Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin Kanser ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 21 - 29, 17.05.2021

Filiz Demir

Öz

Ağır metaller çevremizde sıklıkla bulunan yüksek atom numarasına sahip toksik maddelerden biridir. Ağır metaller ağız, solunum ve deri yolu ile alınır ve çoğunlukla vücuttan atılamadığı için çeşitli dokularda birikirler. Bu birikim sonucunda oksidatif stres, DNA hasarı ve kanseri de içeren pek çok hücresel bozukluğa neden olurlar. Ağır metallerin bazıları (Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se) hayati öneme sahip olsa da bunların belirli bir dozun üzerinde alınması toksik etkilere neden olmaktadır. Diğerleri (Hg, Cd, Pb) ise az miktarda dahi alınsa bile hücre için zararlıdır. Bu derlemede, çevremizde bulunan bazı ağır metallerin kanser ile olan ilişkileri hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağır metal, Kanser, Oksidatif stres, DNA hasarı

Kaynakça

• Anard, D., Kirsch-Volders, M., Elhajouji, A., Belpaeme, K., Lison, D. 1997. In vitro genotoxic efects of hard metal paticles assessed by alkaline single cell and elution assays. Carcinogenesis, 18: 177-184.
• Balmain, A., Harris, C.C. 2000. Carcinogenesis in mouse and human cells: parallels and paradoxes. Carcinogenesis. 21:371-377.
• Barregärd, L., Sällsten, G. ve Järvholm, B. 1990. Mortality and cancer incidence in chloralkali workers exposed to inorganic mercury. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 47:99-104.
• Beaumont, J.J., Sedman, R.M., Reynolds, S.D., Sherman, C.D., Li, L.H., Howd, R.A., Sandy, M.S., Zeise, L., Alexeeff, G.V. 2008. Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Epidemiology 19:12-23.
• Benderli Cihan, Y., Sözen, S. Öztürk Yıldırım, S. 2011. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Hair of Stage III Breast Cancer Patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 144:360–379
• Bernhoft, R.A. 2012. Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, DOI:10.1155/2012/460508.
• Bertin, G., Averbeck, D. 2006. Cadmium, cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie 88: 1549–1559.
• Boffetta, P., Merler, E. ve Vainio, H. 1993. Carcinogenicity of mercury and mercury compounds. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health.19(1):1-7.
• Boffetta, P., Garcia-Gómez, M., Pompe-Kirn, V., Zaridze, D., Bellander, T., Bulbulyan, M., Caballero, J. D., Ceccarelli, F., Colin, D., Dizdarevic, T., Español, S., Kobal, A., Petrova, N., Sällsten, G., ve Merler, E. 1998. Cancer occurrence among European mercury miners. Cancer Causes and Control. 9:591-599
• Cabrera, H.N., Gomez, M.L. 2003. Skin cancer induced by arsenic in the water. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 7:106-111.
• Cai, X., Pan, N., Zou, G. 2007. Copper-1, 10-phenanthroline-induced apoptosis in liver carcinoma Bel-7402 cells associates with copper overload, reactive oxygen species production, glutathione depletion and oxidative DNA damage. Biometals 20:1–11.
• Cartularo, L., Laulicht, F., Suna, H., Kluz, T., Freedman, J.H., Costa, M. 2015. Gene expression and pathway analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells treated with cadmium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 288:399–408
• Chiou, H.Y., Chiou, S.T., Hsu, Y.H., Chou, Y.L., Tseng, C.H., Wei, M.L., Chen, C.J. 2001. Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and arsenic in drinking water: a followup study of 8,102 residents in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Am. J. Epidemiol. 153: 411-418.
• De Boeck, M., Lison, D., Kirsch-Volders, M. 1998. Evaluation of the in vitro direct and indirect genotoxic effects of cobalt compounds using the alkaline comet assay: influence of interdonor and interexperimental variability. Carcinogenesis. 19: 2021–2029.
• Duda-Chodak, A., Blaszczyk, U. 2008. The impact of nickel on human health. J. Element 13:685-696.
• Ebrahimi, M., Khalili, N., Razi, S., Keshavarz-Fathi, M., Khalili, N., Rezaei, N., 2020. Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 18:335–343.
• Ferreccio, C., Gonzalez, C., Milosavjlevic, V., Marshall, G., Sancha, A.M., Smith, A.H. 2000. Lung cancer and arsenic concentrations in drinking water in Chile. Epidemiology 11:673-679.
• Finney, L., Vogt, S., Fukai, T., Glesne, D. 2009. Copper and angiogenesis, unravelling a relationship key to cancer progression. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 36:88–94.
• Hardej, D., Trombetta, L.D. 2004. Metals in clinical toxicology principles and mechanisms. Frank A. Barile, CRC Press LLC, 295-317.
• Hawkes, S.J. 1997. What is a “heavy metal”? Journal of Chemical Education. 74, 1374.
• Hashemi M., Ghavami S., Eshraghi M., Booy E.P., Los M. 2007. Cytotoxic effects of intra- and extracellular zinc chelation on human breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 557: 9–19.
• Hervouet, E., Cízková, A., Demont, J., Vojtísková, A., Pecina, P., Franssen-van Hal, N.L., Keijer, J., Simonnet, H., Ivánek, R., Kmoch, S., Godinot, C., Houstek, J. 2008. HIF and reactive oxygen species regulate oxidative phosphorylation in cancer. Carcinogenesis 29:1528–1537.
• Huff, J., Lunn, R. M., Waalkes, M.P., Tomatis, L., Infante, P.F. 2007. Cadmiuminduced cancers in animals and in humans. International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health. 13: 202–212.
• Hughes, M.F. 2006. Biomarkers of exposure: a case study with inorganic arsenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1790-1796.
• Hsueh, Y.M., Su, C.T., Shiue, H.S., Chen, W.J., Pu, Y.S., Lin Y.C., Tsai, C.S., Huang, C.Y. 2017. Levels of plasma selenium and urinary total arsenic interact to affect the risk for prostate cancer. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 107:167-175.
• International Agency for Research on Cancer, (IARC), 1993. Beryllium, cadmium, mercury and exposures in the glass industry. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. pp. 119–237. Lyon, France: IARC, Vol. 58.
• Jancic, S.A., Stosic, B.Z. 2014. Cadmium effects on the thyroid gland. Vitamins and Hormones. 94:390-425.
• Jarup, L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68:167-82.
• Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M.M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., Forman, D. 2011. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90.
• Jin, Y.H., Clark, A.B., Slebos, R.J.C., Al-Refai, H., Taylor, J.A., Kunkel, T.A., Resnick, M.A., Gordenin, D.A. 2003. Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair. Nat. Genet. 34 (3):326–329.
• Kalender, S., Uzun, F.G., Demir, F., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Aslanturk, A. 2013. Mercuric chloride-induced testicular toxicity in rats and the protective roleof sodium selenite and vitamin E. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 55:456-462.
• Khlifi, R., Olmedo, P., Gil, F., Hammami, B., Chakroun, A., Rebai, A., Hamza-Chaffai, A. 2013. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel in cancerous and healthy tissues from patients with head and neck cancer. Science of the Total Environment. 452–453:58–67
• Kolluru, V., Tyagi, A., Chandrasekaran, B., Ankem. M., Damodaran, C. 2019. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress might be responsible for defective autophagy in cadmium-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 373:62–68.
• Li, Z., Ma, Z., van der Kuijp, T.J., Yuan, Z., Huang, L. 2014. A review of soil heavymetal pollution frommines in China: Pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment. 468–469: 843–853
• Lim, J.T., Tan, Y.Q., Valeri, L., Lee, J., Geok, P.P., Chia S.E., Ong, C.N., Seow, W.J. 2019. Association between serum heavy metals and prostate cancer risk – A multiple metal analysis. Environment International. 132:105-109.
• Liu, J., Qu, W., Kadiiska, M.B. 2009. Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 238:209–214.
• Mahurpawar, M. 2015. Effects of heavy metals on human health. International Journal of Research – GRANTHAALAYAH. ISSN- 2350-0530(O) ISSN- 2394-3629(P):1-7.
• Matés, J.M., Segura, J.A., Alonso, F.J., Márquez, J. 2010. Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 49:1328–1341.
• Méndez-Armenta, M., Nava-Ruiz, C., Fernández-Valverde, F., Sánchez-García, A., Rios, C. 2011. Histochemical changes in muscle of rats exposed subchronicallyto low doses of heavy metals. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32: 107–112
• Mikami, Y., Hisatsune, A., Tashiro, T., Isohama, Y., Katsuki, H. 2009. Hypoxia enhances MUC1 expression in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 379:1060–1065.
• Mukherjee, S., Koner, B.C., Ray, S., Ray, A. 2006. Environmental contaminants in pathogenesis of breast cancer. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 44:597–617.
• Ognjanovic, B.I., Markovic, S.D., Pavlovic, S.Z., Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A.S., Saicic, Z.S. 2008. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: Protective effect of selenium. Physiological Research. 57: 403–411.
• Orisakwe, O.E, Afonne, O.J, Nwobodo, E., Asomungha, L., Dioka, C.E. 2001. Low-dose mercury induces testicular damage protected by zinc in mice. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 95: 92-96.
• Özbolat, G., Tuli, A. 2016. Ağır metal toksisitesinin insan sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 25(4):502-521.
• Pani, G., Giannoni, E., Galeotti, T., Chiarugi, P. 2009. Redox-based escape mechanism from death, the cancer lesson. Antioxid. Redox Signaling. 11:2791–2806.
• Prat, O., Vercouter, T., Ansoborlo, E., Fichet, P., Perret, P., Kurttio, P., Salonen, L. 2009. Uranium speciation in drinking water from drilled wells in Southern Finland and its potential links to health effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:3941-3946.
• Quayyum, M.A., Shah, M.H. 2014. Comparative study of trace elements in blood, scalp hair and nails of prostate cancer patients in relation to healthy donors. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 162: 46-57.
• Rhee, J., Vance, T.M., Lim R., Christiani, D.C., Qureshi, A.A. ve Cho, E., 2020. Association of blood mercury levels with nonmelanoma skin cancer in the U.S.A. using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2003–2016). British Journal of Dermatology. 183: 480–487.
• Romaniuk A., Lyndin M., Moskalenko R., Kuzenko Y., Gladchenko, O., Lyndina, Y. 2015. Pathogenetic mechanisms of heavy metals effect on proapoptotic and proliferative potential of breast cancer. Interventional Medicine & Applied Science. 7 (2): 63–68
• Safi, R., Nelson, E.R., Chitneni, S.K., Franz, K.J., George, D.J., Zalutsky, M.R., McDonnell, D.P. 2014. Copper signaling axis as a target for prostate cancer therapeutics. Cancer Res. 74: 5819-5831.
• Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Urbenjapol, S., Haswell-Elkins, M., Reilly, P.E., Williams, D.J., Moore, M.R. 2003. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in nonoccupationally exposed population. Toxicology Letters. 137: 65–83.
• Schrauzer, G.N. 2006 Interactive effects of selenium and chromium on mammary tumor development and growth in MMTV-infected female mice and their relevance to human cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res. 109:281–292.
• Schwartz, G.G., Reis, I.M. 2000. Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 9:139–145.
• Sevcikova, M., Modra, H., Slaninova, A., Svobodova, Z. 2011. Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 56 (11):537-546.
• Smith, A.H., Steinmaus, C.M. 2009. Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings. Annu. Rev. Publ. Health 30:107-122.
• Tisato, F., Marzano, C., Porchia, M., Pellei, M., Santini, C. 2010. Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper-based anticancer strategies. Med. Res. Rev. 30:708–749.
• Theophanides, T. 2002. Anastassopoulou, J. Copper and carcinogenesis. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 42:57–64.
• Trachootham, D., Alexandre, J., Huang, P. 2009. Targeting cancer cells by ROS mediated mechanisms, a radical therapeutic approach? Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery. 8:579–591.
• URL 1: https://www.trod.org.tr/hastalarimiz_icin.php?id=914#:~:text=%C3%87evresel%20fakt%C3%B6rler%20ise%2C%20ya%20kendi,%C3%A7evresel%20fakt%C3%B6r%20kanser%20riskini%20art%C4%B1r%C4%B1rlar.
• Valko, M., Morrıs, H. Cronin, M.T.D. 2005. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 12.1161-1208.
• Van Goethem, F., Lison, D., Kirsch-Volders, M. 1997. Comperative evaluation of the in vitro micronucleus test and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay fort he detection of the DNA damaging agents: genotoxic effect of cobalt powder, tungsten carbide and cobalt-tungsten carbide. Mutat. Res. 392: 31-43.
• Vella, V., Malaguarnera, R., Lappano, R., Maggiolini, M., Belfiore, A. 2017. Recent views of heavy metals as possible risk factors and potential preventive and therapeutic agents in prostate cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 457:57-72
• Vigneri, R., Malandrino, P., Gianì, F., Russo, M., Vigneri, P. 2017. Heavy metals in the volcanic environment and thyroid cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 457:73-80.
• Vural, N. 2005. Toksikoloji, Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, No:73, Ankara.
• Waalkes, M.P. 2003. Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutation Research. 533:107–120.
• Wang, B., Li, Y., Shao, C., Cai, L. 2012. Cadmium and its epigenetic effects. Curr. Med. Chem. 19 (16):2611–2620.
• Wells, P.G. McCallum, G.P. Chen, C.S. Henderson, J.T. Lee, C.J. Perstin, J. Preston, T.J. Wiley, M.J. Wong, A.W. 2009. Oxidative stress in developmental origins of disease, teratogenesis, neurodevelopmental deficits, and cancer. Toxicol. Sci. 108:4–18.
• Wittgen, H.G., van Kempen, L.C. 2007. Reactive oxygen species in melanoma and its therapeutic implications. Melanoma Res. 17:400–409.
• Xue, D., Zhou, C.X., Shi, Y.B., Lu, H., He, X.Z. 2015. Decreased expression of ferroportin in prostate cancer. Oncol. Lett. 10:913-916.
• Yiğit, A.A., Kabakçı, R. 2018. Çevre kirleticilerden ağır metallerin hayvanlarda hematopoetik sistem üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Veterinary Sciences-Pharmacology and Toxicology-Special Topics. 4(1).9-15
• Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, A., Ren, M., Ge, Y., Yu, Z., Wan, S., Hu, A., Bo, Q., Ruan, L., Chena, H., Qin, S., Chen, W., Hu, C., Tao, F., Xu, D., Xue, J., Wen, L., Li, L. 2014. Potential health risks of heavy metals in cultivated topsoil and grain, including correlationswith human primary liver, lung and gastric cancer, in Anhui province, Eastern China. Science of the Total Environment 470–471:340–347.