Sporda Üçlü Yeterlik Algılarının Değerlendirilmesi: Öz-Yeterlik, Diğer-Yeterlik ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeklerinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 271 - 288, 02.10.2020

Nurgül Keskin Akın , Hülya Aşçı

Öz

Bu çalışmada, sporda üçlü yeterlik algılarını ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilen Öz-Yeterlik, Diğer-Yeterlik ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeklerinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 127 kadın ve 202 erkek olmak üzere farklı spor branşlarından toplam 329 sporcu (X ̅yaş=20.40, Ss=4.72) katılmıştır. Üç faktörlü ilişkili ölçüm modelinde yer alan Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği, Diğer-Yeterlik Ölçeği ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği 5’li Likert tipindedir. Katılımcılara bu üç ölçek ile birlikte, Sporda Kaygı Ölçeği-2, Sporda Sürekli Kendine Güven Ölçeği ve İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Ölçeklerin yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Yakınsak geçerlik için Öz-Yeterlik, Diğer-Yeterlik ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçekleri ile, Sporda Sürekli Kendine Güven Ölçeği ve İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği arasındaki ilişkilerle birlikte AVE ve CR değerleri; ıraksak geçerlik için ise Öz-Yeterlik, Diğer-Yeterlik ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçekleri ile Sporda Kaygı Ölçeği-2 arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Ölçeklerin güvenirliğini belirlemek içinse Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık ve CR katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. DFA sonuçları ölçeklerin özgün yapısını desteklemektedir. Analiz sonucunda bulunan korelasyonlar ölçeklerin yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliğini desteklemektedir. Cronbach Alpha ve CR katsayıları ölçeklerin güvenirliğini desteklemiştir. Bu sonuçlar Öz-Yeterlik, Diğer-Yeterlik ve İlişki Temelli Öz-Yeterlik Ölçekleri’nin Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Üçlü yeterlik algıları, Spor, Öz-yeterlik, Diğer-yeterlik, İlişki temelli öz-yeterlik, Yapı geçerliği

Evaluation of Tripartite Efficacy Perceptions in Sports: Adaptation of Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales into Turkish

Öz

The study was aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales developed in order to measure tripartite efficacy perceptions in sports. One hundred and twenty seven female and 202 male, from different sports branches totally 329 athletes (X ̅age=20.40, Sd=4.72) participated in this study. Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales in the three-factor related measurement model are 5 point Likert type. In addition to these scales, Sports Anxiety Scale-2, Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory and Quality of Relationships Inventory were administered to the participants. First order three factor correlated confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test contruct validity of Turkish version of the Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales suggested in the original study. In order to determine the convergent validity of Turkish version of the scales, their relationships with Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory and Quality of Relationships Inventory were tested by Pearson correlation coefficients and AVE and CR values were calculated. For divergent validity, the relationships between Turkish version of Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales and Sports Anxiety Scale-2 were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Cronbach’s Alpha and CR coefficients were calculated to determine reliability of the scales. CFA results provided support for the three factor model. Correlations and AVE and CR values supported divergent and convergent validity of the scales. Cronbach’s Alpha and CR coefficients supported reliability of the scales. The results of the study suggest that the Turkish version of Self-Efficacy, Other-Efficacy and Relation-Inferred Self-Efficacy Scales are valid and reliable measures for the evaluation of tripartite efficacy perceptions in Turkish athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tripartite efficacy perceptions, Sports, Self-efficacy, Other-efficacy, Relation-inferred self-efficacy, Construct validity

Kaynakça

• 1. Aksu, G., Eser, M. T. ve Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulamaları. İstanbul: Detay Yayıncılık. s. 25-26.
• 2. Akyol, A., Altıntaş, A., Sezer, G. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2016, Kasım). Spor Kaygı Ölçeği-2’nin yapı geçerliği ve güvenirliği: doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. 14. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, pp. 616, Antalya, Turkey.
• 3. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
• 4. Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Eds.). Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 1-46). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• 5. Barling, J. and Abel, M. (1983). Self-efficacy beliefs and tennis performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7(3), 265-272.
• 6. Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., and Ferraz, M. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
• 7. Beauchamp, M. R. and Whinton, L. C. (2005). Self-efficacy and other-efficacy in dyadic performance: riding as one in equestrian eventing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 245-252.
• 8. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238.
• 9. Bray, S., Brawley, L. R., and Carron, A. V. (2002). Efficacy for interdependent role functions: evidence from the sport domain. Small Group Research, 33, 644-666.
• 10. Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (Eds.). Field Methods in Educational Research (p.137-164). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• 11. Cheon, S. H. and Song, Y. (2017). Validation of Tripartite Efficacy Scale in physical education. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 56(6), 175-190.
• 12. Çelik, H. E. ve Yılmaz, V. (2016). LISREL 9.1 ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: temel kavramlar – uygulamalar – programlama (3. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. s. 150.
• 13. Dunlop, W. L., Beatty, D. J., and Beauchamp, M. R. (2011). Examining the influence of other-efficacy and self-efficacy on personal performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 586-593.
• 14. Engür, M., Tok, S. ve Tatar, A. (2006, Kasım). Durumluluk ve Sürekli Sportif Güven Envanterlerinin Türkçeye uyarlanması.9. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresine sunulan bildiri, Spor Bilimleri Derneği/Muğla Üniversitesi, Muğla.
• 15. Erkuş, A. (2013). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci (4. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. s. 139.
• 16. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
• 17. Gairns, F., Whipp, P. R., and Jackson, B. (2015). Relational perceptions in high school physical education: Teacher- and peer-related predictors of female students’ motivation, behavioral engagement, and social anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-13.
• 18. Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., Leech, N. L. (2017). Research methods in applied settings an integrated approach to design and analysis (3th ed.) New York: Routledge. p. 211.
• 19. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., and Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Prentice Hall. p.126.
• 20. Hampson, R. and Jowett, S. (2014). Effects of coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship on collective efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24, 454-460.
• 21. Hu, L. T. and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• 22. Jackson, B. and Beauchamp, M. R. (2010a). Efficacy beliefs in coach-athlete dyads: Prospective relationships using actor-partner interdependence models. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59(2), 220-242.
• 23. Jackson, B. and Beauchamp, M. R. (2010b). Self-efficacy as a metaperception within coach-athlete and athlete-athlete relationships. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 188-196.
• 24. Jackson, B., Beauchamp, M. R. and Knapp, P. (2007). Relational efficacy beliefs in athlete dyads: An investigation using actor-partner interdependence models. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 170-189.
• 25. Jackson, B., Gucciardi, D. F. and Dimmock, J. A. (2011). Tripartite efficacy profiles: a cluster analytic investigation of athletes’ perceptions of their relationship with their coach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 394-415.
• 26. Jackson, B., Gucciardi, D.F., Lonsdale, C., Whipp, P.R., and Dimmock, J. A. (2014). “I think they believe in me”: the predictive effects of teammate- and classmate-focused relation-inferred self-efficacy in sport and physical activity settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36, 486-505.
• 27. Jackson, B., Knapp, P., and Beauchamp, M. R. (2009). The coach-athlete relationship: a tripartite efficacy perspective. The Spor Psychologist, 23, 203-232.
• 28. Jackson, B., Myers, N. D., Taylor, I. M., and Beauchamp, M. R. (2012a). Relational beliefs in physical activity classes: A test of the tripartite model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 285–304.
• 29. Jackson, B., Whipp, P. R., Chua, K. L. P., Pengelley, R., and Beauchamp, M. R. (2012b). Assessment of tripartite efficacy beliefs within school-based physical education: instrument development and reliability and validity evidence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 108-117.
• 30. Jackson, B., Whipp, P.R., Chua, P. K. L., Dimmock, J. A., and Hagger, M. S. (2013). Students’ tripartite efficacy beliefs in high school physical education: Within- and cross-domain relations with motivational processes and leisure-time physical activity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 72–84.
• 31. Kenny, D. A. and Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 439-448.
• 32. Lent, R. W., and Lopez, F. G. (2002). Cognitive ties that bind: a tripartite view of efficacy beliefs in growth-promoting relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 256–286.
• 33. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., and Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99.
• 34. Martin, J. J. and Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationships among competitive orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 149-159.
• 35. Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., and Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self-efficacy measure tos port performance: a meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(3), 290-294.
• 36. Morrison, M. A. and Lent, R. W. (2014). The advisory working alliance and research training: test of a relational efficacy model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 549-559.
• 37. Norusis, M. J. (2010). SPSS 17.0 advanced statistical procedures companion. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
• 38. Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 248-292.
• 39. Öncü, E., Feltz, D. L., Lirgg, C. D., and Gürbüz B. (2018). The examination of the pyschometric properties of the Turkish Colletive Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports. Acta Gymnica, 48(1), 27-35.
• 40. Özabacı, N. (2011). İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 159-167.
• 41. Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G. and Sarason, B. R. (1991). General and relationship based perceptions of social support: Are two constructs beter than one? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 1028-1039.
• 42. Pineau, T. R., Glass, C. R., Kaufman, K. A., and Bernal, D. R. (2014). Self- and team-efficacy beliefs of rowers and their relation to mindfulness and flow. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8, 142-158.
• 43. Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. and Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego: Academic Press.
• 44. Saville, P. D., Bray, S. R., Ginis, K. A. M., Cairney, J., Marinoff-Shupe, D., and Pettit, A. (2014). Sources of self-efficacy and coach/instructor behaviors underlying relation-inferred self-efficacy (rise) in recreational youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36, 146-156.
• 45. Saville, P. D., and Bray, S. R. (2016). Athletes’ perceptions of coaching behavior, relation-inferred self-efficacy (RISE), and self-efficacy in youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 1-13.
• 46. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., and Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• 47. Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 350-353.
• 48. Short, S. E., Sullivan, P., and Feltz, D. L. (2005). Development and preliminary validation of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 9, 181-202.
• 49. Sklett, V. H., Loras, H. W. and Sigmundsson, H. (2018). Self-efficacy, flow, affect, worry and performance in Elite World Cup Ski Jumping. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-9.
• 50. Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 479-501.
• 51. Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistic (6th edition). New Jersey: Pearson.
• 52. Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 131.
• 53. Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.
• 54. Wang, C. (2019). Customer participation and the roles of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(3), 241-257.
• 55. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(özel sayı), 74-85.
• 56. Yıldırım, F. (2013). Sportif Sürekli Kendine Güven Alt Ölçeğinin uyarlanması ve ortaöğretim kurumlarındaki öğrencilerde sportif sürekli kendine güvenin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.