Nutritional Models In Gestational Diabetes

Öz

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance that occurs exclusively during pregnancy, diagnosed through an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy, in women who did not have pre-existing diabetes. If left untreated, GDM can lead to both short- and long-term complications such as delivery complications, large-for-gestational-age infants, and the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in both mother and child. The cornerstone of treatment is lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and dietary adjustments. The dietary model followed by women with GDM aims to support fetal growth, maintain fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial glucose (PPG) levels within target ranges, ensure appropriate weight gain based on pre-pregnancy body weight, and provide sufficient macro and micronutrients for both the fetus and the mother. The treatment of serum glucose fluctuations and hyperglycemic episodes is managed through medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and exercise. There is currently no consensus on a specific dietary model for women with GDM. Different national organizations offer varying recommendations for macronutrient distribution. The Turkish Endocrinology and Metabolism Society (TEMD) recommends Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet as healthy eating models for all individuals with diabetes. This review examines the effects of different dietary models applied to pregnant women with GDM.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diabetes
• gestational diabetes
• medical nutrition therapy
• nutritional models

Gestasyonel Diyabette Beslenme Modelleri

Öz

Gebe kadınlarda 24-28.haftada Oral Glikoz Tolerans Testi (OGTT) ile tanı alınan ve gebelik öncesi diyabeti olmayan yalnızca gebelik döneminde görülen glikoz intoleransına gestasyonel diabetes mellitus (GDM) denir. Tedavi edilmeyen GDM sonucu doğum komplikasyonları, gebelik haftasına göre büyük bebekler, anne ve bebekte Tip 2 Diyabet (T2DM) gibi hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli komplikasyonlar gözlenebilmektedir. Tedavinin temelinde yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri (fiziksel aktivite ve beslenme tarzının düzenlenmesi) yer almaktadır. GDM'lilerin uyguladıkları beslenme modeli ile fetüsün büyümesi desteklenir, açlık ve postprandiyal glikoz (PPG) hedef sınırlarında tutulur, gebelik öncesi vücut ağırlığına göre uygun vücut ağırlığı artışı sağlanır ve fetüs ve anne için yeterli makro ve mikro besin öğeleri sağlanması hedeflenir. Serum glikoz dalgalanmaları ve hiperglisemi ataklarının tedavisi tıbbi beslenme tedavisi (MNT) ve egzersiz ile sağlanır. GDM’liler için beslenme modelleri arasında henüz net bir öneri bulunmamaktadır. Farklı ulusal kuruluşlar makro besin öğeleri için farklı önerilerde bulunmaktadır. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD) Akdeniz Diyeti (MedDiet) ve Hipertansiyonu Önleyici Diyet (DASH) beslenme modellerini tüm diyabetliler için sağlıklı beslenme modeli olarak önermektedir. Bu derlemede, GDM’li gebelere uygulanan farklı beslenme modellerinin GDM’liler üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diyabet
• gestasyonel diyabet
• tıbbi beslenme tedavisi
• beslenme modelleri

Kaynakça

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