Andriake Mermerleri: Lykia-Andriake’deki bir tepe üzerinde bulunmakta olup erken 19. yüzyılda kaybolan, İ.S. 1.-2. yüzyıla ait bir Roma anıt mezarı ve seyrüsefer işaretçisi olarak “yıkılmış, beyaz mermerden küçük bir tapınak”

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 16, 91 - 142, 15.11.2018

Terrance Michael Patrick Duggan

https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479938

Öz

Myra’nın limanı Andriake’de, Hadrian horreumu’nun
arkasında, kıyıya yakın meşhur bir tepede beyaz mermerden Korinth düzeninde
inşa edilmiş, kare planlı küçük bir Roma dönemi tapınak me­zarının varlığının
birinci el kaydı görsel, kartografik ve yayımlı metinlerde mevcuttur. Bu yapı,
konumu itibarıyla yaklaşık 1600 yıllık bir süre boyunca sahil şeridinde
seyirleri yönlendiren bir amaca da hizmet etmiş olmalıydı. Mevcut birincil
belgelerin hepsi 1792 ile 1812 arasındaki zaman dilimin­den gelmektedir. 19.
yüzyılın sonuna kadar yapıya ilişkin tüm referanslar bu birinci el kaynaklardan
yapılmakla beraber, bina artık yerinde durmamaktadır. 1812 yılından sonra
Andriake’deki tepede bu Roma yapısının var olduğunu gösteren birincil bir belge
yoktur. Günümüzde, bu yerde söz konusu yapıya ait fiziki bir kalıntı olmaması
yüzünden, bina yakın zamanda yayımlanan kaynaklarda göz ardı edilmiş ve ressam
Luigi Mayer tarafından Myra-Andriake Limanı’ndaki Hadrian horreumu’nun 1792
bakış açısıyla tanıtılan bir capriccio
olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Bu makale, söz konusu yapının Myra’nın limanı
Andriake’deki bu tepede 1812 yılına kadar mevcut olduğunu göstermekte ve bu
yapının Osmanlı otorilerinden izin almaksızın 1812 yılı Eylül ya da Ekim
başlarında, Dilettanti Cemiyeti’nin William Gell önderliğinde Ionia’ya yaptığı
görev ziyareti kapsamında Myra-Andriake’de oldukları sırada kasten ve metodik
olarak tepedeki yerinden kaldırıldığını işaret edecek belgeler sunmaktadır.
Ayrıca, makalede bu yapının ölçülmüş mimari bir kaydının kesinlikle yapıldığı
ama bu çizimlerin Dilettanti Cemiyeti tarafından 1814 yılında yayımlanmadığı
düşüncesi de önerilmektedir.

Makalede bu yapının bugünkü olası yeri hakkında
öneriler yapılmaktadır. Geçtiğimiz 200 yıllık sü­re boyunca Britanya’da ya da
başka bir yerde parçaları yeniden bir araya getirilen bir Roma yapısının
yokluğu da göz önüne alınarak, büyük olasılıkla parçaları ayrıştırılmış bir
şekilde bu Roma yapısını taşıyan gemi batmış gibi görünmektedir ya da gemiyi
kurtarmak için bu ağır kargo büyük olasılıkla 1812 sonunda ya da 1813 yılında
suların derinliklerine bırakılmıştır. Eğer Andriake mermerleri sıkça olduğu
üzere yükün aktarılması amacıyla Akdeniz’de boşaltıldıysa, William Gell
tarafından nakliye amaçlı kullanılan bu geminin adı ya da belki de sayısı iki
olan gemilerin adları bugün bilinmemektedir. Çünkü bunu kaydetmiş olması
gereken ve 1811-1813 arası yapılan Ionia görev gezisine ilişkin Dilettanti
cemiyetinin zimmetinde olan el yazması bülteni, bu anıtla ilgili pek çok şeyle
beraber, kaybolmuş durumdadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lykia, Andriake, Roma mausoleum’u, seyrüfeser işaretçisi, Dilettanti Cemiyeti

The Andriake Marbles: record of “a small ruined temple of very white marble” -a Roman 1st – 2nd century hilltop mausoleum and coastal navigational marker at Andriake, Lycia, that disappeared in the early 19th c.

Öz

There
is first hand record, pictorial, cartographic and in published texts of the
presence of a small Roman square in plan temple-tomb in the Corinthian Order
constructed of very white marble on a prominent coastal hilltop behind
Hadrian’s horrea at Andriake, the port of Myra. It was a structure that from
its location would also have served as a coastal navigational marker over the
course of about 1600 years. All of the surviving primary evidence for it dates
from the two decades between 1792 and 1812. Although reference continued to be
made to this structure from these first hand sources into the latter part of
the 19^th c., this building no longer stood in this location. There
is no primary evidence for the presence of this Roman structure on this hilltop
at Andriake after 1812. Due to the absence of visible physical remains in this location today, in the
recent literature, the record made of it, has been regarded as a inaccurate record
of a nearby Hellenistic tower, a caprice introduced by the artist Luigi Mayer
into his view of Hadrian’s horrea at the Port of Myra-Andriake of 1792, which,
was then repeated by the British Admiralty hydrographer Captain Beaufort in his
work, which seems inexplicable, or has been ignored.

This
article shows this building stood in this hilltop location at Andriake the port
of Myra until 1812 and provides record to indicate that this structure was
deliberately and methodically removed without Ottoman permission from its
hilltop location in September-early October 1812, at the time that the Society
of the Dilettanti Mission to Ionia led by William Gell was at Myra-Andriake. It
also suggests a measured architectural record of this structure was certainly
made, but note of these dra­wings was not published by the Society of
Dilettanti in 1814.

Suggestions are made
as to the possible location of this building today and it seems most probably
the case, in the absence of record of this reassembled Roman structure in
Britain or elsewhere over the course of the past 200 years, that the vessel
transporting the disassembled parts of this Roman building sank, was sunk, or to save the ship,
this heavy cargo was cast into deep water, most probably in late 1812 or in
1813. The name of the vessel used by William Gell for transport, or perhaps,
two vessels, if the Andriake Marbles were offloaded within the Mediterranean
for transshipment, as was often the case, is unknown today, as the handwritten
Journal of the Dilettanti Mission to Ionia of 1811 to 1813, the property of the
Society of Dilettanti, which would have recorded this, and much else besides
concerning this monument, has been lost.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lycia, Andriake, Roman mausoleum, Navigational Marker, Society of Dilettanti

Kaynakça

• B. Anderson, “An alternative discourse”: Local interpreters of antiquities in the Ottoman Empire, Journal of Field Archaeology, 40/4, 2015, 450-460.
• R. E. Anderson, “Hamilton, William Richard”, in S. Leslie (ed.), DNB 24, London 1886-1900, 234.
• G. E. Bean, Lycian Turkey: An Archaeological Guide, London 1989.
• F. Beaufort, Karamania, Or, A Brief Description of the South Coast of Asia-Minor and of the Remains of Antiquity: With Plans, Views, &c. Collected During a Survey of that Coast, Under the Orders of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in the Years 1811 & 1812, R. Hunter, (successor to Mr. Johnson), London 1817.
• F. Beaufort, Caramanie ou courte description de la côte méridionale de l’Asie-Mineur et des restes d’antiquités qui s’y trouvent, in: Nouvelles annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire ou recueil des relations originales inédites, communiqées par des Voyageurs Français étrangers; des voyages nouveaux, traduits de toutes les langues Européennes.., Volume V, Paris 1820, 5-133.
• J. Borchhardt – G. Neumann, Lykische Studien, in: J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra - Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, Istanbuler Forschungen 30, Gbr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1975, 93-156.
• Statutes and Rules for the British museum, as altered in consequence of the report of a committee of the trustees. Revised eighth of June 1839, British Museum, London 1839.
• A Catalogue of the Manuscript Maps, Charts, and Plans, and of the Topographical Drawings in the British Museum, Volume III, London 1844.
• N. Chambers, Joseph Banks and the British Museum: The World of Collecting, 1770-1830, Routledge, London, 2016.
• E. D. Clarke, Greek Marbles brought from the shores of the Euxine, Archipelago, and Mediterranean and deposited in the Vestibule of the Public Library of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1809
• E. D. Clarke, Travels in various countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Part II, Section II, Vol. IV, New York 1815.
• S. P. Cockerell (ed.), Travels in Southern Europe and the Levant, 1810-17, The Journal of C. R. Cockerell, R.A., Longman and Co., London 1903.
• G. M. Cohen – M. S. Joukowsky, Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2006.
• J. Condor, A Popular Description of Syria and Asia Minor: Geographical, Historical and Topographical, Vol. 2, London 1824.
• J. Condor, The Modern Traveller: A Description of the various countries of the Globe, Syria and Asia Minor, Vol. 3, London 1830.
• W. J. Conybeare – J. S. Howson, The Life, Times, and Travels of St. Paul, E. B. Treat, New York 1869.
• F. A. Cooper, The Temple of Apollo Bassitas: The architecture, Vol. 1, ASCSA, Princeton, N.J., 1996.
• W. Coysh, Blue-Printed Earthenware 1800-1850, Charles E. Tuttle, 1972.
• J. A. Cramer, A Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor with a Map, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1832.
• The British Critic, Mayer’s Views in Egypt, Palestine and Caramania, 170-174, Vol. XXIV, August 1804.
• L. Cust, History of the Society of the Dilettanti (ed. S. Colvin), Macmillan and Co., London 1914.
• V. Smallwood – S. Woodford – J. C. Quinton, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum: Great Britain, Fragments from Sir William Hamilton's second collection of vases recovered from the wreck of HMS Colossus, Vol. XX, London 2003.
• N. Çevik, Tasların İzinde Likya: Alternatif Bir Rehber, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay., İstanbul 2002
• N. Çevik, Lykia Kitabı, Suna-İnan Kıraç AKMED Yay. İstanbul 2015.
• The Antiquities of Athens: Measured and Delineated By James Stuart FRS and FSA and Nicolas Revett, Painters and Architects, Volume the First, Society of the Dilettanti, London 1762.
• Antiquities of Ionia, Vol. II, Society of the Dilettanti, London 1797.
• Antiquities of Ionia, Part the Third, Society of the Dilettanti, London 1840.
• Historical Notices of the Society of Dilettanti: Printed for Private Circulation Only, John Bowyer, Nichols and Sons, London 1855.
• Antiquities of Ionia, Vol. V, Society of the Dilettanti, London 1915.
• W. Drummond – H. Walpole, Herculanensia: or Archaeological and Philological dissertations concerning a manuscript found amongst the ruins of Herculaneum, W. Bulmer and Co., London 1810.
• T. M. P. Duggan – Ç. A. Aygün, The Medieval and Later Port of Myra/Stamira – Taşdibi, in: S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – T. Schmidts (edd.), Byzas 19 - Harbors and Harbor Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Byzantine Period: Recent Discoveries and Current Approaches, Ege Yay,. Istanbul 2015, 245-269.
• The Eclectic Review, Vol. 1, Part 1, Article XXX, Select Literary Information, January-June 1805 inclusive, London 1805.
• E. Edwards, Lives of the Founders of the British Museum: With Notices of Its Chief Augmentors and Other Benefactors: 1570 - 1870, Vol. 2, Trübner and Co., London 1870.
• D. G. C. Elwes, A History of the Castles, Mansions, and Manors of Western Sussex, Longmans and Co., London 1876.
• K. Eustace, “Questa Scabrosa Missione”: Canova in Paris and London in 1815, in: K. Eustace (ed.), Canova: Ideal Heads, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 1997, 9-38 (http://www.veniceinperil.org/newslet ters/Canova.pdf).
• J. B. B. Eyriès, Malerische Reise in Asien und Afrika: eine allgemeine Uebersicht der alten und neuen Reisen, nach Ermann, Lesseps, Gmelin, Pallas, Kämpfer, Marco Polo, de Guignes, Moorcroft, Turner, Staunton, Laloubère, Kirkpatrick, Tavernier, J. Thevenot, Bernier, Heber, Pyrard, Burnes, Forster, Pottinger, Pietro della Valle, Chardin, Morier, Tournefort, Klaproth, Beaufort, Paul Lucas, Niebuhr, Burckhardt, Volney, Symes, Chateaubriand, Leon de Laborde, Badia, Cadalvene und Breuvry, Caillaud, Bruce, Salt, Combes und Tamisier, Flacourt, Bory, Le Vaillant, Thompson, Caillé, Bowdich, Laing, Mollien, Brue, v. Buch, Mungo Park, Denham, Clapperton, Lander u. A. m, Baumgärtner, Leipzig 1841.
• B. M. Fagan – C. Beck, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996.
• C. Fellows, The Xanthian Marbles: Their Acquisition, and Transmission to England, John Murray, London 1843.
• C. Fellows, Account of the Ionic Trophy Monument Excavated at Xanthus, John Murray, London 1848.
• J. Freely, The Western Mediterranean Coast of Turkey, Istanbul 1997.
• K. Galani, British Shipping in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars: The untold Story of a Successful Adaption, Brill, Leiden 2017.
• J. Galt, Voyages and travels in the years 1809, 1810 and 1811, containing observations on Gibraltar, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Scrigo and Turkey, London1812
• W. Gell – J. P. Gandy, Esq., Pompeiana: The Topography, Edifices, and Ornaments of Pompeii, 81 plates on 77 leaves, Engravings from Drawings made on the spot, Rodwell and Martin (issued in parts), Band I, London 1821.
• Rev. J. Haggitt, Two Letters to a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries with the subject of Gothic Architecture…and an inquiry into the Eastern Origins of the Gothic, or Pointed Arch, Cadell and Davis, Cambridge 1813.
• W. R. Hamilton, Remarks on Several Parts of Turkey: Aegyptiaca, or Some account of the antient and modern State of Egypt, as obtained in the years 1801, 1802. Accompanied with etchings, from original drawings taken on the spot by the late Charles Hayes of the Royal Engineers, Volume 1, T. Payne, Pall Mall, London 1809.
• W. R. Hamilton, On the Budrúm Marbles (read on March 26th, 1846), in: Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, Second Series, Vol. 2, London 1847, 251-257.
• The Parliamentary Debates from 1803 to the Present Day, XXXIV, 26 April to 2 July 1816, H.M. Stationery Office, Hansard, London 1816.
• F. S. Herstadt – C. G. Rhun – F. G. Baumgärtner, Ansichten in der Türkei, in: Neues Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen für Fabrikanten, Manufakturisten, Künstler, Handwerker und Oekonomen..., No. 51, Litteraritcher Anzeiger - No. IV, Leipzig 1816.
• R. Hosyn, Narrative of a Survey of part of the South Coast of Asia Minor; and of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840-1; accompanied by a Map, 143-161 in, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XII, London 1843.
• M. G. A. F. de Choiseul Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, Tome I, Paris 1782.
• T. Hodos, Lycia and Classical Archaeology: the changing nature of archaeology in Turkey, 87-118, in D. Haggis – C. Antonaccio (ed.), Classical Archaeology in Context: Theory and Practice in Excavation in the Greek World, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., Berlin 2015.
• H. Hoock, The British State and Anglo-French Wars over Antiquities 1798-1858,,The Historical Journal, 50, 1, 2007, 49-72.
• W. M. Leake, Journal of a tour in Asia Minor, with comparative remarks on the ancient and modern geography of that country ... Accompanied by a map, John Murray, London 1824.
• Ed. Lady T. Lewis, Extracts from the Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry: From the Year 1783 to 1852, Vol.2, Longman, Green and Co., London, 1866.
• C. le Bruyn, A Voyage to the Levant: or, travels in the principal parts of Asia Minor, the islands of Scio, Rhodes, Cyprus, &c. with an account of the most considerable cities of Egypt, Syria and the Holy Land ..., Done into English, by W. J., for Jacob Tonson and Thomas Bennet, London, 1702
• R. R. Madden, The Literary Life and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington, Vol. 2, T. C. Newby, London 1855.
• M. Malte-Brun, Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire; ou collection des voyages nouveau les plus estimés, traduits de toutes les langues Européennes,… Vol. IV, Paris 1809.
• M. Malte-Brun, Universal geography, or a description of all the parts of the World, on a new plan, Vol IV, Edinburgh-London 1823.
• L. Mayer, Views in the Ottoman Empire, chiefly in Caramania, a part of Asia Minor hitherto unexplored; [etc.], London 1803.
• Memorandum on the subject of the Earl of Elgin’s pursuits in Greece, printed for W. Miller, London 1815.
• J. Mori, The Culture of Diplomacy: c. 1750 – 1830, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2010.
• R. Morris, HMS Colossus: The Story of the Salvage of the Hamilton Treasures, London 1979.
• Ian Morris (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
• A Handbook for Travellers in Turkey: Describing Constantinople, European Turkey, Asia Minor, Armenia, and Mesopotamia - With New Travelling Maps and Plans, John Murray, London 1854
• Handbook for Travellers in Turkey in Asia: Including Constantinople, the Bosphorus, Plain of Troy, Isles of Cyprus, Rhodes, &c..., with General Hints for Travellers in Turkey, Vocabularies &c., John Murray, London, 1878.
• 1863 C. T. Newton, assisted by P. P. Pullan, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus & Branchidæ, Vol. 2, Part 2, Day and Sons, London 1863.
• C. T. Newton, Travels & Discoveries in the Levant, Vol. 1, Appendix, A Tour in Lycia by Mr D. E. Colnaghi, Day and Son, London 1865.
• J. W. Norie, New Piloting Directions for the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic, Or Gulf of Venice, the Black Sea, Grecian Archipelago, and the Seas of Marmara and Azov: Containing Instructions for Navigating the Various Coasts, Islands, Bays, Ports, and Harbours, and for Avoiding the Numerous Rocks, Shoals, and Other Dangers in Those Seas..., printed for Charles Wilson, written to accompany and illustrate a new general chart of the Mediterranean Sea by J. W. Norie, at the Navigation Warehouse and Naval Academy, London 1831.
• J. W. Norie, New Piloting Directions for the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic, Or Gulf of Venice, the Black Sea, Grecian Archipelago, and the Seas of Marmara and Azov: Containing Instructions for Navigating the Various Coasts, Islands, Bays, Ports, and Harbours, and for Avoiding the Numerous Rocks, Shoals, and Other Dangers in Those Seas..., printed for Charles Wilson, written to accompany and illustrate a new general chart of the Mediterranean sea by J. W. Norie, at the Navigation Warehouse and Naval Academy, London 1841
• S. Özel, Under the Turkish Blanket Legislation: The Recovery of Cultural Property Removed from Turkey, International Journal of Legal Information: Vol. 38: Iss. 2, Article 10; 2010, 179-184 (Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ijli/vol38/iss2/10. Accessed 12-01-2015)
• G. E. Bean, Myra (Demre; Kale) Lycia, Turkey in: R. Stillwell – W. L. MacDonald – M. Holland – W. L. McAllister (eds.), The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites, Princeton 1976 (Reprint: Princeton 2017), 603-4.
• R. Pococke, A Description of the East and some other Countries, Volume II, Part II: Observations on the Islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and some other Parts of Europe, London 1745.
• J. Purdy, The new sailing directory for the Strait of Gibraltar and the western division of the Mediterranean Sea: comprehending the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy, from Cape Trafalgar to Cape Spartivento; the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Maltese Islands; with the Afri-can coast, from Tangier to Tripoli, R. H. Laurie, London, 1826.
• J. Purdy, The new sailing directory for the Strait of Gibraltar and the western division of the Mediterranean Sea: comprehending the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy, from Cape Trafalgar to Cape Spartivento; the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Maltese Islands; with the African coast, from Tangier to Tripoli, R. H. Laurie, London 1827.
• J. Purdy, The new sailing directory for the Strait of Gibraltar and the western division of the Mediterranean Sea: comprehending the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy, from Cape Trafalgar to Cape Spartivento; the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Maltese Islands; with the African coast, from Tangier to Tripoli, R. H. Laurie, London 1832.
• J. Purdy, The new sailing directory for the Strait of Gibraltar and the western division of the Mediterranean Sea: comprehending the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy, from Cape Trafalgar to Cape Spartivento; the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Maltese Islands; with the African coast, from Tangier to Tripoli, R. H. Laurie, London, 1840.
• T. Roe, The negociations of Thomas Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the year. 1621-28 inclusive, Society for the Promotion of Learning, London 1740.
• Dissertazione sopra alcune monete armene dei principi Rupinensi della collezione Ainslieana. Fatta dall’abate Domenico Sestini accademico etrusco, nella Stamperia di Tommaso Masi, e Comp., Livorno, 1790.
• R. C. Severis, Although to Sight Lost, to Memory Dear, Representations of Cyprus by foreign travellers/artists 1700-1955, Bristol University, Doctoral Diss. 1999. at: http://research-information.bristol. ac.uk/files/34490974/300709_vol1.pdf
• W. M. K. Shaw, Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 2003.
• E. Smedley – H.J. Rose – H. J. Rose (ed.), Encyclopædia Metropolitana: or, Dictionary of Useful Knowledge, on an original plan: comprising the twofold advantage of A Philosophical and an Alphabetical arrangement, Volume XXI, B. Fellowes, London 1845.
• W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood, John Murray, London 1854.
• A. H. Smith, Lord Elgin and His Collection, JHS 36, 1916, 163-372.
• A-L. Spânu, Luigi Mayer and his 18th century Views, Brukenthal. Acta Musei, VII.2, 2012, 321-332.
• S. Spooner, A Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, Sculptors and Architects, from Ancient to Modern Times: With the Monograms, Ciphers, and Marks Used by Distinguished Artists to Certify Their Works, G. P. Puttenham and Co. New York 1852.
• F. Stark, The Lycian Shore, John Murray, London 1956.
• The Antiquities of Athens: Measured and Deliniated By James Stuart FRS and FSA and Nicolas Revett, Painters and Architects, Vol. 1, Society of the Dilettanti, London 1762.
• B. J. Taylor, Sir Robert Ainslie, Domenico Sestini and Luigi Mayer: A Case of who went where, with Whom and When, in: D. Fortenberry (ed.), Souvenirs and New Ideas: Travel and collecting in Egypt and the Near East, Oxbow Books, Oxford 2013, 158-178.
• C. Texier, Asie mineure: description géographique, historique et archéologique des provinces et des villes de la Chersonnèse d'Asie, Tome I, Paris 1862.
• T. Thomson (ed.), A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, Vol. 2, Blackie and son, London 1872.
• W. Turner, Journal of a Tour of the Levant, Vol. 3, John Murray, London 1820.
• J. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Vol. 2., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1947.
• T. Webb, English Romantic Hellenism 1780-1824, Manchester University Press, New York 1982.
• J. T. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus including the Site and Remains of the Great Temple of Diana, London 1877.
• W. W. Wroth, Bruce, Thomas (1766-1841), in: S. Leslie (ed.), DNB, 7, Smith, Elder & Co., London 1886, 130–131.
• W. W. Wroth, Leake, William Martin, in S. Leslie (ed.), DNB, 32, Smith, Elder & Co., London 1893, 323-324.