Changes in oxidative stress parameters in ear-tagged calves

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ear-tagging on blood malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (rGSH), Vitamin C (Vit C) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Ear-tagged (with polyurethane ear tag) animals consisted of 9 healthy Holstein calves (2-3 months old). Blood samples were taken just prior to ear-tagging (baseline), at the 20th min, on 3rd day and 8th day after the ear-tagging procedure. Six Holstein calves were involved for sham group. In ear-tagged animals, plasma MDA levels increased on the 3rd day compared to baseline values (p<0.01), and returned back to baseline values on the 8th day, whereas no change was found in sham group. In ear-tagged animals, plasma rGSH levels increased at the 20th min, 3rd day, and 8th day (p<0.001) in comparison to baseline values, which in sham group, there was no change. In ear-tagged animals, erythrocyte rGSH levels on the 3rd and 8th days were higher compared to baseline and 20th min level (p<0.01). In sham group, the 3rd and 8th day erythrocyte rGSH levels increased compared to baseline values (p<0.01). In ear-tagged animals, the 20th min, 3rd day and 8th day erythrocyte GPx activities were lower than the baseline values (p<0.001), whereas in sham group, no change was observed. While Vit C levels increased progressively in the sham group (p<0.05), this increase was not observed in the ear-tagged group. In conclusion, ear-tagging was found to cause oxidative stress and to increase antioxidant requirement in calves.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• calf
• ear-tagging
• oxidative stress
• polyurethane ear tag

Kulak küpesi takılan buzağılarda oksidatif stres değişimleri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı kulak küpelemenin kan malondialdehid (MDA), redükte glutatyon (rGSH), vitamin C (Vit C) düzeyleri ile glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) aktivitesi üzerine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın deney grubunu, kulak küpeleme (poliüretan kulak küpesi ile) yapılan 9 adet buzağı (2-3 aylık yaşta) oluşturdu. Kan örnekleri kulak küpeleme işleminden hemen önce (temel seviye), kulak küpeleme sonrası 20. dakika, 3. gün ve 8. gün’de alındı. Ayrıca, belirtilen zamanlarda, sadece kanları alınan 6 adet Holstein ırkı buzağı da sham grubu olarak kullanıldı. Kulak küpeli buzağılarda, 3. gün MDA seviyeleri temel seviyelere göre yükselirken (p<0,01), 8. gün’de tekrar temel seviyelerine indi. Sham grubunda ise MDA düzeyleri yönünden bir değişiklik gözlenmedi. Kulak küpeleme grubunda plazma rGSH seviyeleri 20. dakika, 3. gün ve 8. gün’de temel düzeylere göre arttı (p<0.001) ancak sham gurubunda bir değişim gözlenmedi. Kulak küpeli buzağılarda eritrosit rGSH seviyeleri, 3. ve 8. günlerde, 20. dakika ve temel seviyelere göre yüksek olarak belirlendi (p<0.01). Sham grubunda ise 3. ve 8. gün eritrosit rGSH seviyeleri temel seviyelere nazaran yüksek olarak belirlendi (p<0.01). Kulak küpeleme grubunda, eritrosit GPx aktiviteleri 20. dakika, 3. gün ve 8. gün’lerde temel seviyelere kıyasla düşük (p<0.001) olmasına rağmen sham grubunda bir değişim göstermedi. Sham grubunda Vit C seviyeleri giderek artmasına rağmen (p<0.05), bu artış, kulak küpeli hayvanlarda görülmedi. Sonuç olarak kulak küpelemenin buzağılarda oksidatif strese neden olarak antioksidan ihtiyacı arttırdığı düşünüldü.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• buzağı
• kulak küpeleme
• oksidatif stres
• poliüreatn kulak küpesi

Kaynakça

1. Referans1: Abacia JA, Placin I. (2014) Use of electronic leg tags for identification of small ruminants. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 33(3), 1-16.
2. Referans2: Akkuş İ. (1995) Serbest radikaller ve fizyopatolojik etkileri. Mimoza Press. Turkey, 5-25.
3. Referans3: Ammendurp S, Fussel AE. (2001) Legislative requirements for the identification and traceability of farm animals within the European Union. Rev Sci Tech. 20(2), 437-444.
4. Referans4: Avcı G, Küçükkurt İ, Fidan F, Eryavuz A, Aslan R, Dündar Y. (2008) Nakil işlemine tabi tutulan koyunlarda vitamin c ve ksilazin uygulamasının kortizol ve lipid peroksidasyon ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisi. FÜ Sağ Bil Derg. 22(3), 147-152.
5. Referans5: Aydın A. (2007) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de hayvanların kimliklendirilmesi ve kayıt altına alınmasının göreceli karşılaştırılması, izlenebilirlik. AB uzmanlık tezi. AÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
6. Referans6: Banudevi S, Krishnamoorthy G, Venkataraman P, Vignesh C, Aruldash MM, Arunakaron J. (2006) Role of α-tocopherol on antioxidant status in liver, lung and kidney of PCP exposed male albino rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 10, 243-252.
7. Referans7: Barnett JL, Hemsworth PH. (1990) The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 25, 177-187.
8. Referans8: Bouda J, Jagos P, Dvorak R, Ondrova J. (1980) Vitamin E and C in the blood plasma of cows and their calves fed from buckets. Acta Vet Brono. 49, 53–58.

9. Referans9: Beutler E. (1975) Red cell metabolism. In: A Manual of Biochemical Methods., Grune Strottan, New York. p. 67-69.
10. Referans10: Broom DM. (1998) Welfare stress and the evolution of feelings. Adv Study Behav. 27, 371- 403.
11. Referans11: Bryant MJ. (1972) The social environment: behaviour and stress in housed livestock. Vet Rec. 90, 351-359.
12. Referans12: Caja G, Ghirardi JJ, Hernánde M. (2004) Diversity of animal identification techniques: from fire age to electronic age. ICAR Technical Series. 9, 21-37.
13. Referans13: Carr TP, Andersen CJ, Rudel LL. (1993) Enzymatic determination of triglyceride free cholesterol and total cholesterol in tissue lipid extracts. Clin Biochem. 26, 39-42.
14. Referans14: Chirase NK, Greene LW, Purdy CW, Loan RW, Auvermann BW, Parker DB, Walforb EF, Stevenson DE, Xu Y, Klauning JE. (2004) Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease, serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res. 65, 860-864.
15. Referans15: Çetin E, Çetin N, Küçük O. (2011a) Toklularda karayolu ile taşımanın bazı hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisi. Erciyes Üni Vet Fak Derg. 8, 97-103.
16. Referans16: Çetin E, Çetin N, Küçük O. (2011b) Toklularda Karayolu ile taşımanın oksidan- antioksidan sistem üzerine etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet Bil Derg. 6(2), 103-109.
17. Referans17: Dantzer R. (2001) Stress emotions and health: where do we stand? Dantzer Social Science Information. 40, 61-78.
18. Referans18: Dilek ON. (2003) Serbest Radikaller ve Cerrahi. Serbest Radikaller ve Antioksidanlar Araştırma Derneği III. Ulusal Kongresi, March 23-30 Afyon-Turkey.
19. Referans19: Dündar Y, Aslan R. (2000) Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. First ed. Afyon Kocatepe Üniveritesi yayınları.
20. Referans20: Edwards DS, Johnston AM. (1999) Welfare implications of sheep ear tags. Vet Rec. 144 ,603-606.
21. Referans21: Ellman G. (1959). Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 82, 70-77.
22. Referans22: Fidan AF, Kucukkurt I, Eryavuz A, Cigerci IH, Yardimci M, Ozdemir A. (2009) Effects of shearing procedures on oxidant-antioxidant status in Chios sheep (Effets de la tonte sur l’équilibre oxydants / antioxydants chez le mouton Chios). Revue De Medecine Veterinaire. 160(7), 349-355
23. Referans23: Freeman BA, Crapo JD. (1982) Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury. Lab Invest. 47, 412-426.
24. Referans24: Haag W. (1985) Zur methodik und praktischen Bedeutung der Vitamin C-Best immung be im Rind in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Inaugural Dissertation. Justus Liebig Universitaet, Giessen.
25. Referans25: Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
26. Referans26: Ines D, Sonia B, Riadh BM, Amel EG. (2006) A comparative study of oxidant-antioxidant status in stable and active vitiligo patients. Arch Dermatol Res. 298, 147–152.
27. Referans27: Johnston AM, Edwards DS. (1996) Welfare implications of identification of cattle by ear tags. Vet Rec. 138 (25), 612-614.
28. Referans28: Kehrer JP. (1993) Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol. 23 (1), 21-48.
29. Referans29: Kelley KW. (1980) Stress and immune function: A bibliographic review. Ann Rech Vet. 11, 445-478.
30. Referans30: Kitagaki M, Shibuya K. (2004) Nylon ear tags for individual identification of guinea pigs. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 43, 16–20.
31. Referans31: Kitagaki M, Hirota M. (2007) Auricular chondritis caused by metal ear tagging in C57BL/6 mice. Vet Pathol. 44(4), 458-66.
32. Referans32: Kohen R, Nyska A. (2002) Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stres phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol. 30 (6), 620-650.
33. Referans33: Kurutaş BE, İnanç GF, Kılınç M. (2004) Serbest Radikaller. Arşiv. 13, 120-123.
34. Referans34: Lomax S, Witenden E, Windsor P, White P. (2017) Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on perioperative pain response of unweaned calves to ear tagging and ear notching. Vet Anaesth Analg. 44 (1), 163-172.
35. Referans35: Meingassner JG. (1991) Sympathetic auricular chondritis in rats: a model of autoimmune disease. Lab Anim. 25, 68–78.
36. Referans36: Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. (1979) Assay for lipit peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 95, 351-358.
37. Referans37: Öztürk IC, Batcioglu K, Karataş F, Hazneci E, Genç M. (2008) Comparison of plasma malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, hydroxyproline and selenium levels in patients with vitiligo and healthy controls. Ind J Dermatol. 53(3), 106-110.
38. Referans38: Petherick JC. (2005) Animal welfare issues associated with extensive livestock production: the northern Australian beef cattle industry. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 92, 211-234.
39. Referans39: Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Frei B. (2001) Plasma vitamin C levels are decreased and correlated with brain damage in patients with intracranial hemorrhage or head trauma. Stroke. 32(4), 898-902.
40. Referans40: Salina AB, Hassan L, Saharee AA, Stevenson MA, Ghazali KA. (2016) Comparison of RFID and visual ear tag retention in dairy cattle in Malaysia. Proc Instem LPVT. 178-182.
41. Referans41: Stewart M, Shepherd HM, Webster JR, Waas JR, McLeay LM, Schütz KE. (2013) Effect of previous handling experiences on responses of dairy calves to routine husbandry procedures. Animal. 7(5), 828-833.
42. Referans42: Yeum KJ, Russell MR, Krinsky IN, Adlini G. (2004) Biomarkers of antioxidan capacity in hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments of human plasma. Arch Biochem Biophys. 430, 97-103.
43. Referans43: Young IS, Woodside JV. (2001) Antioxidants in health and disease, J Clin Pathol. 54, 176-186.
44. Referans44: Weiss WP. (2001) Effect of dietary vitamin C on concentrations of ascorbic acid in plasma and milk. J Dairy Sci. 84(10), 2302-2307.