Avrupa Birliği ve Akıllı Sınırlar: Sınır Yönetimi ve Güvenlik Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Öz

2015 yılı itibarıyla Avrupa başkentlerinde yaşanan terör saldırıları, Birlik’in dış sınırlarının güvenlikleştirilmesi konusunu tekrar gündeme getirmiştir. Avrupa Birliği, güvenlik meselesinin ulus-devletin faaliyet alanının çok daha ötesinde ele alınması gereken ve üye devletler arasında iş birliği gerektiren bir mesele olduğu kabulünden yola çıkarak iç ve dış güvenliği dış sınırların etkin yönetimi ile mümkün kılan sistemler ve politikalar üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisinde yaşanan gelişmeler, dış sınırların etkin yönetimi amacıyla yapay zekânın etkin kullanımını da artırmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; akıllı sınır kavramını Birlik’in 2015 ve sonrasında oluşturduğu strateji ve eylemlerle değerlendirmek, Birlik’in sınır yönetimini göç ve güvenlik bağlamında ele almak ve yapay zekânın bu süreçte nasıl kullanıldığını analiz etmektir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği tarafından sunulan resmî dokümanlar literatürle birlikte incelenerek nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan belge analizi kullanılmış ve Birlik’in akıllı sınır kapsamındaki strateji ve uygulamaları ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmanın nihai sonucu, temel hakların korunmasına ilişkin kaygılara rağmen Birlik’in güvenlikleştirme hedefiyle Kale Avrupa’sı vizyonunu sürdürme isteğinin devam ettiği yönündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Akıllı Sınır
• Sınır Yönetimi
• Yapay Zekâ
• Güvenlik

European Union and Smart Borders: A Review on Border Management and Security

Öz

Since 2015, terrorist attacks in European capitals have brought the issue of securitization of the European Union’s external borders back to the agenda. The European Union has focused on systems and policies aimed at ensuring both internal and external security through the effective management of external borders, based on the recognition that security is an issue that needs to be addressed far beyond the scope of the nation-state and requires cooperation between member states. Advances in information and communication technologies have further enabled the integration of artificial intelligence into border management practices. The aim of this study is to evaluate the the concept of smart borders in relation to the EU’s strategies and actions since 2015, to address the border management of the Union within the dual contexts of migration and security, and to analyze how artificial intelligence in this process. The study utilizes document analysis, a qualitative research method, examining both official EU documents and relevant academic literature. As a result, the strategies and practices developed by the Union within the scope of the smart border concept are identified and evaluated. The study concludes that, despite concerns about the protection of fundamental rights, the Union’s securitization objective and the desire to maintain the vision of Fortress Europe continue.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Union
• Smart Border
• Border Management
• Artificial Intelligence
• Security

Kaynakça

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