Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye'de Kadınların Yakın Partner Şiddetine Yönelik Tutumları: Boş Zaman Faaliyetleri, Dindarlık ve Ataerkilliğin Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 111 - 127, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1189271

Öz

Kadınlara yönelik yakın partner şiddeti, dünya çapında önemli bir sosyal ve sağlık sorunudur ve bu şiddet türüne yönelik tutumlar bu konuyla ilgili olan önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sosyal faaliyetlere katılım, dindarlık ve ataerkil ideoloji gibi faktörlerin kadına yönelik aile içi şiddete yönelik tutumlar üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu faktörlerle ilgili literatüre dayalı olarak, 8847 kadından oluşan bir örneklemi içeren 2013-Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması kullanılmıştır ve bu ankete dayanarak test edilmek üzere üç hipotez geliştirilmiştir. Bir dizi lojistik regresyon modelinden elde edilen bulgular, boş zaman etkinliklerine katılımın kadına yönelik şiddetin kabulünü azalttığını göstermektedir. Tam tersine, kişisel dindarlığın ve kadınların ataerkil inançlarının artması, kadınlar arasında kadına yönelik şiddetin meşruiyetini artırmaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak, sosyo-demografik özelliklerden eğitim ve hane halkı zenginliği, kadına yönelik şiddetin onaylanmasını engelleyen önemli faktörler olarak görünmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları Türkiye'nin sosyal ve kültürel zemini bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adamczyk, A., & Pitt, C. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38(2), 338–351.
  • Ahmad, F., Riaz, S., Barata, P., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Patriarchal beliefs and perceptions of abuse among South Asian immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 10(3), 262–282.
  • Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. (2011). Islam and patriarchy: How robust is Muslim support for patriarchal values? International Review of Sociology, 21(2), 249-275.
  • Anaba, E. A., Manu, A., Ogum-Alangea, D., Modey, E. J., Addo-Lartey, A., & Torpey, K. (2021). Young people’s attitudes towards wife-beating: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey 2014. PLoS ONE, 16(2), 1–15.
  • Andersson, N., Cockcroft, A., Ansari, U., Omer, K., Ansari, N. M., Khan, A., & Chaudhry, U. (2010). Barriers to disclosing and reporting violence among women in Pakistan: findings from a national household survey and focus group discussions. Journal of interpersonal violence, 25(11), 1965–1985.
  • Bucheli, M. and Rossi, M. (2017). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in Latin America. GLO Discussion Paper Series, 107, Global Labor Organization.
  • Bygren, L. O., Konlaan, B. B., & Johansson, S. E. (1996). Attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, and making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival: Swedish interview survey of living conditions. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 313(7072), 1577–1580.
  • Caldwell, L. L. (2005). Leisure and health: Why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 33(1), 7–26.
  • Chon, D. S. (2021). Muslims, religiosity, and attitudes toward wife beating: Analysis of the world values survey. International Criminology, 1(2), 150-164.
  • Alan Dikmen, H., & Ilknur Munevver, G. (2020). The relationship between domestic violence and the attitudes of women towards honor, gender roles, and wife-beating in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(5), 421–426.
  • Demiray, E. (2015). Problems in women’s education in Turkey implementations and suggested solutions. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 6(1), 1-12.
  • Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
  • Ellison, C. G., Bartkowski, J. P., & Anderson, K. L. (1999). Are there religious variations in domestic violence? Journal of Family Issues, 20(1), 87–113.
  • Ercan, N. (2009). The predictors of attitudes toward physical wife abuse: Ambivalent sexism, system justification and religious orientation (Doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Fish, M.S., 2002. Islam and authoritarianism. World Politics, 55, 437. Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: A Review Journal, 10, 125–142.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, T. S. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512.
  • Glick, P., Sakalli-Ugurlu, N., Ferreira, M. C., & Souza, M. A. de. (2002). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward wife abuse in Turkey and Brazil. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 292–297.
  • Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. (2014). 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, T.R. Ministry of Development and TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (1998). Beliefs about wife beating among Palestinian women: The influence of their patriarchal ideology. Violence Against Woman, 4(5), 533–558.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (2003). Beliefs about wife beating among Arab men from Israel: The influence of their patriarchal ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 193–206.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M., & Uysal, A. (2011). Toward an integrative theoretical framework for explaining beliefs about wife beating: A study among students of nursing from Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1401–1431.
  • Hayes, B. E., & Boyd, K. A. (2017). Influence of individual- and national-level factors on attitudes toward intimate partner violence. Sociological Perspectives, 60(4), 685–701.
  • Hortacsu , N. , Kalaycioglu , S. , & Rittersberger-Tilic , H . (2003). Intrafamily aggression in Turkey: Frequency, instigation, and acceptance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 163-184.
  • Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers of stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 169-187.
  • Jankowski, P. J., Johnson, A. J., Holtz Damron, J. E., & Smischney, T. (2011). Religiosity, intolerant attitudes, and domestic violence myth acceptance. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21(3), 163–182.
  • Joshi, M., & Childress, S. (2017). A national survey of attitudes toward intimate partner violence among married women in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan: Implications for health and prevention intervention. Social Work in Health Care, 56, 294–319
  • Jung, J. H., & Olson, D. V. A. (2017). Where does religion matter most? Personal religiosity and the acceptability of wife-beating in cross-national perspective. Sociological Inquiry, 87(4), 608-633.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with patriarchy. Gender & Society, 2(3), 274–290.
  • Khan, M. N., & Islam, M. M. (2018). Women's attitude towards wife-beating and its relationship with reproductive healthcare seeking behavior: A countrywide population survey in Bangladesh. PloS one, 13(6), e0198833.
  • King, S. M. (2000). Toward a new administrative ethic: An understanding and application of the Judeo-Christian tradition to administrative issues. Public Integrity, 2(1), 17-28.
  • Koch, J. R. and Ramirez, I. L. (2010). Religiosity, Christian Fundamentalism, and intimate partner violence among U.S. college students. Review of Religious Research, 51(4), 402-410.
  • La Ferle, C. & Muralidharan, S. (2019). Religion in domestic violence prevention PSAs: The role of religiosity in motivating Christian bystanders to intervene. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 58(4), 874-890.
  • Leonardsson, M., & San Sebastian, M. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of help-seeking for women exposed to spousal violence in India - a cross-sectional study. BMC women's health, 17(1), 99.
  • Malka, M., Haj-Yahia, M. M., Sokar, S., & Hassan-Abbas, N. (2022). Beliefs of social work students in Israel about wife-beating: Are they influenced by their patriarchal ideology and exposure to violence in their families-of-origin? Victims & Offenders, 17(2), 258-283.
  • Mannell, R. C. (1999). Leisure experience and satisfaction. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies. Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 235–251). Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
  • Marshall, G. A., & Furr, L. A. (2010). Factors that affect women’s attitudes toward domestic violence in Turkey. Violence and Victims, 25(2), 265–277.
  • Merelas-Iglesias, T., & Sanchez-Bello, A. (2019). Benefits of leisure in overcoming gender violence experiences: A case study. Leisure Studies, 38(1), 15–27.
  • Morse, K. M., Fine, P. A., and Friedlander, P. J. (2021). Creativity and leisure during COVID-19: Examining the relationship between leisure activities, motivations, and psychological well-being. Frontiers Psychology, 12, 609967.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2012). Gender equality in Turkey. European Parliament. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Palmén, R., Francoli, N., Genova, A., Goksel, A., Sales, L., Sansonetti, S., Tozlu, C., Gungor, D., and Ozturk, A. (2016). WAVE: Violence against women comparative report: Italy, Spain and Turkey.
  • Powell, A. and Webster K. (2016). Cultures of gendered violence: An integrative review of measures of attitudinal support for violence against women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 40-57.
  • Renzetti, C. M., DeWall, C. N., Messer, A., & Pond, R. (2017). By the grace of God: Religiosity, religious self-regulation, and perpetration of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Issues, 38(14), 1974–1997.
  • Ryu, J. & Heo, J. (2018). Relationships between leisure activity types and well-being in older adults. Leisure Studies, 37(3), 331-342.
  • Sarkar N. (2008). The impact of intimate partner violence on women’s reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28(3), 266–71.
  • Schuster, I., Gul, P., Eisner, M., & Ghuneim, L. (2021). Attitudes toward wife beating among female and male adolescents in Jordan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24).
  • Sakallı, N. (2001). Beliefs about wife beating among Turkish college students: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and sex differences. Sex Roles, 44, 599–610.
  • Seguino, S. (2011). Help or hindrance? Religion’s impact on gender inequality in attitudes and outcomes. World Development, 29(8), 1308-1321.
  • Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 363–394.
  • Strauss, A.L., Gelles, R.J. (1986) Societal change and change in family violence rates from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465–79.
  • Tonsing, J. C., & Tonsing, K. N. (2019). Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 62(1), 161–171.
  • UN. (2021). Leisure-time activities WPAY. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/leisure-time-activities-wpay.html
  • Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (2008). Gender, culture, and men’s intimate partner violence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 652-667.
  • Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies in family violence (pp. 28-51). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Yick, A. G. (2008). A metasynthesis of qualitative findings on the role of spirituality and religiosity among culturally diverse domestic violence survivors. Qualitative Health Research, 18(9), 1289-1306.
  • Yoon, H., Lee, W. S., Kim, K. B., & Moon, J. (2020). Effects of leisure participation on life satisfaction in older Korean adults: A panel analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4402.
  • Warren, P. (2015). The relationship between religiousness and intimate partner violence risk and protective factors. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3635
  • Wang, L. (2016). Factors influencing attitude toward intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 72–78. Worldometer. (2022). Turkey population. Retrieved at https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/turkey-population/
  • Worldbank. 2022. Rural population (% of total population) – Turkey. Retrieved at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum. (2021). Global gender gap report 2021. Retrieved at https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf

Women’s Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Turkey: The Role of Leisure Activities, Religiosity, and Patriarchy

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 111 - 127, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1189271

Öz

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is an essential social and health problem worldwide and attitudes toward IPV are one of the important factors related to this issue. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of factors including social activities involvement, religiosity, and patriarchal ideology on attitudes toward IPV. Based on literature related to these factors three hypotheses were developed to test by the 2013-Turkey Demographic and Health Survey which includes a sample of 8847 women. Findings from a number of logistic regression models demonstrate that participation in leisure activities decreases the acceptance of IPV. On the contrary, an increase in personal religiosity and women’s patriarchal beliefs enhances the justification of IPV among women. Among social-demographic characteristics, education and household wealth seem to be important factors preventing the approval of IPV. The findings of the study are discussed in the context of the social and cultural background of Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Adamczyk, A., & Pitt, C. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38(2), 338–351.
  • Ahmad, F., Riaz, S., Barata, P., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Patriarchal beliefs and perceptions of abuse among South Asian immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 10(3), 262–282.
  • Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. (2011). Islam and patriarchy: How robust is Muslim support for patriarchal values? International Review of Sociology, 21(2), 249-275.
  • Anaba, E. A., Manu, A., Ogum-Alangea, D., Modey, E. J., Addo-Lartey, A., & Torpey, K. (2021). Young people’s attitudes towards wife-beating: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey 2014. PLoS ONE, 16(2), 1–15.
  • Andersson, N., Cockcroft, A., Ansari, U., Omer, K., Ansari, N. M., Khan, A., & Chaudhry, U. (2010). Barriers to disclosing and reporting violence among women in Pakistan: findings from a national household survey and focus group discussions. Journal of interpersonal violence, 25(11), 1965–1985.
  • Bucheli, M. and Rossi, M. (2017). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in Latin America. GLO Discussion Paper Series, 107, Global Labor Organization.
  • Bygren, L. O., Konlaan, B. B., & Johansson, S. E. (1996). Attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, and making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival: Swedish interview survey of living conditions. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 313(7072), 1577–1580.
  • Caldwell, L. L. (2005). Leisure and health: Why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 33(1), 7–26.
  • Chon, D. S. (2021). Muslims, religiosity, and attitudes toward wife beating: Analysis of the world values survey. International Criminology, 1(2), 150-164.
  • Alan Dikmen, H., & Ilknur Munevver, G. (2020). The relationship between domestic violence and the attitudes of women towards honor, gender roles, and wife-beating in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(5), 421–426.
  • Demiray, E. (2015). Problems in women’s education in Turkey implementations and suggested solutions. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 6(1), 1-12.
  • Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
  • Ellison, C. G., Bartkowski, J. P., & Anderson, K. L. (1999). Are there religious variations in domestic violence? Journal of Family Issues, 20(1), 87–113.
  • Ercan, N. (2009). The predictors of attitudes toward physical wife abuse: Ambivalent sexism, system justification and religious orientation (Doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Fish, M.S., 2002. Islam and authoritarianism. World Politics, 55, 437. Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: A Review Journal, 10, 125–142.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, T. S. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512.
  • Glick, P., Sakalli-Ugurlu, N., Ferreira, M. C., & Souza, M. A. de. (2002). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward wife abuse in Turkey and Brazil. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 292–297.
  • Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. (2014). 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, T.R. Ministry of Development and TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (1998). Beliefs about wife beating among Palestinian women: The influence of their patriarchal ideology. Violence Against Woman, 4(5), 533–558.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (2003). Beliefs about wife beating among Arab men from Israel: The influence of their patriarchal ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 193–206.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M., & Uysal, A. (2011). Toward an integrative theoretical framework for explaining beliefs about wife beating: A study among students of nursing from Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1401–1431.
  • Hayes, B. E., & Boyd, K. A. (2017). Influence of individual- and national-level factors on attitudes toward intimate partner violence. Sociological Perspectives, 60(4), 685–701.
  • Hortacsu , N. , Kalaycioglu , S. , & Rittersberger-Tilic , H . (2003). Intrafamily aggression in Turkey: Frequency, instigation, and acceptance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 163-184.
  • Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers of stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 169-187.
  • Jankowski, P. J., Johnson, A. J., Holtz Damron, J. E., & Smischney, T. (2011). Religiosity, intolerant attitudes, and domestic violence myth acceptance. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21(3), 163–182.
  • Joshi, M., & Childress, S. (2017). A national survey of attitudes toward intimate partner violence among married women in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan: Implications for health and prevention intervention. Social Work in Health Care, 56, 294–319
  • Jung, J. H., & Olson, D. V. A. (2017). Where does religion matter most? Personal religiosity and the acceptability of wife-beating in cross-national perspective. Sociological Inquiry, 87(4), 608-633.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with patriarchy. Gender & Society, 2(3), 274–290.
  • Khan, M. N., & Islam, M. M. (2018). Women's attitude towards wife-beating and its relationship with reproductive healthcare seeking behavior: A countrywide population survey in Bangladesh. PloS one, 13(6), e0198833.
  • King, S. M. (2000). Toward a new administrative ethic: An understanding and application of the Judeo-Christian tradition to administrative issues. Public Integrity, 2(1), 17-28.
  • Koch, J. R. and Ramirez, I. L. (2010). Religiosity, Christian Fundamentalism, and intimate partner violence among U.S. college students. Review of Religious Research, 51(4), 402-410.
  • La Ferle, C. & Muralidharan, S. (2019). Religion in domestic violence prevention PSAs: The role of religiosity in motivating Christian bystanders to intervene. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 58(4), 874-890.
  • Leonardsson, M., & San Sebastian, M. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of help-seeking for women exposed to spousal violence in India - a cross-sectional study. BMC women's health, 17(1), 99.
  • Malka, M., Haj-Yahia, M. M., Sokar, S., & Hassan-Abbas, N. (2022). Beliefs of social work students in Israel about wife-beating: Are they influenced by their patriarchal ideology and exposure to violence in their families-of-origin? Victims & Offenders, 17(2), 258-283.
  • Mannell, R. C. (1999). Leisure experience and satisfaction. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies. Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 235–251). Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
  • Marshall, G. A., & Furr, L. A. (2010). Factors that affect women’s attitudes toward domestic violence in Turkey. Violence and Victims, 25(2), 265–277.
  • Merelas-Iglesias, T., & Sanchez-Bello, A. (2019). Benefits of leisure in overcoming gender violence experiences: A case study. Leisure Studies, 38(1), 15–27.
  • Morse, K. M., Fine, P. A., and Friedlander, P. J. (2021). Creativity and leisure during COVID-19: Examining the relationship between leisure activities, motivations, and psychological well-being. Frontiers Psychology, 12, 609967.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2012). Gender equality in Turkey. European Parliament. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Palmén, R., Francoli, N., Genova, A., Goksel, A., Sales, L., Sansonetti, S., Tozlu, C., Gungor, D., and Ozturk, A. (2016). WAVE: Violence against women comparative report: Italy, Spain and Turkey.
  • Powell, A. and Webster K. (2016). Cultures of gendered violence: An integrative review of measures of attitudinal support for violence against women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 40-57.
  • Renzetti, C. M., DeWall, C. N., Messer, A., & Pond, R. (2017). By the grace of God: Religiosity, religious self-regulation, and perpetration of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Issues, 38(14), 1974–1997.
  • Ryu, J. & Heo, J. (2018). Relationships between leisure activity types and well-being in older adults. Leisure Studies, 37(3), 331-342.
  • Sarkar N. (2008). The impact of intimate partner violence on women’s reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28(3), 266–71.
  • Schuster, I., Gul, P., Eisner, M., & Ghuneim, L. (2021). Attitudes toward wife beating among female and male adolescents in Jordan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24).
  • Sakallı, N. (2001). Beliefs about wife beating among Turkish college students: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and sex differences. Sex Roles, 44, 599–610.
  • Seguino, S. (2011). Help or hindrance? Religion’s impact on gender inequality in attitudes and outcomes. World Development, 29(8), 1308-1321.
  • Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 363–394.
  • Strauss, A.L., Gelles, R.J. (1986) Societal change and change in family violence rates from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465–79.
  • Tonsing, J. C., & Tonsing, K. N. (2019). Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 62(1), 161–171.
  • UN. (2021). Leisure-time activities WPAY. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/leisure-time-activities-wpay.html
  • Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (2008). Gender, culture, and men’s intimate partner violence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 652-667.
  • Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies in family violence (pp. 28-51). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Yick, A. G. (2008). A metasynthesis of qualitative findings on the role of spirituality and religiosity among culturally diverse domestic violence survivors. Qualitative Health Research, 18(9), 1289-1306.
  • Yoon, H., Lee, W. S., Kim, K. B., & Moon, J. (2020). Effects of leisure participation on life satisfaction in older Korean adults: A panel analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4402.
  • Warren, P. (2015). The relationship between religiousness and intimate partner violence risk and protective factors. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3635
  • Wang, L. (2016). Factors influencing attitude toward intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 72–78. Worldometer. (2022). Turkey population. Retrieved at https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/turkey-population/
  • Worldbank. 2022. Rural population (% of total population) – Turkey. Retrieved at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=TR
  • World Economic Forum. (2021). Global gender gap report 2021. Retrieved at https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Fidan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Fidan, A. (2023). Women’s Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Turkey: The Role of Leisure Activities, Religiosity, and Patriarchy. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1189271