Araştırma Makalesi
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Measurement of Parental Involvement in Sport: A Scale Adaptation Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 168 - 179, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1471844

Öz

The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of Turkish version Parental Involvement in Sport Scale developed by Teques et al (2015, 2016) for athletes and parents. Ninety girls (Mage=12.73±2.02), 105 boys (Mage=13.49±2.29) totally 195 athletes (Mage 13.14±2.20) and whom 140 were mothers (Mage =43.84±5.72) and 141 were fathers (Mage =46.66±5.37) totally 281 parents (Mage =45.25±5.71) participated in this study. The Parental Involvement in Sport Scale consists of four different scale forms including athlete and parent perceptions. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), Maximum Squared Variance (MSV) and Average Shared Square Variance (ASV) values were used to test the construct, convergent and discriminant validity of the forms. In addition, Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient and Composite reliability were calculated to test reliability. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis results revealed that, three items (items 8,26,36) in Form 1 and one item (item 5) in Form 2 had low factor loading. And item 14 in Form 2 and 3 was low loaded on intended factor and they excluded from the model. When the related items were excluded from the model, the acceptable fit index values. On the other hand, because of the low fit indices Turkish version of Form 4 was not valid and reliable. It was determined that the convergent and divergent validity three forms of the Parental Involvement in Sport Scale were supported by calculating AVE, CR, MSV and ASV values. And Cronbach's alpha internal consistency and CR coefficients supported the reliability of the forms. It can be concluded that the forms (Form 1,2,3) of Parental Involvement in Sport Scale were a valid and reliable measures for assessing perception of parent involvement in sport from athletes and parents’ perspective.

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’nun 27.02.2018 tarih ve 2018-EGT-022 sayılı kararı ile etik açıdan uygun bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J. ve Horton, S. (2004). A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise. High Ability Studies, 15(2), 211-228.
  • Bean, C. N., Jeffery-Tosoni, S., Baker, J. ve Fraser-Thomas, J., (2016). Negative parental behaviour in Canadian youth hockey: Expert insiders’ perceptions and recommendations. Revue phénEPS/PHEnex Journal, 7(3).
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F. ve Ferraz, M. B., (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238.
  • Bois, J. E., Lalanne, J. ve Delforge, C. (2009). The influence of parenting practices and parental presence on children's and adolescents' pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 995-1005.
  • Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F. ve Bandeira, D. R., (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(1), 423-432.
  • Cortina, J. (1993). What is coefficient alpha: an examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş. (2013). Çok değişkenli istatistikler. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. 18. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi; 134.
  • Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
  • Erkuş, A., (2013). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388.
  • Gefen, D., Straub, D. ve Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 2-79.
  • Harwood, C. G. ve Knight, C. J. (2015). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 24–35.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited
  • Hellstedt, J. C. (1987). The coach/parent/athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 151–160.
  • Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. ve Sandler, H. M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children’s education? Review of Educati-onal Research, 67(1), 3–42.
  • Hosaini Nia, S. R., Darogheh, N. ve BahrolOlom, H. (2015). Relationship between parental ınvolvement with self-esteem, perceived competence and sport commitment of adolescent martial arts athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 4(13), 54-39.
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteriaversus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • International Olympic Committee (IOC). 2011. Guidelines for the conduct of the athlete´s entourage. Approved by the IOC Executive Board in Durban – 4 July 2011. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Jõesaar, H., Hein, V. ve Hagger, M. S. (2011). Peer influence on young athletes’ need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and persistence in sport: A 12-month prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 500-508.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.) (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press
  • Kovács, K., F. Földi, R., Smohai, M., Géczi, G. ve Gyömbér, N. (2020). A szülői bevonódás a sportban kérdőív hazai adaptációja. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika, 21(2), 208-233.
  • Kozak, M. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma: tasarım, yazım ve yayım teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Κουάλη, Δ. (2013). The relationships between parental involvement and young male athletes' behavioural regulations in soccer (Master's thesis). The University of Thessaly, Teselya.
  • Lee, M. ve MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 167-177.
  • Mossman, G. J. ve Cronin, L. D. (2019). Life skills development and enjoyment in youth soccer: The importance of parental behaviours. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 850-856.
  • Nilsson, J., Gardulf, A. ve Lepp, M. (2016). Process of translation and adaptation of the nurse professional competence (npc) scale. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(1), 100103.
  • Pinto, M. F. ve Samaniego, V. C. (2016). Estandarización del cuestionario de implicación parental en el deporte en población Argentina. 292.
  • Sagar, S. S. ve Lavallee, D. (2010). The developmental origins of fear of failure in adolescent athletes: Examining parental practices. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 177-187.
  • Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D. ve García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents’ behavior in their children’s enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(1), 169-177.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Stroebel, L. C. E. (2006). Parental involvement in sport: Perceptions of competitive adolescent swimmers (Doctoral dissertation). University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tamminen, K. A., McEwen, C. E. ve Crocker, P. R. (2016). Perceived parental support, pressure, and the socialization of adolescent athletes’ coping. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 47(4), 335–354.
  • Teques, P. ve Serpa, S. (2009). Implicación parental: adaptación de un modelo teórico al deporte. Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 18(2), 235-252.
  • Teques, P. ve Serpa, S. (2013). Envolvimento parental no desporto: Bases conceptuais e metodológicas. Revista de psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 533-539.
  • Teques, P., Serpa, S., Rosado, A. ve Calmeiro, L. (2015). Predictors of parental involvement in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46, 187-209. doi:10.7352/IJSP.2015.46.187
  • Teques, P., Serpa, S., Rosado, A., Silva, C. ve Calmeiro, L. (2016). Parental involvement in sport: Psychometric development and empirical test of a theoretical model. Current Psychology, 37(1), 234-249 doi: 10.1007/s12144-016-9507-2. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141567386.pdf
  • Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Rosado, A., Silva, C. ve Serpa, S. (2019). Perceptions of parenting practices and psychological variables of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 457-934.
  • Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Martins, H., Duarte, D. ve Holt, N. L. (2018). Mediating effects of parents’ coping strategies on the relationship between parents’ emotional intelligence and sideline verbal behaviors in youth soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(3), 153-162.
  • Turman, P. D. (2007). Parental sport involvement: Parental influence to encourage young athlete continued sport participation. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 151-175.
  • Tutar, H. ve Erdem, A. T. (2022). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Özay, S., Elmas, S. ve Çağlar, E., (2022). Sporda ebeveyn katılımı. F.H. Aşçı, (Ed.) Spor ve egzersizde psikolojik ölçme ve değerlendirme içinde (s.531-556). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Özgör, N., Özdemir, E., İbanoğlu, E., Koruç, Z. ve Aşçı, F. (2018, Nisan). Parental involvement in sport questionnaire (PISQ): Reliability and validity study on turkish adolescent athletes. IV. International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congresss’de sunulan bildiri, İstanbul.
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F. ve Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), In structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J. ve Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21-33.

Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterinin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 168 - 179, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1471844

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Teques ve diğerleri, (2015, 2016) tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterinin Türkçe formunun sporcularda ve ebeveynlerde geçerliliğini ve güvenirliğini test etmektir. Çalışmaya 90 kız (x̄yaş 12,73±2,02), 105 erkek (x̄yaş =13,49 ±2,29) toplam 195 sporcu (x̄yaş=13,14±2,20) ve bu sporcuların 140’ı anne (x̄yaş =43,84±5,72) ve 141’i baba (x̄yaş =46,66±5,37) olmak üzere toplam 281 (x̄yaş =45,25±5,71) ebeveyn katılmıştır. Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanteri sporcu ve ebeveyn algısını içeren dört farklı formdan oluşmaktadır. Formların yapı geçerliği için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi, yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği için AVE, MSV, ASV ve güvenirliğini sınamak için ise Cronbach Alfa ve CR katsayısı kullanılmıştır. DFA sonuçlarına göre; Form 1’de üç madde (madde 8,26,36), Form 2’de bir madde (madde 5) düşük yük vermesinden, Form 2 ve Form 3’te ise madde 14 ilgili alt boyuta yük vermemesinden ötürü modelden çıkarılmıştır. İlgili maddeler modelden çıkarıldığında yapıların iyi uyum indeks değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Öte yandan DFA sonuçları, Form 4’ün uyum indekslerinin düşüklüğü nedeniyle Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir olmadığını göstermiştir. Yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik için yapılan analizlere göre Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Ölçeğinin üç formunun alt boyutlarına ait AVE, CR, MSV ve ASV ve güvenirlik için Cronbach alfa katsayıları da kabul edilebilir sınırlar içindedir. Elde edilen bulgular, Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterini oluşturan Türkçe formlarının (Form 1,2,3) spor ortamında ebeveyn katılımının algılanmasının sporcu ve ebeveyn perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi için geçerlik ve güvenirlik koşullarını sağladığı ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J. ve Horton, S. (2004). A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise. High Ability Studies, 15(2), 211-228.
  • Bean, C. N., Jeffery-Tosoni, S., Baker, J. ve Fraser-Thomas, J., (2016). Negative parental behaviour in Canadian youth hockey: Expert insiders’ perceptions and recommendations. Revue phénEPS/PHEnex Journal, 7(3).
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F. ve Ferraz, M. B., (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238.
  • Bois, J. E., Lalanne, J. ve Delforge, C. (2009). The influence of parenting practices and parental presence on children's and adolescents' pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 995-1005.
  • Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F. ve Bandeira, D. R., (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(1), 423-432.
  • Cortina, J. (1993). What is coefficient alpha: an examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş. (2013). Çok değişkenli istatistikler. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. 18. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi; 134.
  • Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
  • Erkuş, A., (2013). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388.
  • Gefen, D., Straub, D. ve Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 2-79.
  • Harwood, C. G. ve Knight, C. J. (2015). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 24–35.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited
  • Hellstedt, J. C. (1987). The coach/parent/athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 151–160.
  • Hoover-Dempsey, K. V. ve Sandler, H. M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children’s education? Review of Educati-onal Research, 67(1), 3–42.
  • Hosaini Nia, S. R., Darogheh, N. ve BahrolOlom, H. (2015). Relationship between parental ınvolvement with self-esteem, perceived competence and sport commitment of adolescent martial arts athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 4(13), 54-39.
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteriaversus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • International Olympic Committee (IOC). 2011. Guidelines for the conduct of the athlete´s entourage. Approved by the IOC Executive Board in Durban – 4 July 2011. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Jõesaar, H., Hein, V. ve Hagger, M. S. (2011). Peer influence on young athletes’ need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and persistence in sport: A 12-month prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 500-508.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.) (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press
  • Kovács, K., F. Földi, R., Smohai, M., Géczi, G. ve Gyömbér, N. (2020). A szülői bevonódás a sportban kérdőív hazai adaptációja. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika, 21(2), 208-233.
  • Kozak, M. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma: tasarım, yazım ve yayım teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Κουάλη, Δ. (2013). The relationships between parental involvement and young male athletes' behavioural regulations in soccer (Master's thesis). The University of Thessaly, Teselya.
  • Lee, M. ve MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 167-177.
  • Mossman, G. J. ve Cronin, L. D. (2019). Life skills development and enjoyment in youth soccer: The importance of parental behaviours. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 850-856.
  • Nilsson, J., Gardulf, A. ve Lepp, M. (2016). Process of translation and adaptation of the nurse professional competence (npc) scale. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(1), 100103.
  • Pinto, M. F. ve Samaniego, V. C. (2016). Estandarización del cuestionario de implicación parental en el deporte en población Argentina. 292.
  • Sagar, S. S. ve Lavallee, D. (2010). The developmental origins of fear of failure in adolescent athletes: Examining parental practices. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 177-187.
  • Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D. ve García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents’ behavior in their children’s enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(1), 169-177.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Stroebel, L. C. E. (2006). Parental involvement in sport: Perceptions of competitive adolescent swimmers (Doctoral dissertation). University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tamminen, K. A., McEwen, C. E. ve Crocker, P. R. (2016). Perceived parental support, pressure, and the socialization of adolescent athletes’ coping. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 47(4), 335–354.
  • Teques, P. ve Serpa, S. (2009). Implicación parental: adaptación de un modelo teórico al deporte. Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 18(2), 235-252.
  • Teques, P. ve Serpa, S. (2013). Envolvimento parental no desporto: Bases conceptuais e metodológicas. Revista de psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 533-539.
  • Teques, P., Serpa, S., Rosado, A. ve Calmeiro, L. (2015). Predictors of parental involvement in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46, 187-209. doi:10.7352/IJSP.2015.46.187
  • Teques, P., Serpa, S., Rosado, A., Silva, C. ve Calmeiro, L. (2016). Parental involvement in sport: Psychometric development and empirical test of a theoretical model. Current Psychology, 37(1), 234-249 doi: 10.1007/s12144-016-9507-2. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141567386.pdf
  • Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Rosado, A., Silva, C. ve Serpa, S. (2019). Perceptions of parenting practices and psychological variables of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 457-934.
  • Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Martins, H., Duarte, D. ve Holt, N. L. (2018). Mediating effects of parents’ coping strategies on the relationship between parents’ emotional intelligence and sideline verbal behaviors in youth soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(3), 153-162.
  • Turman, P. D. (2007). Parental sport involvement: Parental influence to encourage young athlete continued sport participation. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 151-175.
  • Tutar, H. ve Erdem, A. T. (2022). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Özay, S., Elmas, S. ve Çağlar, E., (2022). Sporda ebeveyn katılımı. F.H. Aşçı, (Ed.) Spor ve egzersizde psikolojik ölçme ve değerlendirme içinde (s.531-556). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Özgör, N., Özdemir, E., İbanoğlu, E., Koruç, Z. ve Aşçı, F. (2018, Nisan). Parental involvement in sport questionnaire (PISQ): Reliability and validity study on turkish adolescent athletes. IV. International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congresss’de sunulan bildiri, İstanbul.
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F. ve Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), In structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J. ve Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21-33.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor ve Egzersiz Psikolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aydan Gözmen Elmas 0000-0003-3633-0629

Ece İbanoglu 0000-0001-6268-3941

Nükte Özgör 0000-0003-4516-8977

F. Hülya Aşçı 0000-0002-6650-6931

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözmen Elmas, A., İbanoglu, E., Özgör, N., Aşçı, F. H. (2024). Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterinin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1471844

Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi yılda dört kez yayımlanan bilimsel ve hakemli bir dergidir.


Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences is a scientific and peer-reviewed journal published quarterly.