The Gerousia of Akmonia

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 10, 13 - 31, 15.05.2013

Nikos Giannakopoulos

Öz

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the information on the
institution of the Gerousia provided by three inscriptions from Akmonia,
meticulously published by Ender Varinlioğlu in REA (108) 2006. The decree for
Demades (64 AD) was introduced by the proegoros of the body and this post
testifies to the complex nature of the Gerousia's legal and financial affairs.
Moreover, the award of the asymbolos status to a new member chosen exclusively
by Demades (the freedman Karpos), is the first undisputed proof that the
Gerousia imposed regular contributions to its own members. Although we cannot
be sure whether this decree was passed by the Gerousia itself or by the Council
and the Assembly in response to a Gerousia's initiative, the ratification of
Demades' choice by vote illustrates a carefully articulated scheme which sought
to integrate a prominent individual's supremacy into the exigencies of the
collective impersonal principles governing the function of Greek civic bodies
and associations. A contemporary decree dated to 68 AD informs us that Demades
son of Dionysogenes erected a group of three statues standing on the city gate
which represented the Polis, the Demos and the Gerousia. The absence of the
Council in this scheme suggests that, when it came to the symbolical
representation of Akmonia's political community, civic hierarchy was flexible
enough to allow the Gerousia to occupy a more prominent place. The Gerousia's
public significance in Akmonia is further highlighted by the body's involvement
in the pandemon decree for the Roman officer L. Egnatius Quartus dated to 2nd or
the 3rd century AD. The same man had been previously honoured
solely by the Council and the People but, when it was decided to award him the
highly esteemed titles of ktistes and euergetes, the participation of the
Gerousia was judged indispensable.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akmonia, Gerousia, civic bodies, Demades, L. Egnatius Quartus

Akmonia Gerusia'sı

Öz

Makalede Akmonia'dan ele geçen ve 2006 yılında Ender Varinlioğlu
tarafından yayımlanan üç yazıt aracı­­lığıyla Gerousia kurumu incelenmektedir.
Demades kararnamesi (İ.S. 64), yazıtın içerisinde geçen ifa­de­ye göre
halkın proegoros'u (avukat) tarafından takdim edilmektedir.
Bu proegoros mevkii Ge­rou­sia'nın adli ve mali meselelerinin
çapraşık doğasını ortaya sermektedir. Ayrıca, özellikle Demades (Azat­lı
Karpos) tarafından seçilen yeni bir üyeye verilecek asymbolos statüsü
ödülü, Gerousia'nın kendi üye­lerine düzenli destek verdiğinin ilk tartışmasız
delilidir. Bu kararnamenin Gerousia'nın kendisi tara­fın­dan mı ya da
Gerousia'nın girişimine cevaben danışma ve halk meclisleri tarafından mı yasan­dığın­dan
emin değiliz. Fakat Demades'in ödül için üye seçiminin oylamayla tasdiklenmesi,
özenle dile ge­ti­ril­­miş bir tasarıyı resmetmektedir. Bu tasarı Yunan sivil
toplumlarının ve birliklerinin işleyişini sağ­layan ortak gayrı-şahsi ilkelerin
gereklerine, önde gelen bir bireyin yetki kullanımının entegre edil­me­sini
amaç­­lamaktadır. Aynı dönemlerden, İ.S. 68 yılına tarihlenen bir kararname
Dionysogenes'in oğlu Dema­des'in kent kapısı önünde Polis, Demos ve Gerousia'yı
betimleyen üçlü bir heykel grubu dik­tirdiği hakkında bilgi vermektedir.
Boule'nin bu grup içerisinde bulunmayışı, Akmonia'nın politik bir­liğinin
sembolik gösterimi söz konusu olduğunda, sivil hiyerarşinin Gerousia'nın daha
önemli bir yer tuttuğunu vurgulayabilecek kadar esnek olduğu ile ilgili
olabilir. Akmonia'da Gerousia'nın halk içeri­sindeki önemini, İ.S. 2. ya da 3.
yy.'a tarihlenen ve Roma subayı L. Egnatius Quartus için çıkarılan pan­­demon kararnamesindeki
halk müdahalesi öne çıkarmaktadır. Aynı kişi daha önceleri sadece Danış­ma ve
Halk meclisleri tarafından onurlandırılmışken, ona daha üst derecede itibarı
olan ktistes ve eu­er­getes unvanları
verilmek istendiğinde Gerousia'nın da iştiraki gerekli olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akmonia, Gerousia, kent organları, Demades, L. Egnatius Quartus

Kaynakça

• Arnaoutoglou 1994
• I. Arnaoutoglou, Thusias eneken kai synousias: private religious associations in Hellenistic Athens, Athens 2003.
• C. Bailey, Gerousia of Ephesus (PhD Diss.), University of British Columbia 2006.
• E. Birley, The Roman Army. Papers 1929–1986, Amsterdam 1987.
• Th. Boulay, Les «groupes de reference» au sein du corps civique de Téos, in: P. Fröhlich – P. Hamon (edd.), Groupes et associations dans les cités grecques (IIIe siècle av. J.-C. – IIe siècle apr. J.-C.), Genève 2013, 251–275.
• A. Bresson, Recueil des inscriptions de la Pérée rhodienne (Pérée integrée), Paris 1991.
• W. H. Buckler, A Charitable Foundation of A.D. 237, JHS 57, 1937, 1–10.
• K. Buraselis, Kos between Hellenism and Rome, Philadelphia 2000.
• V. Chapot, Sur quelques inscriptions d'Acmonia de Phrygie, REA 4, 1902, 77–84.
• H. Devijver, The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army, Amsterdam 1989.
• S. Dmitriev, City government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, New York 2005.
• F. Durrbach – G. A. Radet, Inscriptions de la Pérée rhodienne, BCH 10, 1886, 245–269.
• C. Eilers, Roman Patrons of Greek Cities, Oxford 2002.
• P. Foucart, Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs. Thiases, éranes, orgéons, Paris 1873.
• Ph. Gauthier, Études sur des inscriptions d'Amorgos, BCH 104, 1980, 197–220.
• N. Giannakopoulos, Ο Θεσμός της Γερουσίας των ελληνικών πόλεων κατά τους ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους, Thessaloniki 2008.
• B. Le Guen, Les associations de technites dionysiaques à l'époque hellénistique I, Paris 2001.
• F. Gschnitzer, Kleine Schriften zum griechischen und römischen Altertum. Band II, Stuttgart 2003.
• Chr. Habicht, New evidence on the province of Asia, JRS 65, 1975, 64–91.
• H. Hepding, Die Arbeiten zu Pergamon 1904–1905. Die Inschriften, MDAI (A) 32, 1907, 241–377.
• L. Loukopoulou – A. Zournatzi – M. G. Parisaki – S. Psoma, Επιγραφές της Θράκης του Αιγαίου, Athens 2005.
• S. Mitchell – D. French, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara (Ankyra) (Vestigia 62), Munich 2012.
• Joyce Reynolds, Charlotte Roueché, Gabriel Bodard, Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (2007), available <http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/iaph2007>, ISBN 978-1-897747-19-3.
• W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Iasos, Bonn 1985 (IK 28).
• S. Şahin, Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia), Bonn 1979 (IK 9–10).
• W. Ameling, Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis II: Kleinasien, Tübingen 2004.
• H. Engelmann, Die Inschriften von Kyme, Bonn 1976 (IK 5).
• O. Kern, Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander, Berlin 1900.
• W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Mylasa, Bonn 1987–1988 (IK 34–35).
• M. Fränkel, Die Inschriften von Pergamon II, Berlin 1895 (Altertümer von Pergamon 8, 2).
• S. Şahin, Die Inschriften von Perge, Bonn 1999/2004 (IK 54/61).
• Th. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Prusa ad Olympum, Bonn 1991/1993 (IK 39–40).
• W. Ameling, Die Inschriften von Prusias ad Hypium, Bonn 1985 (IK 27).
• W. Blümel, Die Inschriften der Rhodischen Peraia, Bonn 1991 (IK 38).
• J. Nollé, Side im Altertum I–II Bonn 1993/2001 (IK 43–44).
• M. Ç. Sahin, Die Inschriften von Stratonikeia I–II, Bonn 1981/1982/1990 (IK 21–22).
• L. Jones, The Inscriptions of the Sultan Dagi. Part 1: Philomelion, Thymb-rion/Hadrianopolis, Tyraion, Bonn 2002 (IK 62).
• A. H. M. Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian, Oxford 1940.
• A. H. M. Jones, Review of J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia, JRS 1944, 145–146.
• N. F. Jones, Public Organization in Ancient Greece: A Documentary Study, Philadelphia 1987.
• C. P. Jones, Τρόφιμος in an Inscription of Erythrai, Glotta 67, 1989, 194–197.
• J. Keil, Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Ephesos, JÖAI 26, 1930, Beiblatt 1–66.
• J. S. Kloppenborg, Collegia and Thiasoi: Issues in Function, Taxonomy and Membership, in: J. S. Kloppenborg – S. G. Wilson (edd.), Voluntary Asso-ciations in the Graeco-Roman World, London – New York 1996, 16–130.
• J. S. Kloppenborg – R. S. Ascough, Greco-Roman Associations. Texts, Trans-lations, and Commentary. I. Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Berlin – New York 2011.
• D. Knibbe, Zeigt das Fragment IvE 13 das steuertechnische Inventar des Fiscus Asiaticus?, Tyche 2, 1987, 75–93.
• F. Kolb, Sitzstufeninschriften aus dem Stadion von Saittai (Lydien), EA 15, 1990, 107–119.
• W. Leschhorn – P. R. Franke, Lexicon of Greek Coin Inscriptions, Vienna 2002.
• B. Levick, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor, Oxford 1967.
• E. Lupu, Greek Sacred Law. A Collection of New Documents, Leiden – Boston 2005.
• A. D. Macro, The Cities of Asia Minor under the Roman Imperium, in: H. Temporini – W. Haase (edd.), Aufstieg und Niedregang der römischen Welt II. 7. 2, Berlin – New York 1980, 658–697.
• D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton 1950.
• Chr. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia, Tübingen 1993.
• R. Merkelbach – J. Stauber, Steinepigramme aus dem Griechischen Osten, vol. 3. Der “Ferne Osten” und das Landesinnere bis zum Tauros, Leipzig 2001.
• J. Menadier, Qua condicione Ephesii usi sint inde ab Asiam in formam provinciae redacta, Berlin 1880.
• G. D. Merola, Autonomia Locale Governo Imperiale. Fiscalità e amministrazione nelle province asiane, Bari 2001.
• L. Migeotte, Les souscriptions dans les associations privées, in: P. Fröhlich – P. Hamon (edd.), Groupes et associations dans les cités grecques (IIIe siècle av. J.-C. – IIe siècle apr. J.-C.), Genève 2013, 113–127.
• Th. Mommsen, Römische Geschichte V, Berlin 1885.
• W. Müri, συμβολή, σύμβολον, RE IV A 1, Stuttgart 1931, col. 1088–1090.
• C. Naour, Inscriptions de Lycie, ZPE 24, 1977, 265–290.
• P. M. Nigdelis, Πολίτευμα και κοινωνία των Κυκλάδων κατά την ελληνιστική και αυτοκρατορική εποχή, Thessaloniki 1990.
• J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia, Baltimore 1941(Hesperia Suppl. VI).
• J. H. Oliver, Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors, Philadelphia 1989.
• J. Ott, Die Kommandeure der norischen Hilfstruppen, Tyche 10, 1995, 107–138.
• P. Paris, Inscriptions de Sébasté, BCH 7 (1883), 448–457.
• F. Poland, Geschichte des griechischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1909.
• G. Pugliese Carratelli, Per la storia delle Associazioni in Rodi Antica, ASAA 22, 1939/40, 147–200.
• T. Rajak, The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome. Studies in Cultural & Social Interaction, Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001.
• W. W. Ramsay, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Oxford 1895–1897.
• W. W. Ramsay, Deux jours en Phrygie, REA 1901, 269–279.
• W. W. Ramsay, Nouvelles remarques sur les textes d'Acmonia, REA 4, 1902, 267–270.
• W. W. Ramsay, The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor, Aberdeen 1941.
• S. Reinach, Inscriptions inédites d'Asie Mineure et de Syrie, REG 3, 1890, 48–85.
• P. J. Rhodes (with D. M. Lewis), The Decrees of the Greek States, Oxford 1997.
• L. Robert, Hellenica IX, Paris 1950.
• L. Robert, Documents de l'Asie Mineure méridionale, Genève – Paris 1966.
• L. Robert, Fouilles d'Amyzon en Carie. Tome I, Paris 1983.
• G. M. Rogers, The Sacred Identity of Ephesos, London 1991.
• J. C. Ross, An Assembly of Good Fellows. Voluntary Associations in History, London 1976.
• Ch. Roueché, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias, London 1993.
• A. Burnett – M. Amandry – P. Ripolles, Roman Provincial Coinage I, London 1992.
• Fr. Ruzé, Tribus et décision politique dans les cités grecques archaïques et classiques, Ktèma 8, 1983, 299–306.
• M. Sartre, L'Orient romain. Provinces et sociétés provinciales en Méditerranée orientale d'Auguste aux Sévères, 31 avant J.-C. – 235 après J.-C., Paris 1991.
• H. Schaefer, προήγορος, RE XXIII 1, Stuttgart 1957, col. 104–107.
• P. Schmitt-Pantel, La Cité au Banquet, Paris – Rome 1992.
• P. Thonemann, The Women of Akmoneia, JRS 100, 2010, 163–178.
• P. Trebilco, Jewish Communities in Asia Minor, Cambridge 1991.
• J. Van Rossum, De Gerousia in de Griekse Steden van het Romeinse Rijk, Leyden 1988.
• O. Van Nijf, The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East, Amsterdam 1997.
• E. Varinlioğlu, Five Inscriptions from Acmonia, REA 108, 2006, 355–373.
• H. von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Phrygiens. Teil II, Tübingen 1987 (Ist. Mitt. Beiheft 27).
• A. Weiss, Sklave der Stadt. Untersuchungen zur öffentlichen Sklaverei in den Städten des Römischen Reiches, Stuttgart 2004.