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Degeneration of Character, Aesthetics of Origin, and Augmented Absence in Posthuman Cinema

Yıl 2024, , 135 - 157, 08.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/Filmvisio.2024.0006

Öz

This article attempts to perform a sociological, anthropological, and especially philosophical analysis, critique, and constructive aesthetics of the artificial intelligence-assisted performer/character that has emerged in the cinematic universe of the post-human age or post-anthropocene, often referred to as posthumanism. Computers, which have evolved from merely assisting humans to becoming ‘social performers,’ are recontextualized in this article as ‘cinematic performers’ thanks to their artificial intelligence, and are evaluated solely based on their structural presence. The concept of the performer is used as a conceptual measure against the inequality effect of the masculine and gendered use of the term ‘actor’ in cinema. Since the transition from conceptualizing Computers as Social Actors/ Performers (CASA) to conceptualizing Computers as Cinematic Actors/Performers (CACA) cannot be limited to the McDonaldization approach—which includes the technomaly of an artificial intelligence that completely replaces humans—, the post-McDonaldization approach, which finds the integration of human-artificial intelligence more plausible, will prevail. This integrated hybridization results in a new mode of existence characterized as ‘augmentedness,’ an ‘excess,’ ‘expansion,’ and ‘quantitative concentration’ observable in all codes of reality, human and cinematic narrative. This intriguing entity allows us to discuss the problem of degeneration, the trans-aesthetics of origin that becomes inevitable with the marginalization of the aesthetics of origin, and the absolute absence and omnipresence of absence behind the claim of augmented or extreme phenomena to represent everything. What does cinema mean as the product of a character created as codes (computer code) in a trans-image form that transcends characters created as modus in the form of an image? Discussing this question is more than reducing the future of cinema to the present. Understanding the new performative identity of the character will help generate points of critical resistance to be added to the linear of expectations and hopes.

Kaynakça

  • Arielli, E. & Manovich, L. (2022). AI-Aesthetics and antropocentric myth of creativity. http://manovich.net/index. php/projects/ai-aesthetics-and-the-anthropocentric-myth-of-creativity google scholar
  • Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual thinking. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Arnheim, R. (1980). A plea for visual thinking. Critical Inquiry, 6(3), 489-497. google scholar
  • Auge, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an antrophology of supermodernity (J. Howe, Trans.). Verso. google scholar
  • Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words (Vol. 88). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Baker, U. (1988). Homo homunculus: Kendi kendini yaratamayan insan. Sistem Dergisi, 2, 78-84. google scholar
  • Bal, M. (2012). Çalışan personelin kurumsal imaj oluşumuna etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 219. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (1991). The responsibility of forms: Critical essays on music, art, and representation. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (1999). Rhetoric of the Image. Visual culture: The reader, 33-40. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (2000). The photographic message. In R. T. Craig, & H. L. Muller (Eds.), Theorizing communication: Readings across traditions (pp. 191-199). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (2012). From Camera Lucida. In Theatre and Performance Design (pp. 43-50). Routledge. google scholar
  • Barthes, R., & Duisit, L. (1975). An introduction to the structural analysis of narrative. New literary history, 6(2), 237-272. google scholar
  • Barthes, R., & Howard, R. (1968). The reality effect. In D. J. Hale (Ed.), The novel: an anthology of criticism and theory, 1900-2000 (pp. 229-234). Blackwell Publishing. google scholar
  • Baudrillard, J. (2009). The transparency of evil: Essays on extreme phenomena (J. Benedict, Trans.). Verso. google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid modernity. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Strangers at our door. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Boell, S. K., & Cecez-Kecmanovic, D. (2014). A hermeneutic approach for conducting literature reviews and literature searches. Communications of the Association for information Systems, 34(1), 12. google scholar
  • Brunon, J. (1971). Group dynamics and visual thinking. Journal of Architectural Education, 26(3), 53-55. google scholar
  • Burnett, R. (2005). How images think. MIT Press. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2005). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia (12th Ed.) (B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2011). Kafka: Minör edebiyat için (Ö. Uçtan & I. Ergüden, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Esslin, M. (1987). The field of drama: How the signs of drama create meaning on stage or screen. A&C Black. google scholar
  • Gadamer, H. G. (1977). Philosophical hermeneutics. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Ha, D., & Tang, Y. (2022). Collective intelligence for deep learning: A survey of recent developments. Collective Intelligence, 1(1), 26339137221114874. google scholar
  • Habermas, J. (2019). İletişimsel eylem kuramı. Mustafa Tüzel (Çev.). Alfa Yayınları. google scholar
  • Hall, S. (2017). Temsil: Kültürel temsiller ve anlamlandırma uygulamaları (İ. Dündar, Çev.). Pinhan Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Husserl, E., & Moran, D. (2012). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology. Routledge. google scholar
  • Kearney, R. (2005). Strangers, gods and monsters: Interpreting otherness. Routledge. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., & Kömür, G. (2022). Yapay zekâ konuşabilir mi? Maduniyet sorunsalı çerçevesinde Sosyal Aktörler Olarak Bilgisayarlar söylemi. M. Gökhan Genel (Ed.). Yeni Medya Araştırmaları-II (s. 35-58). Berikan Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., & Kömür, G. (2023). Metasız meta-: Metaverse yaşam dünyasının eleştirel ekonomi-politiği. Literatürk Akademia. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., Uzun, İ., & Birlik, İ. (2023). Imago ex machina: İletişimden sanata görüntünün araçsallaşması üzerine notlar. Literatürk Academia. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. MIT Press. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2008). Introduction to info-aesthetics. Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity (pp. 333-345). google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2009). Cultural analytic: Visualizing cultural patterns in the era of “more media”. Manovich. http:// manovich.net/index.php/projects/cultural-analytics-visualizing-cultural-patterns. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2011). Trending: The promises and the challenges of big social data. Debates in the Digital Humanities, 2(1), 460-475. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2015). Data science and digital art history. International Journal for Digital Art History, 1, 11-35. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2016). The science of culture? Social computing, digital humanities and cultural analytics. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.22148/16.004 google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2017a). Cultural data. In O. Grau (Ed.), Museum and archive on the move changing cultural institutions in the digital era (pp. 259-276). De Gruyter. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2017b). Automating aesthetics: Artificial intelligence and image culture. Flash Art International, 316, 1-10. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2018). AI aesthetics. Strelka Press. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2019). Defining AI arts: Three proposals. AI and dialog of cultures exhibition catalog. Hermitage Museum. google scholar
  • Manovich, L., & Arielli, E. (2021). Artificial aesthetics: A critical guide to AI. Media and Design. google scholar
  • Mulgan, G. (2018). Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence: the emergence of a new field. AI & Society, 33(4), 631-632. google scholar
  • Peeters, M. M., van Diggelen, J., Van Den Bosch, K., Bronkhorst, A., Neerincx, M. A., Schraagen, J. M., & Raaijmakers, S. (2021). Hybrid collective intelligence in a human-AI society. AI &Society, 36, 217-238. google scholar
  • Ricoeur, P. (1978). History and hermeneutics. In Philosophy of History and Action: Papers Presented at the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter December 1974 (pp. 3-20). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. google scholar
  • Ricoeur, P. (1981). Hermeneutics and the human sciences: Essays on language, action and interpretation. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Ritzer, G. (2013). The McDonaldization of society. SAGE Publications. google scholar
  • Smite, R., Smits, R., & Manovich, L. (Eds.). (2015). Data Drift: Archiving Media and Data Art in the 21st Century. RIXC, The Centre for New Media Culture. google scholar
  • Taylor, C. (2011). Modernliğin sıkıntıları (U. Canbilen, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Toriumi, F., Osawa, H., Inaba, M., Katagami, D., Shinoda, K., & Matsubara, H. (2017). AI wolf contest—development of game AI using collective intelligence—. In Computer Games: 5th Workshop on Computer Games, CGW 2016, and 5th Workshop on General Intelligence in Game-Playing Agents, GIGA 2016, Held in Conjunction with the 25th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2016, New York, USA, July 9-10, 2016, Revised Selected Papers 5 (pp. 101-115). Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Verhulst, S. G. (2018). Where and when AI and CI meet: exploring the intersection of artificial and collective intelligence towards the goal of innovating how we govern. AI & Society, 33, 293-297. google scholar
  • Weld, D. S., Lin, C. H., & Bragg, J. (2015). Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence. In T. W. Malone & M. S. Bernstein (Eds.), Handbook of collective intelligence (pp. 89-114). MIT Press. google scholar
  • Worringer, W. (1997). Abtraction and emphat (M. Bullock, Trans.). Elephant Paperbacks. google scholar
  • Zizek, S. (2010). Living in the end times. Verso. google scholar
  • Zizek, S. (2012). Organs without bodies: On Deleuze and consequences. Routledge. google scholar

İnsan-Sonrası Sinemada Karakterin Soysuzlaşması, Köken Estetiği ve Artırılmış-Yokluk

Yıl 2024, , 135 - 157, 08.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/Filmvisio.2024.0006

Öz

Bu makale, post-hümanizm olarak da duymaya alışık olduğumuz insan-sonrası çağın ya da ‘post-antroposen’in sinema evreninde peyda olan yapay zekâ-destekli eyleyicinin/karakterin sosyolojik, antropolojik ve bilhassa felsefi bir tahlilini/ eleştirisini becerebilme denemesidir. Bu sosyal bilimsel ve felsefi tahlilin genel çerçevesini hermenötik bir yaklaşımla ifade etmek mümkündür. İnsana basitçe yardımcı olan enstrümantal bir konumdan ‘sosyal eyleyici’ konumuna yükselen bilgisayarlar, yapay zekâları sayesinde bu makale içinde ‘sinematik eyleyici’ olarak yeniden düşünülmek üzere bağlamından koparılır ve yalnızca yapısal varlığı ile sınanır. Eyleyici kavramı, ‘aktör’ kavramının sinema bağlamındaki eril ve toplumsal cinsiyetçi kullanımının eşitsizlik etkisine karşı bir kavramsal tedbir olarak kullanılmıştır. Sosyal Eyleyiciler Olarak Bilgisayarlar (CASA) kavramsalından Sinematik Eyleyiciler Olarak Bilgisayarlar (CACA) kavramsalına geçiş, elbette insanla tamamıyla yer değiştirmiş bir yapay zekânın teknomalisini (‘teknolojik anomali’ anlamındaki kavramsallaştırma denemesi) içeren McDonaldlaşma yaklaşımıyla sınırlanamayacağı için insan-yapay zekâ tümleşmesini daha makul bulan postMcDonaldlaşma yaklaşımı geçerli olacaktır. Çünkü öyle bir tümleşik melezleşme söz konusudur ki, ‘artırılmışlık’ olarak karakterize edilen yeni varoluş biçimi, gerçekliğin, insanın ve sinematik anlatının tüm kodlarında bir ‘aşırılaşma’, ‘genleşme’ ve ‘nicel yoğunlaşma’ gözlemlenebilir. Bu ilginç mahlukat, yalnızca ekranda söz konusu olan varlığının gerçekleşmediği tüm alanlardaki kökensizlik ve yokluk durumu nedeniyle bir soysuzlaşma sorununu, köken estetiğinin marjinalleşmesiyle birlikte kaçınılmazlaşan köken trans-estetiğini ve artırılmış ya da aşırı fenomenlerin her şeyi temsil etme iddiasının ardındaki mutlak yokluğu ve yokluğun her yerdeleşmesini tartışmak için bize koz verir. Sinema, artık bir imge biçimindeki ‘modus’ olarak yaratılan karakterlerin de ötesine geçerek imge-ötesi biçimdeki ‘codus’ (bilgisayar kodu) olarak yaratılan karakterin mahsulü olarak hangi anlamı ifade eder? Bu soruyu tartışmak, sinemanın geleceğini bugüne indirgemekten fazlasıdır. Çünkü karakterin yeni performatif kimliğini anlamak, beklentiler ve umutlar doğrusalına eklenecek eleştirel direnç noktalarını imal etmeye yardımcı olacaktır. Doğal olarak bu makalenin amacı, insan-sonrası sinemanın karakter ontolojisini köken estetiği ve kimlik ilişkisinde yeniden düşünerek ‘artırılmışlığın’ neden olduğu dejenerasyonun argümantasyonunu yapmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Arielli, E. & Manovich, L. (2022). AI-Aesthetics and antropocentric myth of creativity. http://manovich.net/index. php/projects/ai-aesthetics-and-the-anthropocentric-myth-of-creativity google scholar
  • Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual thinking. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Arnheim, R. (1980). A plea for visual thinking. Critical Inquiry, 6(3), 489-497. google scholar
  • Auge, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an antrophology of supermodernity (J. Howe, Trans.). Verso. google scholar
  • Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words (Vol. 88). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Baker, U. (1988). Homo homunculus: Kendi kendini yaratamayan insan. Sistem Dergisi, 2, 78-84. google scholar
  • Bal, M. (2012). Çalışan personelin kurumsal imaj oluşumuna etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 219. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (1991). The responsibility of forms: Critical essays on music, art, and representation. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (1999). Rhetoric of the Image. Visual culture: The reader, 33-40. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (2000). The photographic message. In R. T. Craig, & H. L. Muller (Eds.), Theorizing communication: Readings across traditions (pp. 191-199). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Barthes, R. (2012). From Camera Lucida. In Theatre and Performance Design (pp. 43-50). Routledge. google scholar
  • Barthes, R., & Duisit, L. (1975). An introduction to the structural analysis of narrative. New literary history, 6(2), 237-272. google scholar
  • Barthes, R., & Howard, R. (1968). The reality effect. In D. J. Hale (Ed.), The novel: an anthology of criticism and theory, 1900-2000 (pp. 229-234). Blackwell Publishing. google scholar
  • Baudrillard, J. (2009). The transparency of evil: Essays on extreme phenomena (J. Benedict, Trans.). Verso. google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid modernity. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Strangers at our door. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Boell, S. K., & Cecez-Kecmanovic, D. (2014). A hermeneutic approach for conducting literature reviews and literature searches. Communications of the Association for information Systems, 34(1), 12. google scholar
  • Brunon, J. (1971). Group dynamics and visual thinking. Journal of Architectural Education, 26(3), 53-55. google scholar
  • Burnett, R. (2005). How images think. MIT Press. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2005). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia (12th Ed.) (B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2011). Kafka: Minör edebiyat için (Ö. Uçtan & I. Ergüden, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Esslin, M. (1987). The field of drama: How the signs of drama create meaning on stage or screen. A&C Black. google scholar
  • Gadamer, H. G. (1977). Philosophical hermeneutics. University of California Press. google scholar
  • Ha, D., & Tang, Y. (2022). Collective intelligence for deep learning: A survey of recent developments. Collective Intelligence, 1(1), 26339137221114874. google scholar
  • Habermas, J. (2019). İletişimsel eylem kuramı. Mustafa Tüzel (Çev.). Alfa Yayınları. google scholar
  • Hall, S. (2017). Temsil: Kültürel temsiller ve anlamlandırma uygulamaları (İ. Dündar, Çev.). Pinhan Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Husserl, E., & Moran, D. (2012). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology. Routledge. google scholar
  • Kearney, R. (2005). Strangers, gods and monsters: Interpreting otherness. Routledge. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., & Kömür, G. (2022). Yapay zekâ konuşabilir mi? Maduniyet sorunsalı çerçevesinde Sosyal Aktörler Olarak Bilgisayarlar söylemi. M. Gökhan Genel (Ed.). Yeni Medya Araştırmaları-II (s. 35-58). Berikan Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., & Kömür, G. (2023). Metasız meta-: Metaverse yaşam dünyasının eleştirel ekonomi-politiği. Literatürk Akademia. google scholar
  • Keskin, S., Uzun, İ., & Birlik, İ. (2023). Imago ex machina: İletişimden sanata görüntünün araçsallaşması üzerine notlar. Literatürk Academia. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. MIT Press. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2008). Introduction to info-aesthetics. Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity (pp. 333-345). google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2009). Cultural analytic: Visualizing cultural patterns in the era of “more media”. Manovich. http:// manovich.net/index.php/projects/cultural-analytics-visualizing-cultural-patterns. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2011). Trending: The promises and the challenges of big social data. Debates in the Digital Humanities, 2(1), 460-475. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2015). Data science and digital art history. International Journal for Digital Art History, 1, 11-35. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2016). The science of culture? Social computing, digital humanities and cultural analytics. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.22148/16.004 google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2017a). Cultural data. In O. Grau (Ed.), Museum and archive on the move changing cultural institutions in the digital era (pp. 259-276). De Gruyter. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2017b). Automating aesthetics: Artificial intelligence and image culture. Flash Art International, 316, 1-10. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2018). AI aesthetics. Strelka Press. google scholar
  • Manovich, L. (2019). Defining AI arts: Three proposals. AI and dialog of cultures exhibition catalog. Hermitage Museum. google scholar
  • Manovich, L., & Arielli, E. (2021). Artificial aesthetics: A critical guide to AI. Media and Design. google scholar
  • Mulgan, G. (2018). Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence: the emergence of a new field. AI & Society, 33(4), 631-632. google scholar
  • Peeters, M. M., van Diggelen, J., Van Den Bosch, K., Bronkhorst, A., Neerincx, M. A., Schraagen, J. M., & Raaijmakers, S. (2021). Hybrid collective intelligence in a human-AI society. AI &Society, 36, 217-238. google scholar
  • Ricoeur, P. (1978). History and hermeneutics. In Philosophy of History and Action: Papers Presented at the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter December 1974 (pp. 3-20). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. google scholar
  • Ricoeur, P. (1981). Hermeneutics and the human sciences: Essays on language, action and interpretation. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Ritzer, G. (2013). The McDonaldization of society. SAGE Publications. google scholar
  • Smite, R., Smits, R., & Manovich, L. (Eds.). (2015). Data Drift: Archiving Media and Data Art in the 21st Century. RIXC, The Centre for New Media Culture. google scholar
  • Taylor, C. (2011). Modernliğin sıkıntıları (U. Canbilen, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Toriumi, F., Osawa, H., Inaba, M., Katagami, D., Shinoda, K., & Matsubara, H. (2017). AI wolf contest—development of game AI using collective intelligence—. In Computer Games: 5th Workshop on Computer Games, CGW 2016, and 5th Workshop on General Intelligence in Game-Playing Agents, GIGA 2016, Held in Conjunction with the 25th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2016, New York, USA, July 9-10, 2016, Revised Selected Papers 5 (pp. 101-115). Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Verhulst, S. G. (2018). Where and when AI and CI meet: exploring the intersection of artificial and collective intelligence towards the goal of innovating how we govern. AI & Society, 33, 293-297. google scholar
  • Weld, D. S., Lin, C. H., & Bragg, J. (2015). Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence. In T. W. Malone & M. S. Bernstein (Eds.), Handbook of collective intelligence (pp. 89-114). MIT Press. google scholar
  • Worringer, W. (1997). Abtraction and emphat (M. Bullock, Trans.). Elephant Paperbacks. google scholar
  • Zizek, S. (2010). Living in the end times. Verso. google scholar
  • Zizek, S. (2012). Organs without bodies: On Deleuze and consequences. Routledge. google scholar
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Savaş Keskin 0000-0003-0335-9062

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Keskin, S. (2024). İnsan-Sonrası Sinemada Karakterin Soysuzlaşması, Köken Estetiği ve Artırılmış-Yokluk. Filmvisio(3), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.26650/Filmvisio.2024.0006