Çocukların COVİD-19 Salgını Sırasında Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğuyla İlgili Belirti Derecesi: Türkiye'den Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 80 - 95, 30.04.2025

Fatma Kurudirek , Türkan Kadiroğlu , Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen , Zülbiye Demir Barbak

Öz

Bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde çocuklarda travma sonrası stres düzeylerini ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı ve ilişkisel olan bu araştırma, Ocak-Şubat 2021 tarihleri arasında çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini 8-13 yaş gruplarından seçilmiştir. Türkiye'de yaşayan çocukların Örneklem, ebeveynlerinin rızası veya kişisel isteği ile bu araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 8-13 yaş aralığındaki 854 katılımcıdan oluşmuştur. Verilerin toplanmasında “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Çocuk Travma Sonrası Stres Tepki İndeksi” kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Bağımsız Örneklemler t-testi, Mann Whitney U, ANOVA ve Kruskal-Wallis H testi yapıldı. Araştırmada etik ilkelere uyulmuştur. Çocuk katılımcıların %59,0'ı pandemi döneminde yeterince oyun oynayamadıklarını, %45,0'ı da zamanlarını okuyarak ve ders çalışarak geçirdiklerini belirtmiştir. Bunun dışında katılımcıların %81,7'si oyun oynadıklarını belirtmiştir. virüse yakalanmaktan korkuyordu. Son olarak katılımcıların %93,6'sı, COVID-19 salgını sırasında okuldan ve arkadaşlarından ayrılmaktan dolayı mutsuz olduklarını doğruladı. Çocuk Travma Sonrası Stres Tepki Endeksi'nden elde edilen ortalama puanlar 35,26±13,65 oldu. Çocukların %24,6'sının hafif, %38,9'unun orta, %30,4'ünün şiddetli, %6,1'inin ise çok şiddetli travmatik stres belirtileri gösterdiği belirlendi. Ayrıca Travma Sonrası Stres Tepkisi düzeyi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p<0,05). Bulgular, Türkiye'de yaşayan 8-13 yaş arası çocukların çoğunun, COVID-19 salgını sırasında travma sonrası stres belirtileri yaşadığını gösterdi. Bu bağlamda çalışma, çocukların COVİD-19 salgını nedeniyle ruhsal sağlık sorunları yaşayabileceği göz önünde bulundurularak hemşirelik uygulamalarının geliştirilmesini önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kovit -19 , çocuk , post travmatik stres , pandemi , semtomlar

The Children’s Degree of Symptom Related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study From Turkey

Öz

This study was conducted to determine post-traumatic stress levels in children and factors affecting them during the COVID-19 pandemic process.This descriptive and correlational research was conducted online between January and February 2021. The research population was picked from 8-13 age groups of children living in Turkey. The sample was out of 854 participants in 8-13 age intervals who voluntarily participate in this research by their parents’ consent or personal will. The data collection, “Personal Information Form” and “Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index” were used. Descriptive statistics, Independent Samples t-test, Mann Whitney U, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis H test were conducted. Ethics principles were followed in the research.Among the children participants, 59.0% reported that they could not play adequately during the pandemic,and 45.0% also mentioned that they spent their time reading and studying.Other than that, 81.7% of participants stated they were afraid of getting infected with the virus.Lastly, 93.6% of participants confirmed that they were unhappy for leaving the school and friends during the COVID-19 pandemic.The mean scores gathered from Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index were 35.26±13.65.It was detected that 24.6% of children indicated mild, 38.9% moderate, 30.4% severe, and 6.1% showed very severe traumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, Post-traumatic Stress Reaction level were statistically significant (p<0.05).The findings suggested that most children aged 8-13 living in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms. In this context, the study recommends that nursing practices should be developed considering that children may have mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

covid-19 , children , post-traumatic stress , pandemic , symptoms

Kaynakça

• Azpiazu Izaguirre, L., Fernández, A. R., & Palacios, E. G. (2021). Adolescent Life Satisfaction Explained by Social Support, Emotion Regulation, and Resilience. Front Psychol, 12, 694183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694183 Bakanlığı, T. C. S. (2020). COVID-19 Haftalık Durum Raporu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39229/0/covid-19-haftalik-durum-raporu--- 43pdf.pdf?_tag1=70F7CD89B8F7191D8FAD3ACF29EF550190C31B61 Bakanlığı, T. C. S. (2021). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus- tablosu.html#
• Bonsaksen, T., Ruffolo, M., Leung, J., Price, D., Thygesen, H., Schoultz, M., & Østertun Geirdal, A. (2021). Loneliness and Its Association With Social Media Use During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Social Media + Society, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211033821
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it:rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Cao, C., Wang, L., Fang, R., Liu, P., Bi, Y., Luo, S., Grace, E., & Olff, M. (2022). Anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms among high school students in china in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J Affect Disord, 296, 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.052
• Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
• Carrion, A. J., Ridley, A., Rasaki, A. A., Journee, B., & McCants, T. A. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on the academic performance and mental health of HBCU pharmacy students. Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 15(2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2023.02.017
• Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, Jing M, Goh Y, & Ngiam NJH. (2020). A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behav Immun, 88, 559-565.
• Dai, W., Chen, L., Lai, Z., Li, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, A. (2016). The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0891-9
• Ding, Y., Yan, H., & Guo, W. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Children With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr, 8, 431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00431
• Dutheil, F., Mondillon, L., & Navel, V. (2021). PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Psychol Med, 51(10), 1773-1774. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720001336
• Erden G, Kılıç EZ, Uslu RI, & Kerimoğlu E. (1999). The validity and reliability study of Turkish version of Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index. Journal of Child and Youth Health, 6, 143–149.
• Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, & Clemens V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 14, 1-11.
• Forte, G., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Casagrande, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic in the Italian Population: Validation of a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire and Prevalence of PTSD Symptomatology. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114151
• Geng, F., Li, S., Yang, Y., Zou, J., Tu, L., & Wang, J. (2021). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample of Chinese adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291, 368-374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.050
• González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Castellanos MÁ, Saiz J, López-Gómez A, & C., U. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 172-176
• Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
• Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2020). Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 100-106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069
• Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., . . . Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
• J., L. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7.
• Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the COVID-19 Epidemic. J Pediatr, 221, 264-266.e261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
• Küçükoğlu S, Yıldırım N, & Dursun OB. (2015). Posttraumatic stress symptoms seen in children within the 3‐month period after the Van earthquake in Turkey. International Journal of Nursing Practice 21(5), 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12305
• Küçükoğlu, S., Yıldırım, N., & Dursun, O. B. (2015). Posttraumatic stress symptoms seen in children within the 3-month period after the Van earthquake in Turkey. Int J Nurs Pract, 21(5), 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12305
• Leeb, R., Bitsko, R., Radhakrishnan, L., Martínez, P., Njai, R., & Holland, K. (2020). Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 1675-1680. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a3
• Li, X., Li, S., Xiang, M., Fang, Y., Qian, K., Xu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Z., & Wang, B. (2020). The prevalence and risk factors of PTSD symptoms among medical assistance workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychosom Res, 139, 110270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110270
• Li Y, Duan W, & Z., C. ( 2020). Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to COVID-19. Child Youth Serv Rev., 116, 105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235
• Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health. Psychiatr Q, 91(3), 841-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
• Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, & L., L. (2020). Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet. Child Adolesc. Health, 4(5), 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1.
• Mak, I. W., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G., Ho, S. C., & Chan, V. L. (2010). Risk factors for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 32(6), 590-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.07.007
• Marques de Miranda, D., da Silva Athanasio, B., Sena Oliveira, A. C., & Simoes, E. S. A. C. (2020). How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 51, 101845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845
• Marthoenis, M., Ilyas, A., Sofyan, H., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2019). Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake. Asian J Psychiatr, 43, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.030
• Martínez-González, N., Atienza, F. L., Tomás, I., Duda, J. L., & Balaguer, I. (2020). The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown on Athletes' Subjective Vitality: The Protective Role of Resilience and Autonomous Goal Motives. Front Psychol, 11, 612825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612825
• Moore, S. A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L. J., Mitra, R., O’Reilly, N., Spence, J. C., Vanderloo, L. M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
• Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S. J. (2020). The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 4(8), 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3
• Plexousakis, S. S., Kourkoutas, E., Giovazolias, T., Chatira, K., & Nikolopoulos, D. (2019). School Bullying and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: The Role of Parental Bonding. Front Public Health, 7, 75. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00075
• Posfay-Barbe, K. M., Wagner, N., Gauthey, M., Moussaoui, D., Loevy, N., Diana, A., & L'Huillier, A. G. (2020). COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics of Infection in Families. Pediatrics, 146(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1576
• Pynoos R, Frederidk C, & Nader K. (1987). Life threat and post‐traumatic stress in school‐ age children. Archives of general psychiatry, 44, 1057‐1063.
• Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
• Sabuncuoğlu O, Ebrinç S, & M., Ç. (2003). Depression, anxiety and behavior among adolescents in two affected areas after the Marmara Earthquake. Clinic Psychiatry, 6, 189– 197.
• Schwartz, R. M., Rasul, R., Gargano, L. M., Lieberman-Cribbin, W., Brackbill, R. M., & Taioli, E. (2019). Examining Associations Between Hurricane Sandy Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Community of Residence. J Trauma Stress, 32(5), 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22445
• Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, & G., J. (2020 ). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Res, 293, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429.
• Singh, S., Murad, M. H., Fumery, M., Dulai, P. S., & Sandborn, W. J. (2020). First- and Second-Line Pharmacotherapies for Patients With Moderate to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: An Updated Network Meta-Analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 18(10), 2179-2191.e2176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.01.008
• Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Jia, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, N., & Liu, W. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Affect Disord, 283, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.050
• Suresh, A., Shivanna, S. S., & Satyanarayana, P. T. (2022). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adolescent Girls Infected with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342221096491
• Tan, B. Y. Q., Chew, N. W. S., Lee, G. K. H., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Yeo, L. L. L., Zhang, K., Chin, H. K., Ahmad, A., Khan, F. A., Shanmugam, G. N., Chan, B. P. L., Sunny, S., Chandra, B., Ong, J. J. Y., Paliwal, P. R., Wong, L. Y. H., Sagayanathan, R., Chen, J. T., . . . Sharma, V. K. (2020). Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med, 173(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-1083
• Tang, Y. W., Schmitz, J. E., Persing, D. H., & Stratton, C. W. (2020). Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges. J Clin Microbiol, 58(6). https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00512-20
• Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, Mytton O, Bonell C, & Booy R. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid systematic review. Lancet Child Adolescent Health, 4(5), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X
• Wang, M., Zhao, Q., Hu, C., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Huang, S., Li, J., Huang, Y., Liang, Q., Guo, Z., Wang, L., Ma, L., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Zhu, C., Luo, W., Guo, C., Chen, C., Chen, Y., . . . Yang, Y. (2021). Prevalence of psychological disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic in China: A real world cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord, 281, 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.118
• WHO. (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19
• Yogman, M., Garner, A., Hutchinson, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2018). The Power of Play: A Pediatric Role in Enhancing Development in Young Children. Pediatrics, 142(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2058
• Yue J, Zang X, Le Y, & An Y. (2020). Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Current Psychology, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01191-4
• Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health. (2021). COVID-19 weekly status report - 43. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39229/0/covid-19-haftalik-durum-raporu---43pdf.pdf_tag1=70F7CD89B8F7191D8FAD3ACF29EF550190C31B61
• Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health. (2021). General coronavirus table. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html#