Investigating the relationship between COVID-19 and total oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in individuals

Abstract

Free oxygen radicals are effective in the development and progression of viral infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress in individuals who have been diagnosed with COVID-19, a viral disease nowadays. The study was carried out between March 2021 and June 2021. Blood samples of 50 patients who applied to Medipol University Faculty of Medicine with suspected COVID-19 infection, whose clinical and molecular diagnoses were corrected and were taken for routine evaluations, were included in this study. In the healthy group, 50 serum samples taken before the COVID-19 pandemic were used. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were measured, and the data collected were then statistically compared. The TAS level in the COVID-19 group (1.470±0.269) was lower than the healthy group TAS level (1.491±0.286), but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The TOS level in COVID-19 group was 13.962 (3.02±36.35) while it was low as 7.925 (1.19±15.03) in the healthy group. The high TOS value in the COVID-19 group was found to be statistically significant compared to the healthy group (p<0.05). Oxidative stress index (OSI) levels, calculated from TOS/TAS, in the COVID-19 group were 9.356 (1.80±26.54) while they were 5.388 (0.98±10.93) in the healthy group. The levels of OSI were found to be significantly higher in the COVID-19 group when compared to the healthy group (p<0.05). The presence of oxidative stress markers in the COVID-19 patients plays an important role in the pathological examination of cell damage. This approach may also pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.

Keywords

• Antioxidant
• cell damage
• COVID-19
• oxidative stress

References

1. Aykac, K., Ozsurekci, Y., Yayla, B. C. C., Gurlevik, S. L., Oygar, P. D., Bolu, N. B., ... & Ceyhan, M. (2021). Oxidant and antioxidant balance in patients with COVID-19. Pediatric Pulmonology, 56(9), 2803-2810.
2. Bakadia, B. M., Boni, B. O. O., Ahmed, A. A. Q., & Yang, G. (2021). The impact of oxidative stress damage induced by the environmental stressors on COVID-19. Life Sciences, 264, 118653.
3. Baloch, S., Baloch, M. A., Zheng, T., & Pei, X. (2020). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 250(4), 271-278.
4. Celik, D., & Kose, S. (2020). Erişkinlerde COVID-19: Klinik bulgular. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 30, 43-48.
5. Cecchini, R., & Cecchini, A. L. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Medical Hypotheses, 143, 110102.
6. Chernyak, B. V., Popova, E. N., Prikhodko, A. S., Grebenchikov, O. A., Zinovkina, L. A., & Zinovkin, R. A. (2020). COVID-19 and oxidative stress. Biochemistry, 85(12), 1543-1553.
7. Dagli, S. N., Ozgocer, T., Celik, H., Taskin, S., Taskin, A., & Ceylan, M. R. (2022). Long-term investigation of total oxidant and antioxidant levels in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty, 19(1), 176-183.
8. Delgado-Roche, L., & Mesta, F. (2020). Oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. Archives of Medical Research, 51(5), 384-387.

9. Derouiche, S. (2020). Oxidative stress associated with SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) increases the severity of the lung disease-a systematic review. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, 6(3), 121-126.
10. Erel O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry, 38(12), 1103-1111.
11. Feng, J., Yang, Y., Wang, D., Tang, J., Xie, G., & Fan, L. (2017). Relationship between oxidative stress in patients with HBV-induced liver disease and HBV genotype/drug-resistant mutation. Frontiers in Laboratory Medicine, 1(4), 211-216.
12. Genc, B. N. (2020). Critical management of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 1(2), 69-73.
13. Kim, H. J., Kim, C. H., Ryu, J. H., Kim, M. J., Park, C. Y., Lee, J. M., Holtzman, M. J., & Yoon, J. H. (2013). Reactive oxygen species induce antiviral innate immune response through IFN-λ regulation in human nasal epithelial cells. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 49(5), 855-865.
14. Kocyigit, A. (2020). Is high dose ıntravenous vitamin C safe to use in SARS-CoV-2 treatment? Bezmialem Science, 8(3), 126-130.
15. Laforge, M., Elbim, C., Frère, C., Hémadi, M., Massaad, C., Nuss, P., Benoliel, J. J., & Becker, C. (2020). Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 20(9), 515-516.
16. Lin, C. W., Lin, K. H., Hsieh, T. H., Shiu, S. Y., & Li, J. Y. (2006). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease-induced apoptosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 46(3), 375-380.
17. Muhammad, Y., Kani, Y. A., Iliya, S., Muhammad, J. B., Binji, A., El-Fulaty Ahmad, A., Kabir, M. B., Umar Bindawa, K., & Ahmed, A. (2021). Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative study in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria. SAGE Open Medicine, 9, 2050312121991246.
18. Narayanan, A., Amaya, M., Voss, K., Chung, M., Benedict, A., Sampey, G., Kehn-Hall, K., Luchini, A., Liotta, L., Bailey, C., Kumar, A., Bavari, S., Hakami, R. M., & Kashanchi, F. (2014). Reactive oxygen species activate NFκB (p65) and p53 and induce apoptosis in RVFV infected liver cells. Virology, 449, 270-286.
19. Qin, C., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Tao, Y., Xie, C., Ma, K., Shang, K., Wang, W., & Tian, D. S. (2020). Dysregulation of ımmune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 762-768.
20. Rampelotto, P. H., Giannakos, N. R. O., Mena Canata, D. A., Pereira, F. D., Hackenhaar, F. S., Pereira, M. J. R., & Benfato, M. S. (2023). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in the brain of bat species with different feeding habits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(15), 12162.
21. Sharma, A., Ahmad Farouk, I., & Lal, S. K. (2021). COVID-19: A review on the novel coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and prevention. Viruses, 13(2), 202.
22. Uras, M. E. (2021). In silico comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein using bioinformatics tools. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 2(1), 1-9.
23. Wu, R., Feng, J., Yang, Y., Dai, C., Lu, A., Li, J., Liao, Y., Xiang, M., Huang, Q., Wang, D., & Du, X. B. (2017). Significance of serum total oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with colorectal cancer. PloS One, 12(1), e0170003.
24. Zeliger, H. I., & Kahaner, H. (2020). Can the oxidative stress ındex predict the severity of COVID-19? COVID-19 perspective. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2(2), 1-5.