İç Savaş ve ‘Sürgün’: Sovyet Topraklarında İspanyollar

Öz

Karmaşık dinamikleriyle çok yönlü bir çatışma olan İspanya İç Savaşı, o zamandan beri bazı açılardan İspanya’daki düşünceyi şekillendirmiş ve bir zamanlar doruğa çıkan kutuplaşma çeşitli tonları ve biçimleriyle miras kalmıştır. İç Savaş’tan ve sonrasındaki Franco rejiminden kaçan İspanyolların zorunlu göçü, Cumhuriyet rejiminin meşru otoritesini destekleyen insanların toplumsal hafızasını besleyen önemli bir faktör olmuştur. Anavatandan uzakta bedeller ödeyerek hayatta kalmak genel anlamda sürgünlerin sınırlarını aşmakla birlikte, birçoğu davaya bağlı kalarak mücadelelerini yabancı bir ülkede sürdürmeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda Sovyetler Birliği, bir ideolojik kutup olmasıyla ve II. Dünya Savaşı esnasında Franco’nun askerleri tarafından takviye edilen Alman Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nin işgaline mukavemet etmesiyle İspanyol göçmenlere ‘Faşizm ile savaşmak’ için uygun bir fırsat sunmuştur. Birçok tarihçinin, İspanya İç Savaşı’nın 1939 yılında sona ermediğine dair savını paylaşan bu çalışma, Sovyet topraklarındaki İspanyolların yaşamını ve karşılaşmalarını araştırmayı amaç edinmiştir. İspanya İç Savaşı günlerinden başlayarak II. Dünya Savaşı’nın bitimine kadar Sovyetler Birliği’ne gelen ‘Savaş Çocukları’, siyasi göçmenler, Franco’nun askerleri ve diğer bireyler gibi İspanyol vatandaşlarının farklı kesimleri bu çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Özellikle İspanyol dilindeki literatür, Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki İspanyolların zorluklar ve yoksunluklar içinde yaşadıklarını, ayrıca İspanya İç Savaşı'nın düşman taraflarının bazı karşılaşmalarının da gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İspanya İç Savaşı
• İspanyollar
• Göç
• Sovyetler Birliği
• İkinci Dünya Savaşı

Civil War and Exile: Spaniards in Soviet Land

Öz

Spanish Civil War, a multifaceted conflict with complex dynamics has, in some aspects, shaped the thinking in Spain ever since and the deep polarization once peaked, was inherited in varying tones and forms. The forced emigration of the Spaniards, fleeing the Civil War and the Franco regime afterwards became a critical factor which has fed the collective memory of the people who advocated the legal authority of the Republican regime. Although surviving away from homeland by paying prices was beyond the limits of the exiles in general sense, many of them, abiding by the cause, opted for pursuing their struggle in a foreign country. Being an ideological pole and resisting the invasion of German Armed Forces, reinforced by Franco’s soldiers during the Second World War, Soviet Union in this context offered the Spanish immigrants an appropriate opportunity to fight against the Fascism. This paper which shares the general argument of many historians that the Spanish Civil War did not come to an end in 1939, aimes to research the lives and the encounters of Spaniards in the Soviet land. Different segments of Spanish citizens, such as ‘children of war’, political immigrants, Franco’s soldiers and other individuals who had come to Soviet Union beginning from the Civil War days till the end of the WWII were included in the scope of this paper. The literature especially in Spanish language suggests that the Spaniards in the Soviet Union had lived in hardships and deprivation while some encounters of the hostile parties of the Spanish Civil War took place as well.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Spanish Civil War
• Spaniards
• migration
• Soviet Union
• World War II

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