19. Yüzyıl İngiliz Eğitim Sisteminde Spor Yoluyla Fair Play'in Yaygınlaştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, günümüz sportif faaliyetlerin içerisinde sürekli gündeme gelen fair play kavramının yaygınlaşmasında 19. Yüzyıl İngiliz eğitim sistemi ve okullarının rolü ile fair play anlayışının yaygınlaşmasına etki eden sosyal, siyasi, ekonomik ve dini etkenler belirlenmek istenmiştir. İngiliz sosyal hayatında mevcut sosyal sınıfların uğraşları, bu sosyal sınıfların ilgilendiği sporların okul sporlarına yansıması ve İngiliz eğitimcilerin "Kaslı Hıristiyanlık” deyimi ile ahlaki ve bedeni açıdan sağlam Hıristiyan gençler yetiştirme amaçları ile fair play anlayışı 19. Yüzyıl İngiltere'sinin merkezindedir. İngiliz devlet ve yatılı okullarında gerçekleştirilen eğitim reformu sayesinde okullardan halka bu anlayış yayılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fair play
• Kaslı hristiyanlık
• 19. yüzyıl okul sporları
• İngiliz eğitim sistemi

The widespread of fair play in the English education system of the 19th century through sport

Abstract

In this study, the role of the 19th century English education system and schools has been examined in the popularization of fair play that is always at the top of the agenda in today's sporting activities. Social, politic, economic, and religious consideration, which affected popularization of understanding fair play, was aimed to specify. Fair play became a central term in 19th century England by the reasons of interest of existing social classes England social life, a reflection of sports, which these social classes were interested in and with the idiom of "Muscular Christianity" the goal of English educationists to bring up stronger Christian teenagers in terms of morally and physically. This view was popularized to the public in favor of education reform, which was occurred in English public and boarding schools.

Keywords

• Fair play
• Muscular Christianity
• 19th Century School Sports
• English education system

References

1. 1. Alpman, C. (1972). Eğitimin bütünlüğü içerisinde beden eğitimi ve çağlar boyunca gelişimi. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
2. 2. Aytaç, K. (1998). Avrupa eğitim tarihi. İstanbul: M. Ü. İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları.
3. 3. Baker, W. J. (1979). The making of a working-class football culture in Victorian England. Journal of Social History, 13(2), 241-251.
4. 4. Sir Birley, D. (1993). Sport and the making of Britain. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
5. 5. Clarke, F. (1940). Education and social change. London: The Sheldon Press.
6. 6. Cooper, I. (2004). Game, set & match. In Eric Dunning, Dominic Malcolm and Ivan Waddington (Eds.), Sport histories: Figurational studies of the development of modern sports, (pp. 104-120), London and New York: Routledge.
7. 7. Corbin, A., Courtine, J. J., & Vigarello, G. (2008). Bedenin tarihi: rönesans'tan aydınlanmaya [history of the body. from the renaissance to the enlightenment]. (Transl. S. Özen), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
8. 8. Crego, R. (2003). Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries. London: Greenwood Publishing Group.

9. 9. Demolins, E. (1898). Anglo-Saxon superiority: to what it is due. (Transl. L.B. Lavigne), London: The Leadenhall Press.
10. 10. Dunning, E. (1971). The development of modern football. In E. Dunning, (ed.), The Sociology of Sport (pp. 133-151). London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
11. 11. Dunning, E., & Sheard, K. (2005). Barbarians, gentlemen and players: A sociological study of the development of rugby football. Unıted Kingdom: Psychology Press.
12. 12. Dürüşken, Ç. (1995). Eski çağda spor. İstanbul: Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları.
13. 13. Eassom, S. B. (1994). From the Bank to the Baron (1694-1896): a 200 year history of amateurism embedded in the olympic ideal. Second International Symposium for Olympic Research. Ontario: The University of Western Ontario.
14. 14. Elias, N. (1986). An essay on sport and violence. In N. Elias, & E. Dunning, (eds.), Quest For Excitement: Sport And Leisure In The Civilizing Process (pp. 150-174). Oxford: Blackwell.
15. 15. Erdemli, A. (2008). Spor yapan insan. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
16. 16. Glader, E., A. (1978). Amateurism and athletics. West Point: Leisure Press.
17. 17. Gruneau, R. (2006). 'Amateurism' as a sociological problem: some reflections inspired by Eric Dunning. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 9(4), 559-582. doi: 10.1080/17430430600768793
18. 18. Heggie, V. (2008). 'Only the british appear to be making a fuss': The science of success and the myth of amateurism at the Mexico olympiad, 1968. Sport in History, 28(2), 213-235. doi: 10.1080/17460260802090719
19. 19. Holt, R. (1989). Sport and the British: a modern history. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
20. 20. Huggins, M. (2005). Prologue: setting the scene second-class citizens? English middle-class culture and sport, 1850–1910: a reconsideration. In J. M. Mangan, (ed.), A Sport-Loving Society: Victorian And Edwardian Middle-Class England At Play (pp. 11-39). London and Newyork: Routledge.
21. 21. Loland, S. (1995). Coubertin's ideology of olympism from the perspective of the history of ideas. Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies, 4, 49-78.
22. 22. Loland, S. (2003). Fair play in sport: a moral norm system. London and New York: Routledge.
23. 23. Mallea, J. R. (1975). The Victorian sporting legacy. McGill Journal of Education, 10(2), 184-196.
24. 24. Mandell, R. D. (1976). The first modern Olympics. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
25. 25. Mangan, J. A. (2002). Imperial Origins: Christian Manliness, Moral Imperatives and Pre-Sri Lankan Playing Fields-Beginnings. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 19(2-3), 11-34.
26. 26. Mangan, J. A., & McKenzie, C. (2005): The other side of the coin Victorian masculinity, field sports and English elite education. In J.A. Mangan, (ed.), A Sport-Loving Society: Victorian And Edwardian Middle-Class England At Play (pp. 41-64). London and Newyork: Routledge.
27. 27. Martin, T. R. (1996). Ancient Greece: from prehistoric to Hellenistic times. London: Yale University Press.
28. 28. McComb, D. G. (2004). Sports in world history. Psychology Press.
29. 29. McDonald, E. E. (1996). English education and social reform in late nineteenth century bombay: a case study in the transmission of a cultural idea. The Journal of Asian Studies, 25(3), 453-470.
30. 30. McIntosh, P. (1968). Sport in society. London: The new thinkers library-Watts.
31. 31. McIntosh, P. (1979). Fair play: ethics and sport in education. London: Heinemann.
32. 32. Nemec, M. (2011). The relevance of fair play for contemporary sport. Play Fair!, 8, 1-2.
33. 33. Newsome, D. (1961). Godliness and good learning: four studies on a Victorian ideal. London: John Murray.
34. 34. Renson, R. (2009). Fair play: its origins and meanings in sport and society. Kinesiology, 41(1), 5-18.
35. 35. Simon, R. L., Torres, C. R., & Hager, P. F. (2018). Fair play: the ethic of sport (4th edition). London: Routledge.
36. 36. Spencer, H. (1864). Education: intellectual, moral and physical. New York: Hurst & Company Publishers.
37. 37. Spivey, N. (2002). The ancient olympics. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. 38. Thompson, E. P. (2016). The making of the English working class. New York: Vintage Books.
39. 39. Tranter, N. (1998). Sport, economy and society in Britaion: 1750 – 1914. Cambridge University Press.
40. 40. Wiggleesworth, N. (1996). The evolution of English sport. London: Frank Cass.
41. 41. Yıldıran, İ. (2005, Apr. 08-09). Spor yoluyla erdemlilik eğitiminin tarihsel görünümü [Historical view of virtue education through sport]. Spor Eğitiminin ve Performansının Felsefi Temelleri Sempozyumu, Manisa.
42. 42. Yıldıran, İ. (2013). Fair play: an etymological, semantic and historical study. Play Fair! (Academic Supplement), 10(1), 1-4.
43. 43. Yıldıran, İ. (2014). Antikiteden moderniteye olimpiyat oyunları: İdealler ve gerçekler. Hece (Batı Medeniyeti Özel Sayısı), 18(210-212), 555-570.
44. 44. Yıldıran, İ., & Sezen, G. (2006). Beden eğitimi öğretmeni adaylarının sportmenlik ve profesyonellik arasında ikilem barındıran somut örnek olaylara yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 3-14.
45. 45. Young, D. C. (1996). The modern Olympics: a struggle for revival. Baltimore and London: The JHU Press.