Girişimcinin Sahip Olduğu Bireysel Girişimci Sermayesi Türlerinin Girişim Başarısına Etkisi (TR42 Bölgesinde Bir Araştırma)

Yıl 2023, , 2606 - 2635, 18.09.2023

Ayhan Terzibaş , Hakan Tahiri Mutlu , Barış Kavcar

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1300635

Öz

Girişimcilik, ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesinde, kalkınmasında ve toplumsal refahın artmasında oynadığı rolden ötürü zamanla daha da önem kazanan bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’deki bazı devlet kurumları, girişimciliğin geliştirilmesi için verdiği finansal destekler, girişimciliğe dönük eğitimler ve çeşitli teşviklerle, ülkedeki girişimci miktarını ve girişimlerin performanslarını daha yüksek düzeye çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Son on yılın ortalama verilerine bakıldığında, Türkiye’de yılda açılan 100 işletmeye karşılık 28 işletme kapanmaktadır. Girişim sayılarının az olmamasına rağmen Türkiye’de, girişimlerin hayatta kalması açısından sorun yaşandığı söylenebilir. Bu verilerden yola çıkarak, çalışmanın temel problemi, girişimlerin başarılı olması için girişimcilerin ne tür kaynaklara (sermayelere) ihtiyacı olduğudur. Bu problemin çözümüne katkı sağlamak amacıyla, bu makalenin temel amacı, “girişimci sermaye türlerinden hangisinin girişimlerin başarısı için daha çok olumlu etkiye sahip olduğunu saptayabilmek ve bu konuda öneriler geliştirmek” olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amaca ulaşabilmek için geriye dönüş hızı ve oranı yüksek olan anket metodu tercih edilmiştir. TR42 bölgesinde (Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya, Kocaeli ve Yalova illeri) faaliyet yürüten girişimcilerden anket metodu ile veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen 407 cevaplandırılmış anket, istatistiksel yöntemler ve araçlarla analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, girişim başarısına en fazla etkisi olan sermaye türünün, girişimcinin insan sermayesi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sırasıyla girişimcinin finansal sermayesi ve girişimcinin sosyal sermayesinin de girişim başarısı üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Ancak bu sermaye türlerinin girişimcinin insan sermayesi üzerindeki olumlu etkisinin, girişimin başarısı üzerindeki olumlu etkisinden daha fazla olduğu söylenebilir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, incelenen üç bireysel sermaye türü de girişim başarısı için çok önemlidir. Girişimcilik sürecinin desteklenmesinde Devlet kurumlarına başvuranların çoğunluğu (%65,8) destek almıştır. Ancak hiç başvuru yapmayanların oranı (%70,5) çok yüksek çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimci, Girişimcilik, Girişimci Sermayesi, İnsan Sermayesi, Sosyal Sermaye, Finansal Sermaye, Girişim Başarısı

The Effect of the Entrepreneur's Individual Entrepreneurial Capital Types on the Venture Success (A Study in TR42 Region)

Öz

Entrepreneurship has become an increasingly important concept due to the role it plays in the economic growth and development of countries and in increasing social welfare. In order to develop entrepreneurship in Türkiye, some state institutions aim to increase the number and success rates of entrepreneurs with financial and managerial training and support. When we look at the average data of the last ten years, 28 businesses are closed compared to 100 businesses opened annually in Türkiye. It can be said that there are problems in terms of the survival of enterprises in Türkiye where the number of enterprises is not low. Based on these data, the main problem of our study is what kind of resources (capital) entrepreneurs need in order for the enterprises to be successful. In order to contribute to the solution of this problem, the main purpose of this paper has been determined as "to determine which of the types of entrepreneur's capital has the most positive effect on the success of enterprises and to develop suggestions in this regard." In order to achieve this aim, the survey method with a high return speed and rate was preferred. Data were obtained from entrepreneurs operating in the TR42 region (Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya, Kocaeli and Yalova provinces) by survey method. The 407 answered questionnaires were analyzed with statistical methods and tools. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the type of capital that has the most impact on enterprise success is the entrepreneur's individual human capital. It has been determined that the financial capital of the entrepreneur and the social capital of the entrepreneur have a positive effect on the success of the enterprise, respectively. However, it can be said that the positive effect of these types of capital on the human capital of the entrepreneur is more than the positive effect on the success of the enterprise. Seen from this perspective, all three types of individual capital we examined are crucial to enterprise success. The majority (65.8%) of those who applied to State institutions in supporting the entrepreneurial process received support. However, the rate of those who did not apply at all (70.5%) was very high.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Capital, Human Capital, Social Capital, Financial Capital, Venture Success

Kaynakça

• Adler, P. S. & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for A New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.5922314
• Akdemir, A. (2003). Düşünceden Uygulamaya Temel İşletmecilik Bilgileri. Türkmen Kitabevi. İstanbul
• Amorós, J. & Bosma, N. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264953640_Global_Entrepreneurship_Monitor_2013_Global_Report
• Baron, R. A. & Markman, G. D. (2000). Beyond Social Capital: How Social Skills Can Enhance Entrepreneurs' Success. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(1), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.2909843
• Bastié, F., Cieply, S. & Cussy, P. (2013). The Entrepreneur’s Mode of Entry: The Effect of Social and Financial Capital. Small Business Economics, 40, 865-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9391-y
• Başar, M., Ürper, Y. & Tosunoğlu, T. (2013). Girişimcilik. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Bates, T. (1990). Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(4), 551-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109594
• Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. University of Chicago press.
• Berge, L. I. O., Bjorvatn, K. & Tungodden, B. (2015). Human and Financial Capital for Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field and Lab Experiment. Management Science, 61(4), 707-722. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1933
• Boden Jr, R. J. & Nucci, A. R. (2000). On The Survival Prospects of Men's and Women's New Business Ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4), 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00004-4
• Bosma, N., Van Praag, M., Thurik, R. & De Wit, G. (2004). The Value of Human and Social Capital Investments for The Business Performance of Startups. Small Business Economics, 23(3), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. J. Richardson (Ed.), The Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (241-258). New York: Greenwood Press.
• Boynton, A. C. & Zmud, R. W. (1984). An Assessment of Critical Success Factors. Sloan Management Review, 25(4), 17-27.
• Brush, C. G., Carter, N. M., Greene, P. G., Hart, M. M. & Gatewood, E. (2002). The Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework for Future Research. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 4(4), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897
• Brush, C. G. & Vanderwerf, P. A. (1992). A Comparison of Methods and Sources for Obtaining Estimates of New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90010-O
• Brüderl, J., Preisendörfer, P. & Ziegler, R. (1992). Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations. American Sociological Review, 57(2), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096207
• Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=2DlFDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA325&ots=QfQMdjjHGP&sig=OE_ndS-hF696IzNob57cN0-Tp1g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
• Carter, N., Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E. & Hart, M. (2003). Women Entrepreneurs Who Break Through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and Financial Capital. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 5(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586
• Chandler, G. N. & Hanks, S. H. (1998). An Examination of The Substitutability of Founders Human and Financial Capital in Emerging Business Ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(5), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00034-7
• Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
• Coleman, S. (2007). The Role of Human and Financial Capital in the Profitability and Growth of Women‐Owned Small Firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2007.00214.x
• Colombo, M. G., Delmastro, M. & Grilli, L. (2004). Entrepreneurs' Human Capital and The Start-Up Size of New Technology-Based Firms. International journal of Industrial Organization, 22(8-9), 1183-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2004.06.006
• Cooper, A. C., Folta, T. B. & Woo, C. (1995). Entrepreneurial Information Search. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00022-M
• Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J. & Woo, C. Y. (1994). Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5), 371-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2
• Cooper, A. C., Woo, C. Y. & Dunkelberg, W. C. (1988). Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances of Success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3, 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(88)90020-1
• Cope, J., Jack, S. & Rose, M. B. (2007). Social Capital and Entrepreneurship: An Introduction. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607076523
• Çetindamar, D., Gupta, V. K., Karadeniz, E. E. & Eğrican, N. (2012). What The Numbers Tell: The Impact of Human, Family and Financial Capital on Women and Men's Entry into Entrepreneurship in Turkey. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
• Davidsson, P. & Honig, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital Among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6
• Dollinger, M. J. (1995). Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin. http://lms.aambc.edu.et:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/57/Entereprenship-%20Textbook.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Duchesneau, D. A. & Gartner, W. B. (1990). A Profile of New Venture Success and Failure in an Emerging Industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(5), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90007-g
• Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial Capital: The Emerging Venture's Most Important Asset and Competitive Advantage. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(00)00062-8
• Fatoki, O. O. (2011). The Impact of Human, Social and Financial Capital on The Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 29(3), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2011.11892970
• Firkin, P. (2001). Entrepreneurial Capital: A Resource-Based Conceptualisation of The Entrepreneurial Process. Labour Market Dynamics Research Programme, Massey University.
• Goldin, C. (2016). Human Capital. C. Diebolt & M. Haupert (Ed.), Handbook of Cliometrics (55-86). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34309590
• Gimeno, J., Folta, T. B., Cooper, A. C. & Woo, C. Y. (1997). Survival of The Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and The Persistence of Underperforming Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 750-783. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393656
• Hébert, R. F. & Link, A. N. (1989). In Search of The Meaning of Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00389915
• Hills, G. E., Lumpkin, G. T. & Singh, R. P. (1997). Opportunity Recognition: Perceptions and Behaviors of Entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 17(4), 168-182.
• Hisrich, R., Peters, M. P. & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship (8th Ed.). Chicago: Mcgrawhill/Irwin. Honig, B. (1998). What Determines Success? Examining The Human, Financial, and Social Capital of Jamaican Microentrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(5), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(97)00036-0
• Hospers, G. J. & Van Lochem, M. (2002). Social Capital and Prosperity: Searching for a Missing Link. New Economy, 9(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0041.00240
• Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A. & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship: The Construct and Its Dimensions. Journal of Management, 29(6), 963-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00086-2
• İpek, Ö. F. & Mutlu, H. T. (2022). Distance Education System Evaluation of English Language Teaching: A Scale Development Study. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (26), 978-994. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1074140
• Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, 83(7). https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=ac4faa7c-79bb-4492-b5bc-e00ef7aa1eb2%40redis
• Karabey, C. N. (2009). Girişimcilikte Fırsat Tanımlamayı Etkileyen Bireysel Faktörler: Beşeri ve Sosyal Sermaye Perspektifi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E. & Keister, L. A. (2006). Access (Not) Denied: The Impact of Financial, Human, and Cultural Capital on Entrepreneurial Entryin the United States. Small Business Economics, 27, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-0007-x
• KOSGEB. (2023). T.C. Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri Geliştirme ve Destekleme İdaresi Başkanlığı Verilen Destekler. https://www.kosgeb.gov.tr/site/tr/genel/destekler/3/destekler Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2023
• Liao J. & Welsch H. (2005) Roles of Social Capital in Venture Creation: Key Dimensions and Research Implications. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00141.x
• Marvel, M. R. & Lumpkin, G. T. (2007). Technology Entrepreneurs’ Human Capital and Its Effects on Innovation Radicalness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(6), 807-828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00209.x
• Mutlu, H. T. (2022). Çevrimiçi Satış Mağazalarından Alışveriş Yapan Müşterilerin Hizmet Kalitesi Algılarının Müşteri Sadakatine Etkisi. A. Akın (Ed.), Sosyal Bilimlerde Teorik ve Ampirik Araştırmalar-1 (85-110). İKSAD Yayınevi, Ankara.
• Nahapiet, J. ve Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, İntellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533225
• Sahasranamam, S. & Nandakumar, M. K. (2020). Individual Capital and Social Entrepreneurship: Role of Formal Institutions. Journal of Business Research, 107, 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.09.005
• Santarelli, E. & Tran, H. T. (2013). The Interplay of Human and Social Capital in Shaping Entrepreneurial Performance: The Case of Vietnam. Small Business Economics, 40, 435-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9427-y
• Shane, S. A. (Ed.). (2007). Economic Development Through Entrepreneurship: Government, University and Business Linkages. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Shaw, E., Lam, W. & Carter, S. (2008). The Role of Entrepreneurial Capital in Building Service Reputation. The Service Industries Journal, 28(7), 899-917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060701846820
• Sirmon, D. G. & Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing Resources: Linking Unique Resources, Management, and Wealth Creation in Family Firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00013
• Stam, W., Arzlanian, S. & Elfring, T. (2014). Social Capital of Entrepreneurs and Small Firm Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual and Methodological Moderators. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusve nt.2013.01.002
• Stringfellow, L. & Shaw, E. (2009). Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Capital for A Study of Performance in Small Professional Service Firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(2), 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910944557
• Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Ticaret Bakanlığı İhracat Süreçleri ve Yeni Nesil Devlet Destekleri Eğitim Programı. https://ticaret.gov.tr/duyurular/ticaret-bakanligi-ihracat-surecleri-ve-yeni-nesil-devlet-destekleri-egitim-programi Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2023
• Toma, S. G., Grigore, A. M. & Marinescu, P. (2014). Economic Development and Entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8, 436-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00111-7
• Tsai, W. & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.5465/257085
• Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M. & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004
• Uygun, R. (2011). Girişimci Türleri Ekseninde Girişimsel Fırsatların Tespitinde Beşeri Sermayenin Rolü. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/1915
• Üçbaşaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M. & Binks, M. (2003). Does Entrepreneurial Experience Influence Opportunity Identification?. The Journal of Private Equity, 7(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpe.2003.320059
• Üçbaşaran, D., Westhead, P. & Wright, M. (2008). Opportunity Identification and Pursuit: Does an Entrepreneur’s Human Capital Matter?. Small Business Economics, 30, 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9020-3
• Ülgen, H. & Mirze, S. K. (2010). İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
• Van der Gaag, M. & Snijders, T. (2004). Proposals for the Measurement of Individual Social Capital. Creation and Returns of Social Capital, 9, 154.
• Xavier-Oliveira, E., Laplume, A. O. & Pathak, S. (2015). What Motivates Entrepreneurial Entry Under Economic Inequality? The Role of Human and Financial Capital. Human Relations, 68(7), 1183-1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715578200
• Zanjirchi, S. M., Jalilian, N. & Mehrjardi, M. S. (2019). Open Innovation: From Technology Exploitation to Creation of Superior Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 326-340. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-02-2019-0005
• Zerenler, M. (2005). Performans Ölçüm Sistemleri Tasarımı ve Üretim Sistemlerinin Performansının Ölçümüne Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1-36. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esad/issue/6046/81343