Kurumsal Yapı ve Terör İlişkisinin Toplumsal Maliyeti

Öz

Terörizm, siyasi, tarihsel, kültürel, ekonomik, ideolojik ve dini inancı kapsayan, son derece karmaşık ve farklı bir olgudur. Yaşandığı ülkelerde önemli bir sorun olan terörün nedenlerine bakıldığında, karşımıza çıkan tüm nedenlerin o ülkenin sahip olduğu kurumsal yapıyı işaret ettiği görülmektedir. Mevcut kurumsal yapıda yaşanan bozulmalar veya söz konusu kurumsal yapının hiç tesis edilememiş olması, terör olaylarının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamaktadır. Terör eylemleri yaşandığı toplumlarda yatırımların azalması, yasalara(devlete) olan güvenin düşmesi ve işlem maliyetlerinin artması gibi ekonomik sorunlara yol açmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kurum,kurumsal yapı,terör eylemleri

Societal Cost of the Relationship between Institutional Structure and Terrorist Actions

Öz

Terrorism is an extremely complex concept that encompasses political, historical, cultural, economic, ideological and religious beliefs. When we look at the root causes of terrorism that poses significant problems to the countries that experience it, we see that all these causes point to the institutional structure of the country in question. The degeneration of the existing institutional structures or the lack of such structures prepares the ground for emergence of terrorist acts. Acts of terrorism cause economic problems such as decline in investments, loss of confidence to the state and to the rule of law as well to an augmentation in transaction costs in the societies that experience it

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Institutions,institutional structure,acts of terrorism

Kaynakça

1. ABADIE, Alberto; (2004), Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism, Nber Working Paper, http://www.nber.org/ papers/w10859, 07.03.2012.
2. ALESINA, Alberto ve PEROTTI, Roberto; (1993), Income Dis- tribution, Political Instability, and Investment, Nber Working Pa- per Series, Working Paper, No: 4486.
3. ALESINA, Alberto, OZLER, Şule, ROUBINI, Nouriel ve SWAGEL, Phillip; (1996), “Political Instability and Economic
4. BAHARÇİÇEK, Abdulkadir; (2000), “Etnik Terör ve Etnik Terör- le Mücadele Sorunu”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (1), ss.11-27.
5. BLOMBERG, S. Brock, HESS, Gregory D. ve ORPHANIDES, Athanasios; (2004), “The Macroeconomic Consequences of
6. Terrorism”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 51 (5), pp. 1007–
7. BLOMBERG, S. Brock., HESS, Gregory.D. ve WEERAPANA, Akila; (2004), “Economic Conditions and Terrorism”, European
8. Journal of Political Economy, (20) , pp. 463–478. BLOMBERG, S. Brock., HESS, Gregory.D. ve WEERAPANA, Akila; (2002), Terrorism From Within: An Economic Model of

9. Terrorism, Claremont Colleges Working Papers in Economics, (17.04.2013).
10. BRUCK, Tilman ve WICKSTROM, Bengt-Arne; (2004), “The
11. Economic Consequences of Terror: Guest Editors’ İntroduction” European Journal of Political Economy, ( 20), pp. 293–300. COASE, R. H.; (1937), “The Nature of the Firm”, Economica, (16), pp. 386-405.
12. CRAGIN, Kim ve CHALK, Peter; (2003), Terrorism & Devel- opment, Using Social and Economic Development to Inhibit a Resurgence of Terrorism, http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/Ge tTRDoc?AD=ADA414490&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, 03.2012.
13. CRENSHAW, Martha; (2005), Political Explanations. içinde
14. The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 13-18), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1. CRENSHAW, Martha; (1981), “The Causes of Terrorism”
15. Comparative Politics, 13 (4), pp. 379-399. CİRHİNLİOĞLU, Zafer ve BULUT, Erol; (2010), “Terör, Din ve Siyaset”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (2), ss. 322.
16. ÇALIŞKAN, Koray; (2008), “Ortadoğu Siyaseti ve Toplumlarını
17. Anlama Yolları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(Ekim), ss. 1–21. ECKSTEIN, Zvi ve TSIDDON, Daniel; (2004), “Macroeconomic
18. Consequences of Terror: Theory and the Case of Israel”, Jour- nal of Monetary Economics, (51). FELLNER, Amira; (2008), “Role of Culture in Economic Devel- opment: Case Study of China and Latin America”, Theses and Dissertations. p. 236. University of South Florida Scholar Com- mons @USF, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/236
19. FINDLEY, Michael G. ve YOUNG, Joseph K.; (2011). “Terror- ism, Democracy, and Credible Commitments”, International
20. Studies Quarterly, (55), pp. 357–378. FOSS, Nicolai J. ve KLEIN, Peter G; (2008), The Theory of the Firm and Its Critics: A Stocktaking ve Assessment. E. Brous- seau and J.M. Glachant (Ed.) içinde, New Institutional Eco- nomics (pp. 425-442), New York: Cambridge University Pres.
21. FREY, Bruno F. ve LUECHINGER, Simon; (2003), Measuring
22. Terrorism, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Uni- versity of Zurich Working Paper Series, No. 171 FUKUYAMA, Francis; (2005), Güven-Sosyal Erdemler ve Refahın Yaratılması. Çev.: A. Buğdaycı, Türkiye İş Bankası
23. Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul. GAIBULLOEV, Khusrav ve SANDLER, Todd; (2008),”The Im- pact Of Terrorısm And Conflıcts On Growth In Asıa”, http://www.adbi.org/files/dp113.terrorism.impact.growth. asia.1970.2004.pdf, 05.03.2012.
24. GLAESER, Edward Ludwig (2001), “The Formation of Social
25. Capital” J.F. Helliwell (Der.) içinde, The Contribution of Human and Social Capital to Sustained Economic Growth and Well- Being, (pp. 381-393). Human Resources Development Cana- da/Organisation for Economic for Economic Cooperation and Growth, Ottawa/Paris. GLOBAL TERRORİSM INDEX-GTI, (2012), http://reliefweb. int/report/world/2012-global-terrorism-index-capturing-impact- terrorism-2002-2011, 17.04.2013
26. GÖKALP, Mehmet Faysal vd.; (2007), Ekonomik Davranışlar
27. Üzerinde Etkili Olan Kurumsal Değerler. Muğla Üniversitesi Yayınları: 83, Rektörlük Yayınları: 61, Muğla: MÜ Basımevi. GÖKALP, Mehmet Faysal ve BALDEMİR Ercan; ( 2005), “Ku- rumsal Yapı ve Uluslararası Rekabet”, M.F. Gökalp ve C.Y.
28. Kesbiç (Ed.) içinde, Uluslararası Rekabet Sürecinde Türkiye, Beyaz Yayınları, İstanbul. GÖKALP, Nuri; (2003), “Ekonomide Güven Faktörü”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 10(2).
29. GREIF, Avner; (2006), Institutions and the Path to the Modern
30. Economy. Cambridge University Pres, Britain. GROSSMAN, Gene M. ve HELPMAN, Elhanan; (2002), Spe- cial Interest Politics. MIT Pres, Cambridge.
31. GURR, Ted Robert; (2005), Economic Factors. içinde, The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty
32. Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 19-25), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1. HELFSTEIN, Scott; (2009), “Governance of Terror: New Insti- tutionalism and the Evolution of Terrorist Organizations”, Public
33. Administration Review, 69(4), pp. 727-739. IMAI, Kosuke ve WEINSTEIN, Jeremy; (2000), Measuring the Economic Impact of Civil War. CID Working Paper, No. 51.
34. INGLADA, Vicente ve REY, Bele´n; (2004), “Spanish air travel and the September 11 terrorist attacks: a note”, Journal of Air
35. Transport Management, (10), pp. 441–443 INTRILIGATOR, Michael D.; (2010), “The Economics of Terror- ism”, Economic Inquiry, 48 (1), pp. 1–13.
36. KASPER, WOLFGANG ve STREIT, MANFRED E.; (1998)
37. “Kurumsal İktisat”, Çev.: B. Açıkgöz, http://www.canaktan. org/ekonomi/kurumsal-iktisat/makaleler/kasper-streit.htm, 10.2010.
38. KEIZER, Piet; (2007), “The Concept of Institutioan in Eco- nomics and Sociology, A Methodological Exposition”, Utrecht
39. School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Discussion Paper Series, 07 (25). KNACK, Stephen ve KEEFER, Philip; (1997), “Does Social
40. Capital Have an Economic Payoff ? A Cross – Country Investi- gation”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pp. 1251
41. LLUSSA, Fernanda and TAVARES, Jose; (2007), “The eco- nomics of terrorism: a synopsis”, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 2(1), p. 62-70.
42. LUIZ, John M.; (2009), “The Informal Sector, Enterpreneurship and For Afrıcan Development”, Journal of International Devel- opment, J. Int. Dev. (21).
43. MORRIS, Michael H., JONES, Peter ve NEL, Deon; (2004), “The Informal Sector, Enterpreneurship and Eco- nomic proceedings/1997p108morris.pdf , 02.02.2011 www.usasbe.org/knowledge/
44. NITSCH, Volker ve SCHUMACHER, Dieter; (2004), “Terrorism and International Trade: an Empirical İnvestigation”, European
45. Journal of Political Economy, 20 (2), pp. 423–433. NORTH, Douglass C; (2003), The Role Of Institutions In Eco- nomic Development. Unıted Natıons Economıc Commıssıon
46. For Europe, Dıscussions Paper Series, No: 2003.2.
47. NORTH, Douglass C; (2010), Kurumlar, Kurumsal Değişim ve Ekonomik Performans (2.b.). Çev.: G.Ç. Güven, Sabancı Üni- versitesi, İstanbul.
48. NORTH, Douglass C. ve WALLIS, J.J.; (1994), Integrating In- stitutional Change and Technical Change in Economic History
49. A Transaction Cost Approach, JITE, 150 (4). OLSON, Mancur; (1996), “Distinguished Lecture on Ekonom- ics in Government: Big Bills Left on The Sidewalk: Why Some
50. Nations are Rich, and Others Poor”, Journal of Economic Per- spectives, 10 (2), pp. 3-24. ÖZTÜRK, Serdar ve ÇELİK, Kamil; (2009), “Terörizmin Türkiye
51. Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri”, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), ss.85-106. PARASKEVAS, Alexandros ve ARANDELL, Beverley; (2007)
52. “A Strategic Framework for Terrorism Prevention and Mitiga- tion in Tourism Destinations”, Tourism Management, (28), pp:1560–1573.
53. PERSITZ, Dotan; (2005), “The Economic Effect of Terrörizm
54. Counterfactual Analysis of The Case of Israel”, http://www.tau. ac.il/~persitzd/TER.pdf., 05.03.2012.
55. PIAZZA, James A.; (2006), “Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism
56. Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages”, Terror- ism and Political Violence, (18), pp.159–177. PILAT, Joseph F. ; (2009), “The Causes of Terrorism”, Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 6 (2) pp. 182.
57. POST, Jerrold M.; (2005), Psychology. içinde, The Internatıonal
58. Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 7-12), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1. PUTNAM, Robert David; (1993), Cıvıc Tradıtıons in Modern
59. Italy, Prınceton Unıversıty Pres, Prınceton, New Jersey. RICHARDSON, Louse; (2007), “What Terrorists Want”, Renner
60. Institut, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard Univer- sity RODRIK, Dani; (2009), Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete
61. Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme. N. Domaniç (Çev.), Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi RODRIK, Dani; (1999), “Where Did All the Growth Go? Exter- nal Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses”, Journal of
62. Economic Growth, 4(4), pp. 385–412 STERN, Jessica; (2005), “Culture” içinde, The Internatıonal
63. Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 35-39), The Club de Madrid Se- ries on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1. ŞANLISOY, Selim ve KÖK, Recep; (2010), “Politik İstikrarsızlık
64. Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 47 (541), ss. 9-21. TÜRKKAHRAMAN, Mimar; (2006), Toplum ve Temel Toplum- sal Kurumlar-Kurumlar Sosyolojisine Giriş, Alp Yayınevi, An- kara.
65. VEBLEN, Thorstein; (1919),The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essay. New York, Huebsch. WAHEED, Abdul ve AHMAD, Mokbul Morshed; (2011).
66. “Assessıng The Economıc Impacts Of Terrorısm On Informal Day Labourer Sector In Lahore, Pakıstan”, Internatıonal Jour- nal of Academıc Research, 3(3), pp. 383-387. WILLIAMSON, Oliver E.; (1985), The Economic Institutions Of
67. Capitalism Firms, Markets, Relatıonal Contractıng. Newyork: The Free Pres. YILMAZ, Burcu Selin ve YILMAZ, Özgür Devrim; (2005), ”
68. Terörizm ve Terörizmin Hedefi Olarak Turizm Endüstrisi”, Elek- tronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (13), ss. 39–58, http://www.e- sosder.com/dergi/1339-58.pdf, 08.03.2012.