The Late Antique Synagogue in Priene: Its History, Architecture, and Context

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 10, 169 - 199, 15.05.2013

Mark Wilson Nadin Burkhardt

Öz

This article discusses the history of the Late Antique synagogue at Priene, illuminated by its excavation in 2009–2011. First identified as a synagogue in the early twentieth century, the structure was never fully excavated. The two building phases related to its develop­ment as a syn­agogue are discussed first. The chronology and some finds from the synagogue are then presented. The synagogue is then placed within its historical context as a prostas house in the city's western residential district. Finally, the Priene synagogue is discussed in relationship to other synagogues found in Asia Minor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Priene, Synagogue, Prostas, Menorah, Late antiquity, Jewish architecture

Priene'deki Geç Antik Sinanog: Tarihi, Mimarisi ve Konteksti

Öz

Bu makale, Türkiye - Priene'deki Geç Antik Dönem sinagogunun 2009-2011 yılları arasındaki yapılan kazılarla aydınlanan tarihini tartışmaktadır. İk kez erken 20. yüzyılda sinaogog olarak tanımlanan yapı hiç bir zaman tam olarak kazılmamıştır. İlkin, gelişimine yönelik iki yapı evresinden bahsedilmektedir. Daha sonra, sinagoga ait kronoloji va bazı buluntular sunulmaktadır. Sinagog daha sonra kendi tarihsel kontekstine, kentin batı konut bölgesindeki bir prostas evi olarak yerleştirilmektedir. En sonunda, Priene sinagogu Asia Minor'da bulunan diğer sinagoglarla olan ilişki çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Priene, Sinagog, Prostas, Menorah, Geç Antk Çağ, Yahudi mimarisi

Kaynakça

• C. Abadie-Reynal – J.-P. Sodini, La céramique paleochrétienne de Thasos, Athens 1992 (Ecole française d'Athènes and Paris).
• O. Alexander, Εφορεια κλασσικων Αρχαιοτητων Αττικης, ’Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον 23 B’1 Chron: 31–181.
• W. Ameling, Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis II. Kleinasien, Tübingen 2004.
• A. Aydın, Byzantine Studies at Museum in Cilicia 2006, ANMED 5, 2007, 137–140.
• H. Bloedhorn – Chr. Bandomer – L. R. Verlag, Die jüdische Diaspora bis zum 7. Jahrhundert n. Chr., Wiesbaden 1992 (Tübinger Atlas des Vordern Orients B VI 18).
• H. Bloedhorn – G. Hüttenmeister, The Synagogue, in: W. Horbury – W. D. Davies – J. Sturdy (eds.), Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period, vol. 3, Cambridge 1999, 267–297.
• J. Brants, Antieke Terra-Cotta Lampen: uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden beschreven. Leiden 1913.
• A. Chaniotis, The Jews of Aphrodisias: New Evidence and Old Problems, Scripta Classica Israelica 21, 2002, 209–242.
• A. Chaniotis, Godfearers in the City of Love, Biblical Archaeology Review 36/3, 2010, 32–44.
• C. Claußen, Versammlung, Gemeinde, Synagoge, Göttingen 2002.
• J. S. Crawford, The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. Cambridge 1990 (Sardis Monograph 9).
• T. Cramer, Multivariate Herkunftsanalyse von Marmor auf petrographischer und geochemischer Basis, Berlin 2004 (Doctor of Natural Science Dissertation). (http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2004/742/pdf/cramer_thomas.pdf).
• B. Czurda-Ruth, Glas aus Ephesos: Hanghaus 1 und eine Werkstätte des 6. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. auf der Agora, Annales du 16e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, London [2003], 2005, 158–161.
• B. Czurda-Ruth, Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos: Die Gläser, Vienna 2007 (Forschungen in Ephesos 8/7).
• N. Çevik – Ö. Çömezoğlu – H. S. Öztürk – İ. Türkoğlu, The Ancient Synagogue at Andriake, Port of Myra, Adalya 13, 2010, 335–366.
• M. Dothan, Hammath Tiberias: Early Synagogues and the Hellenistic and Roman Remains, Jerusalem 1983.
• S. Durugönül – A. Mörel, Evidence of Judaism in Rough Cilicia and its Associations with Paganism, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 62, 2012, 303–322.
• A. Effenberger – H. G. Severin – J. Liepe (eds.), Das Museum für spätantike und byzantinische Kunst. Berlin 1992.
• M. R. Fairchild, Turkey’s Unexcavated Synagogues, Biblical Archaeology Review 38/4, 2012, 35–41.
• K. Ferla (ed.), Priene, Cambridge 20052.
• S. Fine, From Meeting House to Sacred Realm: Holiness and the Ancient Synagogue, in: S. Fine (ed.), Sacred Realm: The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Ancient World, New York 1996, 21–47.
• S. Fine, The Menorah and the Cross: Historiographical Reflections on a Recent Discovery from Laodicea on the Lycus, in: E. Carlebach – J. Schacter (eds.), New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations, Leiden/Boston 2012, 31–50.
• S. Fine – L. V. Rutgers, New Light on Judaism in Asia Minor During Late Antiquity: Two Recently Identified Inscribed Menorahs, Jewish Studies Review 3, 1996, 1–23.
• P. J.-B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum I. Europe, Rome 1936.
• J. J. van Ginkel, John of Ephesos. Groningen 1995.
• E. R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, vols. 1–13, Princeton 1953–1968.
• R. Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora, Leiden 1998.
• R. Hachlili, The Menorah, the Ancient Seven-armed Candelabrum: Origin, Form, and Significance, Leiden 2001.
• G. M. A. Hanfmann, The Fifth Campaign at Sardis (1962), Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 170, 1963, 1–65.
• D. B. Harden, Roman Glass from Karanis found by the University of Michigan Archaeological Expedition inEgypt 1924–1929, Ann Arbor 1936.
• A. Hennemeyer, Die Kapelle bei der Basilika von Priene, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 48, 1998, 341–348.
• A. Hennemeyer, Das Heiligtum der ägyptischen Götter in Priene, in: A. Hoffmann (ed.), Ägyptische Kulte und ihre Heiligtümer im Osten des Römischen Reiches, Istanbul 2005, 139–153 (BYZAS 1).
• A. Hennemeyer, Athena-Heiligtum von Priene, München 2006 (Dr. Ing. Dissertation). (http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985434155).
• C. Hopkins, The Discovery of Dura Europos, New Haven 1979.
• C. Isings, Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Groningen 1957.
• H. P. Isler, Heraion von Samos, Athenische Abteilung 84, 1969, 202–230 (Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts).
• G. Kleiner, Priene, in: RE, Suppl. 9, 1962, 1181–1222.
• W. Koenigs – W. Raeck – F. Rumscheid, Priene 1995, 24. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, vol. 2, Ankara 1996, 71–85.
• W. Koenigs – W. Raeck – A. Hennemeier – A. V. Kienlin – T. Lange – C. Schneider, Priene 1998, 21. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 2. Cilt, Ankara 2000, 181–192.
• W. Koenigs – W. Raeck, Priene. Bericht über die Kampagne 1999, 22. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, vol. 2, Ankara 2001, 181–194.
• A. T. Kraabel, The Excavated Synagogues of Late Antiquity from Asia Minor to Italy, in: XVI Internationaler Byzantinisten-Kongress, Akten II/2 (= Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 32/2), 1982, 227–236.
• A. T. Kraabel, The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since Sukenik, in: D. Urman – P. V. M. Flesher (eds.), Ancient Synagogues. Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery, Leiden 1995, 95–126.
• S. Ladstätter, Römische, spätantike und byzantinische Keramik, in: M. Steskal – M. La Torre (eds.), Das Vediusgymnasium in Ephesos, Vienna 2008, 97–189 (FiE 14.1).
• M. Langner, Antike Graffitizeichnungen, Wiesbaden 2001.
• L. I. Levine, The Ancient Synagogue, New Haven/London 20052.
• B. Lifshitz, Donateurs et Fondateurs dans les Synagogues Juives, Paris 1967.
• J. Magness, The Date of the Sardis Synagogue in Light of the Numismatic Evidence, AJA 109/3, 2005, 443–475.
• H. Menzel, Antike Lampen im Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, Mainz 19692.
• E. Meyers, Synagogue, in: D. N. Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 6, New York 1992, 251–260.
• F. Miltner, Das Coemeterium der Siebenschläfer, Vienna 1937 (FiE IV/2).
• E. Miranda, La comunità giudaica di Hierapolis di Frigia, Epigraphica Anatolica 31, 1999, 109–155.
• D. G. Mitten – A. F. Scorziello, Reappropriating Antiquity: Some Spolia from the Synagogue at Sardis, in: N. D. Cahill (ed.), Love for Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., Cambridge 2008, 135–146.
• M. Murray, Down the Road from Sardis: Adaptive Religious Structures and Religious Interaction in the Ancient City of Priene, in: ed. R. S. Ascough, Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Sardis and Smyrna, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 197–210.
• F. Neuburg, Antikes Glas, Darmstadt 1962.
• D. Noy – A. Panayotov – H. Bloedhorn, Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis I: Eastern Europe, Tübingen 2004.
• B. Y. Olcay, Lighting Methods in the Byzantine Period and Findings of Glass Lamps in Anatolia, Journal of Glass Studies 43, 2001, 77–87.
• A. Ovadiah, Ancient Synagogues in Asia Minor. in: E. Akurgal (ed.), Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Ankara-Izmir, 23–30 September 1973, 3 vols., Ankara 1978, 857–866, pls. 273–280.
• A. Perkins, The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report IV/5: The Glass. New Haven 1963.
• J. Poblome – M. Zelle, The Table Ware Boom. A Socio-Economic Perspective from Western Asia Minor, in: C. Berns – H. von Hesberg – L. Vandeput – M. Waelkens (eds), Patris und Imperium. Kulturelle und politische Identität in den Städten der römischen Provinzen Kleinasiens in der frühen Kaiserzeit, Leuven 2002, 275–283 (Kolloquium Köln 1998).
• W. Raeck (et al.), Priene. Neue Forschungen an einem alten Grabungsort, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 53, 2003, 313–423.
• W. Raeck, Neue Forschungen zum spätklassischen und hellenistischen Priene, in: E. Schwertheim – E. Winter (eds.), Neue Forschungen zu Ionien, Bonn 2005, 147–163 (Asia Minor Studien 54).
• W. Raeck, Die Arbeitskampagne in Priene 2005, 28. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, vol. 1, Ankara 147–161.
• W. Raeck, Die Arbeitskampagne in Priene 2006, 29. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, vol. 1, Ankara 2007, 333–350.
• K. L. Regling, Die Münzen von Priene, Berlin 1927.
• P. Richardson, Building Jewish in the Roman East, Waco 2004.
• T. Ritti, An Epigraphic Guide to Hierapolis, Istanbul 2006.
• F. Rumscheid – W. Koenigs, Priene. A Guide to the “Pompeii of Asia Minor.” Istanbul 1998.
• U. Ruppe, Neue Forschungen an der Stadtmauer von Priene, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 57, 271–322.
• L. V. Rutgers, Diaspora Synagogues: Synagogue Archaeology in the Greco-Roman World, in: S. Fine (ed.), Sacred Realm. The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Ancient World, New York/Oxford 1996, 67–95.
• L. V. Rutgers, The Hidden Heritage of Diaspora Judaism, Leuven 19982.
• M. Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, Berlin19642.
• V. Schultze, Altchristliche Städte II. Kleinasien, vol. 2, Gütersloh 1926.
• D. R. Sear, Byzantine Coins and their Values, London 19942.
• A. R. Seager – A. T. Kraabel, The Synagogue and the Jewish community, in: G. M. A. Hanfmann (ed.), Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times, Cambridge 1983, 168–190.
• M. Seyer – H. Lotz, A Synagogue in Limyra? – Preliminary Report on a Byzantine Building with Jewish elements. Journal of Ancient Judaism 4/1, 133–148.
• C. Şimşek, A Menorah with a Cross Carved on a Column of Nymphaeum A at Laodicea ad Lycum, JRA 19, 343–346.
• C. Şimşek, Laodikeia, Istanbul 2007.
• E. M. Stern, Antikes Glas in der Südtürkei, Glastechnische Berichte 57/5, 1984, 132–139.
• M. Sternini, Introduzione, in: M. Sternini – G. Agricoli – C. Mazzei (eds.), Unguentari in vetro con bollo nelle collezioni del Museo Nazionale Romano, Università di Siena 1997, 55–100 (Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia XVIII).
• M. Steskal, Glas, in: M. Steskal – M. La Torre (eds.), Das Vediusgymnasium in Ephesos, Vienna 2008, 189–204 (FiE 14/1).
• E. L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece, London 1934.
• P. Trebilco, Jewish Communities in Asia Minor, Cambridge 1991.
• K. Tuchelt – U. Wintermeyer, Didyma. Bericht über die Arbeiten, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 30, 99–191.
• N. N. Ugrelidze, К Истории Производства Стекла в раннесредневековой Картли, Tbilisi 1967.
• F. H. von Gaertringen (ed.), Inschriften von Priene, Berlin 1906.
• A. von Saldern, Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis. Cambridge 1980 (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 6).
• G. D. Weinberg, Evidence for Glass Manufacture in Ancient Thessaly. AJA 66, 1962, 129–133.
• G. D. Weinberg – E. M. Stern, Vessel Glass, Athens 2009 (The Athenian Agora 34).
• S. Westphalen, Die Basilika von Priene, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 48, 279–340.
• S. Westphalen, The Byzantine Basilica at Priene, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54, 275–280.
• L. M. White, The Social Origins of Christian Architecture, 2 vols. Valley Forge 1997.
• T. Wiegand – H. Schrader, Priene 1895–1898, Berlin 1904.
• M. Williams, The Jews of Corycos: A Neglected Diasporan Community from Roman Times, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period 25/2, 1994, 274–286.