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Batı Nil Virus enfeksiyonu

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1-2, 43 - 50, 31.12.2009

Öz

Batı Nil Virus’u; insanlar, atlar, kuşlar ve vahşi hayvanlarda çeşitli nörolojik semptomlara neden olan ve vektörlerle
(artropodlarla) bulaşan Flaviviridae ailesine mensup zoonoz bir arbovirusdur. Afrika, Asya ve Güney Avrupa’da
uzun süredir bilinen hastalık, son zamanlarda insanlarda ve tek tırnaklılarda ensefalit vakası ile seyreden hastalık
tablosuna sebep olmaktadır. Küresel ısınma sonucu oluşan iklim değişiklikleri ile bu virusun taşıyıcısı olan vektörlerin
de yaşam alanları değişmiş ve yaygınlıkları artmıştır. Bu derlemede; virusun etiyolojisi, dünyadaki yaygınlığı,
patogenezi, belirtileri, tanı yöntemleri ve mücadelesi ile ilgili konular ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Berthet FX, Zeller HG, Drouet MT, Rauzier J, Digoutte JP, Deubel V, (1997). Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses. J Gen Virol. 78, 2293–2297.
  • Bin H, Grossman Z, Pokamunskı S, Malkınson M, Weıss L, Duvdevanı P, Banet C, Weisman Y, Annıs E, Gandaku D, Yahalom V, Hındyıeh M, Shulman L, Mendelson E, (2001). West Nile fever in Israel 1999– 2000: from geese to humans. Ann NY Acad Sci. 951, 127–142.
  • Burke DS, Monath TP, (2001). Flaviviruses. In: Fields Virology, Fourth Edition, Knipe D.M. & Howley P.M., eds. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 1043–1125.
  • Burt FJ, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Anthony FS, Gıbson GVF, Swanepoel R, (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of Southern African West Nile virus isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 8, 820–826.
  • Cantile C, Di Guardo G, Eleni C, Arispici M, (2000). Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J. 32, 31– 35.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_factsheet. htm Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic/ Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control, Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnvguidelines- aug-2003.pdf Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Sıırın M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DWC, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quıroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett ADT, (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates 2001-2004: Evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology. 342, 252–265.
  • Del Giudice P, Schuffenecker I, Vandenbos F, Counillon E, Zeller H, (2004). Human West Nile virus, France [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 10, 1885–1886.
  • Ergunay K, Ozer N, Us D, Ozkul A, Simsek F, Kaynas S, Ustacelebi S, (2007). Seroprevelance of West Nile Virus and Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus in Southeastern Turkey: First Evidence for Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus Infections. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Dis. Volume 7, Number 2.
  • Diamond SM, (2003). Evasion of innate and adaptive immunite by flavivirus. Immunol Cell Biol. 81: 196-206.
  • Giladi M, Cotter ME, Martin AD, (2001). West Nile encephalitis in Israel 1999: The New York connection. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 659-61.
  • Hayes CG, (2001). West Nile virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999. Ann NY Acad Sci. 951, 25–37.
  • Hayes EB, Komar N, Nascı RS, Montgomery SP, O’leary DR, Campbell GL, (2005). Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 11, 1167–1173.
  • Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, (1999). West Nile fever – a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5, 643–650.
  • Huhn DG, Montgomery PS, Dworkin SM, (2003). West Nile in the United States: An update on an emerging infectious disease. Am Family Physician. 68, 653-60.
  • Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, (2008). Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Plos Pathogens. Vol.4, Issue 6, 1-7.
  • Lanciotti SR, Kerst JA, Nasci SR, (2000). Rapid detection of West Nile Virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 38, 4066-71.
  • Leysson P, De Clercq E, Neyts J, (2000). Perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13, 67-82.
  • McMinn CP, (1997). The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses. J Gen Virol. 78, 2711- 22.
  • Monarth PT, Heinz XF, (1996). Flaviviruses. In: Pields NB, ed. Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 961-1034.
  • Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbrı C, Garcıa JB, Vıssanı A, Trono K, Gutıerrez G, Pıgrettı S, Menchaca H, Garrıdo N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levıs S, Enrıa D, (2006). West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 12, 1559–1561.
  • Murgue B, Murrı S, Zıentara S, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller H, (2001). West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: The return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 692–696.
  • OIE, General Diseases Information Sheet, Erişim: http://www.oie.int/Eng/ressources/WNV-EN.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • OIE, Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Domestic Animals, Chapter 2.1.20, Erişim: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.0 1.20_ WEST_NILE.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Ostlund EN, Andresen JE, Andresen M, (2000). West Nile encephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 16, 427–441.
  • Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ, (2001). Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 665–669.
  • Ozkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akcalı A, Yılmaz V, Colak D, (2005). Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol Infect. 1-4.
  • Panthier R, Hannoun CL, Oudar J, Beytout D, Cornıou B, Joubert L, Guillon JC, Mouchet J, (1966). Isolement du virus Wet Nile chez un cheval de Camargue atteint d’encéphalomyélite. CR Acad Sci (Paris). 262, 1308–1310.
  • Petersen LR, Roehring TJ, (2001). West Nile Virus: A reemerging global pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 611-4.
  • Sampathkumar P, (2003). West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and prevention. Mayo Clin Proc. 78, 1137-44.
  • Schmidt JR, El Mansoury HK, (1963). Natural and experimental infection of Egyptian equines with West Nile virus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 57, 415–427.
  • Shimoni Z, Niven J, Pitlick S, Bulvik S, (2001). Treatment of West Nile Virus encephalitis with intravein immunoglobulin (Letters). Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 759.
  • Snook CS, Hymann SS, Del Pıero F, Palmer JE, Ostlund EN, Barr BS, Deroschers AM, Reılly LK, (2001). West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 218, 1576–1579.
  • United States Department of Agrıculture Animal and Plant Health Inspectıon Service, (2006). Disease Surveillance Information, West Nile Virus. Erişim: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahss/equine/wnv/ Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • West Nile Virus 1, Erişim: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/ chdGlades/chicken.html, Erişim tarihi: 08.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus 2, Erişim: http://www.westnile.com, Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus Klinik Bulgular 1., Erişim: http://www.adventisthealthcare.com/adam/Health%20Illus trated%20Encyclopedia/1/007186.htm, Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus Klinik Bulgular 2., Erişim: http://www.westnile.com/west-nile-virus-/symptoms-ofwest- nile-virus, Erişim tarihi: 30.10.2009.
  • Yazıcı Z, (2005a). Batı Nil Virusu İnfeksiyonu. İnfeksiyon Dergisi.19(1), 139-143.
  • Yazıcı Z, (2005b). Atlarda Batı Nil Virusu Enfeksiyonu. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2(1), 45-48.
  • Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I, (2004). West Nile virus: An overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 23, 147–156. Geliş Tarihi / Received: 28.10.2009 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 02.11.2009 Yazışma adresi / Corresponding author Dr. Arife Ertürk Merkez Veteriner Kontrol ve Araştırma Enstitüsü, Virolojik Teşhis Laboratuvarı, 06020, Etlik, Ankara, Türkiye E-posta: arife@kkgm.gov.tr

West Nile Virus infection

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1-2, 43 - 50, 31.12.2009

Öz

West Nile Virus; is a zoonosis arbovirus which belongs to Flaviviridae family and causes different neurological
symptoms in humans, horses, birds and wild animals and spreads via arthropods. As a known disease in Africa,
Asia and South Europe for a while, West Nile causes encephalitis in equids and humans recently. In consequence of
climate changes which is a result of global warming, living area of vectors are changed and prevalence of vectors is
increased. In this article, etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms and diagnostic techniques of the virus and
combating are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Berthet FX, Zeller HG, Drouet MT, Rauzier J, Digoutte JP, Deubel V, (1997). Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses. J Gen Virol. 78, 2293–2297.
  • Bin H, Grossman Z, Pokamunskı S, Malkınson M, Weıss L, Duvdevanı P, Banet C, Weisman Y, Annıs E, Gandaku D, Yahalom V, Hındyıeh M, Shulman L, Mendelson E, (2001). West Nile fever in Israel 1999– 2000: from geese to humans. Ann NY Acad Sci. 951, 127–142.
  • Burke DS, Monath TP, (2001). Flaviviruses. In: Fields Virology, Fourth Edition, Knipe D.M. & Howley P.M., eds. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 1043–1125.
  • Burt FJ, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Anthony FS, Gıbson GVF, Swanepoel R, (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of Southern African West Nile virus isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 8, 820–826.
  • Cantile C, Di Guardo G, Eleni C, Arispici M, (2000). Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J. 32, 31– 35.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_factsheet. htm Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic/ Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control, Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnvguidelines- aug-2003.pdf Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Sıırın M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DWC, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quıroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett ADT, (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates 2001-2004: Evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology. 342, 252–265.
  • Del Giudice P, Schuffenecker I, Vandenbos F, Counillon E, Zeller H, (2004). Human West Nile virus, France [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 10, 1885–1886.
  • Ergunay K, Ozer N, Us D, Ozkul A, Simsek F, Kaynas S, Ustacelebi S, (2007). Seroprevelance of West Nile Virus and Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus in Southeastern Turkey: First Evidence for Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus Infections. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Dis. Volume 7, Number 2.
  • Diamond SM, (2003). Evasion of innate and adaptive immunite by flavivirus. Immunol Cell Biol. 81: 196-206.
  • Giladi M, Cotter ME, Martin AD, (2001). West Nile encephalitis in Israel 1999: The New York connection. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 659-61.
  • Hayes CG, (2001). West Nile virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999. Ann NY Acad Sci. 951, 25–37.
  • Hayes EB, Komar N, Nascı RS, Montgomery SP, O’leary DR, Campbell GL, (2005). Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 11, 1167–1173.
  • Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, (1999). West Nile fever – a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5, 643–650.
  • Huhn DG, Montgomery PS, Dworkin SM, (2003). West Nile in the United States: An update on an emerging infectious disease. Am Family Physician. 68, 653-60.
  • Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, (2008). Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Plos Pathogens. Vol.4, Issue 6, 1-7.
  • Lanciotti SR, Kerst JA, Nasci SR, (2000). Rapid detection of West Nile Virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 38, 4066-71.
  • Leysson P, De Clercq E, Neyts J, (2000). Perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13, 67-82.
  • McMinn CP, (1997). The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses. J Gen Virol. 78, 2711- 22.
  • Monarth PT, Heinz XF, (1996). Flaviviruses. In: Pields NB, ed. Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 961-1034.
  • Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbrı C, Garcıa JB, Vıssanı A, Trono K, Gutıerrez G, Pıgrettı S, Menchaca H, Garrıdo N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levıs S, Enrıa D, (2006). West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 12, 1559–1561.
  • Murgue B, Murrı S, Zıentara S, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller H, (2001). West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: The return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 692–696.
  • OIE, General Diseases Information Sheet, Erişim: http://www.oie.int/Eng/ressources/WNV-EN.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • OIE, Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Domestic Animals, Chapter 2.1.20, Erişim: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.0 1.20_ WEST_NILE.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • Ostlund EN, Andresen JE, Andresen M, (2000). West Nile encephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 16, 427–441.
  • Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ, (2001). Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 665–669.
  • Ozkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akcalı A, Yılmaz V, Colak D, (2005). Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol Infect. 1-4.
  • Panthier R, Hannoun CL, Oudar J, Beytout D, Cornıou B, Joubert L, Guillon JC, Mouchet J, (1966). Isolement du virus Wet Nile chez un cheval de Camargue atteint d’encéphalomyélite. CR Acad Sci (Paris). 262, 1308–1310.
  • Petersen LR, Roehring TJ, (2001). West Nile Virus: A reemerging global pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 611-4.
  • Sampathkumar P, (2003). West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and prevention. Mayo Clin Proc. 78, 1137-44.
  • Schmidt JR, El Mansoury HK, (1963). Natural and experimental infection of Egyptian equines with West Nile virus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 57, 415–427.
  • Shimoni Z, Niven J, Pitlick S, Bulvik S, (2001). Treatment of West Nile Virus encephalitis with intravein immunoglobulin (Letters). Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 759.
  • Snook CS, Hymann SS, Del Pıero F, Palmer JE, Ostlund EN, Barr BS, Deroschers AM, Reılly LK, (2001). West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 218, 1576–1579.
  • United States Department of Agrıculture Animal and Plant Health Inspectıon Service, (2006). Disease Surveillance Information, West Nile Virus. Erişim: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahss/equine/wnv/ Erişim tarihi: 31.10.2009.
  • West Nile Virus 1, Erişim: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/ chdGlades/chicken.html, Erişim tarihi: 08.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus 2, Erişim: http://www.westnile.com, Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus Klinik Bulgular 1., Erişim: http://www.adventisthealthcare.com/adam/Health%20Illus trated%20Encyclopedia/1/007186.htm, Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2009.
  • West Nile Virus Klinik Bulgular 2., Erişim: http://www.westnile.com/west-nile-virus-/symptoms-ofwest- nile-virus, Erişim tarihi: 30.10.2009.
  • Yazıcı Z, (2005a). Batı Nil Virusu İnfeksiyonu. İnfeksiyon Dergisi.19(1), 139-143.
  • Yazıcı Z, (2005b). Atlarda Batı Nil Virusu Enfeksiyonu. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2(1), 45-48.
  • Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I, (2004). West Nile virus: An overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 23, 147–156. Geliş Tarihi / Received: 28.10.2009 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 02.11.2009 Yazışma adresi / Corresponding author Dr. Arife Ertürk Merkez Veteriner Kontrol ve Araştırma Enstitüsü, Virolojik Teşhis Laboratuvarı, 06020, Etlik, Ankara, Türkiye E-posta: arife@kkgm.gov.tr
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Arife Ertürk Bu kişi benim

Fatih Barut Bu kişi benim

Şirin G. Çizmeci Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2009
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1-2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertürk, A., Barut, F., & Çizmeci, Ş. G. (2009). Batı Nil Virus enfeksiyonu. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 20(1-2), 43-50.


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