrum. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 12, 103-108.
  • Hewicker-Trautwein M, Trautwein G, 1994. Porencephaly, hydranencephaly and leukoencephalopathy in ovine fetuses following transplacental infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus: distribution of viral antigen and characterization of cellular response. Acta Neuropathol, 87, 385-397.
  • Horzinek MC, 1990. Bovine virus diarrhoea virus: An introduction. Rev Sci Tech, 9, 13-23.
  • Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK, Lloyd JW, Enevoldsen C, 1995. Comparison of the prevalence and incidence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Denmark and Michigan and association with possible risk factors. Acta Vet Scand, 36, 521-531.
  • Houe H, Lindberg A, Moennig V, 2006. Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virus control and eradication campaigns in Europe. J Vet Diagn Invest,18, 427-436.
  • Howard CJ, Clarke MC, Brownlie J, 1985. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in cattle sera. Vet Microbiol, 10, 359-369.
  • Juntti N, Larsson B, Fossum C, 1987. The use of monoclonal antibodies in blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Med, 34, 356-363.
  • Kale M, Yavru S, Ata A, Kocamüftüoglu M, Yapıcı O, Hasırcıoglu S, 2011. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in relation to fertility in heifers. J Vet Med Sci, 73, 331-336.
  • Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF, 1991. Replication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. Vet Rec, 128, 587-590.
  • Krametter-Froetscher R, Kohler H, Benetka V, Moestl K, Golja F, Vilcek S, Baumgartner W, 2007. Influence of communal alpine pasturing on the spread of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in austria: first identification of border disease virus in Austria. Zoonoses Public Health, 54, 209-213.
  • Kramps JA, Van Manen C, Van de Wetering G, Stienstra G, Quak S, Brinkhof J, Ronsholt L, Nylin BA, 1999. Simple, rapid and reliable enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) specific antibodies in cattle serum, plasma and bulk milk. Vet Microbiol, 64, 135-144.
  • Laamanen UI, Neuvonen EP, Yliviuhkola EM, Veijalainen PM, 1997. Comparison of RT-PCR assay and virus isolation in cell cultures for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in field samples. Res Vet Sci, 63, 199-203.
  • Lanyon S, Anderson M, Bergman E, Reichel M, 2013. Validation and evaluation of a commercially available ELISA for the detection of antibodies specific to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bovine pestivirus). Aust Vet J, 91, 52-56.
  • Liebler-Tenorio EM, Greiser-Wilke I, Pohlenz JF, 1997. Organ and tissue distribution of the antigen of the cytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhea virus in the early and advanced phase of experimental mucosal disease. Arch Virol, 142, 1613-1634.
  • Lindberg ALE, Alenius S, 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol, 64, 197-222.
  • Loken T, Krogsrud J, Larsen IL, 1991. Pestivirus infections in Norway. Serological investigations in cattle, sheep and pigs. Acta Vet Scand, 32, 27-34.
  • Meyers G, Thiel HJ, 1996. Molecular characterization of pestiviruses. Adv Virus Res, 47, 53-118.
  • Meyling A, Houe H, Jensen AM, 1990. Epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz, 9, 75-93.
  • Mockeliuniene V, Algirdas S, Raimundas M, Saulius P, 2004. Prevalence and epidemiological features of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in Lithuania. Vet Microbiol, 99, 51-57.
  • Moennig V, Frey HR, Liebler E, Pohlenz J, Liess B, 1990. Reproduction of mucosal disease with cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus selected in vitro. Vet Rec, 127, 200-203.
  • Nettleton PF, Herring JA, Corrigall W, 1980. Isolation of bovine virus diarrhoea virus from a Scottish red deer. Vet Rec, 107, 18, 425- 426.
  • Niskanen R, 1993. Relationship between the levels of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and the prevalence of cows exposed to the virus. Vet Rec, 133, 341-344.
  • Niskanen R, Alenius S, Larsson B, Juntti N, 1989. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus in milk. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 36, 113-118.
  • Niskanen R, Alenius S, Larsson B, Jacobsson SO, 1991. Determination of level of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in bulk tank milk as a tool in the diagnosis and prophylaxis of BVDV infections in dairy herds. Arch Virol, 3, 245-251.
  • Passler T, Walz P, Ditchkoff S, Givens M, Maxwell H, Brock K, 2007. Experimental persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in white-tailed deer. Vet Microbiol, 122, 350-356.
  • Potgieter LN, 1997. Bovine respiratory tract disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 13, 471-481.
  • Reimann I, Semmler I, Beer M, 2007. Packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response. Virology, 366, 377-386.
  • Saliki JT, Dubovi EJ, 2004. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 20, 69-83.
  • Stahl H, Rivera I, Vagsholm J, Moreno-Lopez K, 2002. Bulk milk testing for antibody seroprevalences to BVDV and BHV-1 in a rural region of Peru. Prev Vet Med, 56, 193-202.
  • Tavella A, Zambotto P, Stifter E, Lombardo D, Rabini M, Robatscher E, Brem G, 2012. Investigation to the specificity of positive BVDV results in ear notch samples: review on the five-year-old experience in the autonomous province of Bolzano (Italy). Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 125, 326-331.
  • Taylor LF, Van Donkersgoed J, Dubovi EJ, Harland RJ, van den Hurk JV, Ribble CS, Janzen ED, 1995. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in a population of feedlot calves in western Canada. Can J Vet Res, 59, 87-93.
  • Valle PS, Wayne MS, Skjerve E, 2001. A Bayesian approach to estimating the performance of a bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibody ELISA bulk-tank milk test. Prev Vet Med, 50, 71-87.
  • Vilcek S, Nettleton PF, Paton DJ, Belak S, 1997. Molecular characterization of ovine pestiviruses. J Gen Virol, 78, 725-735.
  • Westerbrink F, Middel WGJ, Straver PJ, de Leeuw PW, 1986. A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine virus diarrhoea virus serology. J Vet Med, 33, 354-361.
  • Zemke J, Knig P, Mischkale K, Reimann I, Beer M, 2010. Novel BVDV-2 mutants as new candidates for modified-live vaccines. Vet Microbiol, 142, 69-80.
  • Zoth CS, Taboga O, 2006. Multiple recombinant ELISA for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in cattle sera. J Virol Methods, 138, 99-10
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA69GV24SD
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Sibel Yavru Bu kişi benim

Atilla Şimşek Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Kale Bu kişi benim

Oya Bulut Bu kişi benim

Orhan Yapıcı Bu kişi benim

Oğuzhan Avcı Bu kişi benim

İrmak Dik Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavru, S., Şimşek, A., Kale, M., Bulut, O., vd. (2013). Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 29(2), 97-102.
AMA Yavru S, Şimşek A, Kale M, Bulut O, Yapıcı O, Avcı O, Dik İ. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian J Vet Sci. Haziran 2013;29(2):97-102.
Chicago Yavru, Sibel, Atilla Şimşek, Mehmet Kale, Oya Bulut, Orhan Yapıcı, Oğuzhan Avcı, ve İrmak Dik. “Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antibodies in Blood and Milk Serum in Dairy Cattle by ELISA”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 29, sy. 2 (Haziran 2013): 97-102.
EndNote Yavru S, Şimşek A, Kale M, Bulut O, Yapıcı O, Avcı O, Dik İ (01 Haziran 2013) Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 29 2 97–102.
IEEE S. Yavru, A. Şimşek, M. Kale, O. Bulut, O. Yapıcı, O. Avcı, ve İ. Dik, “Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA”, Eurasian J Vet Sci, c. 29, sy. 2, ss. 97–102, 2013.
ISNAD Yavru, Sibel vd. “Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antibodies in Blood and Milk Serum in Dairy Cattle by ELISA”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 29/2 (Haziran 2013), 97-102.
JAMA Yavru S, Şimşek A, Kale M, Bulut O, Yapıcı O, Avcı O, Dik İ. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2013;29:97–102.
MLA Yavru, Sibel vd. “Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antibodies in Blood and Milk Serum in Dairy Cattle by ELISA”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, c. 29, sy. 2, 2013, ss. 97-102.
Vancouver Yavru S, Şimşek A, Kale M, Bulut O, Yapıcı O, Avcı O, Dik İ. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2013;29(2):97-102.