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Pontos Atina’sı. Kendi Tarihî-Coğrafî İçeriğinde bir Atina Epmorion’u

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 , 11 - 31, 15.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.602897

Öz

Athenai olarak adlandırılan tüm eski yerleşimlerin en az önemli olanı Pontos kıyısında Trapezous’un doğusunda yer almaktadır. Yerleşim ismini 20. yüzyıl içlerine kadar muhafaza etmiş ve daha sonra Pazar olarak yeniden adlandırılmıştır. Arrianus’un  bu khorion’un (günümüze kalan) ilk tasvirini bize sunması, Roma donanmasının bazı bölümlerini onun limanına demirlemesini zorunlu kılan bir fırtına sebebiyledir (İS 132). 6. yüzyılda Prokopios bu köyden onun sadece daha ünlü adaşı tarafından kurulmuş olduğunu gösteren yerel geleneği yalanlamak için bahseder. Bilim insanları bu şüpheci yaklaşımı paylaşmışlardır ve bundan dolayı Pontos Atina’sını büyük oranda dipnotlara indirgemişler ya da onu tümden bir unutulmaya mahkûm etmişlerdir. Fakat hiçbir şey, bunu Perikles’in Karadeniz’e yaptığı gezinin (yak. İÖ 437/5) bir sonucu olarak düşünmekten daha mantıklı değildir. Athenai, Limne adındaki bir Miletos apoikia’sı olarak tarih öncesi bir geçmişe sahip olabilir. Atina thalassokrasi’sinin yıkılmasının (İÖ 405) ardından oynamış olduğu rol ise daha az kesindir. İÖ 2. yüzyıl başlarında Pontos Krallığı’na dahil edilmeden olasılıkla Sinope egemenliğinde yer almıştır. Ancak Pontos Atina’sı bu dönemde Trapezous ve Phasis arasındaki alanda gerçekleşen ekonomik çöküşü yaşamıştı. Her şeye rağmen bir köy olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür ve bu da bir polikhnion’un varlığı devam etse de yüzyıllar boyu tarihi kayıtlardan nasıl kaçabildiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

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Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 , 11 - 31, 15.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.602897

Öz

The least significant of all ancient settlements
called Athenai was located east of
Trapezous on the Pontic coast. It maintained its name well into the 20th
century, when its successor was renamed Pazar.
That Arrian provides us with the first (surviving) description of this chorion is due to a storm that compelled
him to anchor parts of the Roman fleet in its little harbour (AD 132). In the 6th
century, Prokopios mentions the village only to refute the local tradition that
it had been founded by its more famous namesake. Scholars have shared this
skepticism and thus largely relegated Pontic Athens to footnotes or condemned
it to complete oblivion. But nothing is more plausible than regarding it as a
result of Perikles’ expedition to the Euxine (ca. 437/35 BC). Athenai may have
a pre-history as a Milesian apoikia
called Limne. Less certain is the
role it played after the breakdown of Athenian thalassocracy (405 BC). It
probably stood under Sinopean hegemony, before being absorbed into the Pontic
kingdom in the early-2nd century BC. By then, however, Pontic Athens
had shared the economic downturn of the area between Trapezous and Phasis. It
lived on as a village regardless, and thus demonstrates that a polichnion could escape the historical
record for centuries without ceasing to exist.

Kaynakça

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  • D. Braund, Greek Religion and Cults in the Black Sea Region: Goddesses in the Bosporan Kingdom from the Archaic Period to the Byzantine Era, Cambridge 2018.
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  • A. Coşkun, Dioskourias in the Recess of the Black Sea. (Re-) Locatin Greek & Roman Cities along the Northern Coast of Kolchis (Gyenos, Dioskourias, Sebastopolis, Pityous and Herakleion), in: preparation a.
  • A. Coşkun, The Boundary between Trapezus and Kolchis, and the Eastern Extension of the Kingdom of Deiotaros Philorhomaios, in: preparation b.
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  • J. G. de Boer, The Foundation of Agathopolis/Alaeouteichos and the Athenian Black Sea Policy in the 5th Century BC, in: D. Kacharava – M. Faudot – É. Geny (eds.), Pont-Euxine et Polis. Polis Hellenis and Polis Barbaron. Actes du Xe Symposium de Vani - 23-26 septembre 2002, Besançon 2005, 167-180.
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  • N. Ehrhardt, Ktistai in den Argonautika des Apollonios Rhodios. Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung von Gründungstraditionen in Kyzikos, Kios, Herakleia Pontike und Sinope (Asia Minor Studien 16, Studien zum antiken Kleinasien), Bonn 1999, 23-46.
  • J. Engels, Augusteische Oikumenegeographie und Universalhistorie im Werk Strabons von Amaseia, Stuttgart 1999.
  • D. B. Erciyas, Cotyora, Kerasus and Trapezus: The Three Colonies of Sinope, in: D. V. Grammenos – E. K. Petropoulos (eds.), Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2, vol. 2, Oxford 2007, 1195-1206.
  • W. Falconer, Arrian’s Voyage around the Black Sea, Oxford. Drawn from Wikisource 1805.
  • A. Fenet, Les dieux olympiens et la mer. Espaces et pratiques cultuelles, Rome 2016.
  • P. Ferrarese, La spedizione di Pericle nel Ponto Eusino, CISA 2, 1972, 7-19.
  • M. A. Flower, Xenophon’s Anabasis, or The Expedition of Cyrus, Oxford 2012.
  • T. Gantz, Early Greek Myth. A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Baltimore 1993.
  • A. Giovannini, The Parthenon, the Treasury of Athena and the Tribute of the Allies, in: P. Low (ed.), The Athenian Empire, Edinburgh 2008, 150-163.
  • H. Heinen, Mithradates VI. Eupator, Chersonesos und die Skythenkönige. Kontroversen um Appian, Mithr. 12f. und Memnon 22,3f., in: A. Coşkun (ed.), Roms auswärtige Freunde in der späten Republik und im frühen Prinzipat, Göttingen 2005, 75-90
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  • E. Janssens, Trébizonde en Colchide, Brussels 1967.
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  • A. Kakhidze, Athens and the Black Sea Area in the Late Archaic and Classical Periods, in: D. Kacharava – M. Faudot – É. Geny (eds.), Pont-Euxine et Polis. Polis Hellenis and Polis Barbaron. Actes du Xe Symposium de Vani - 23-26 septembre 2002, Besançon 2005, 115-118.
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  • V. V. Krapivina, Home Sanctuaries in the Northern Black Sea Littoral, in: E. K. Petropoulos – A. A. Maslennikov (eds.), Ancient Sacral Monuments in the Black Sea, Thessalonike 2010, 127-170.
  • I. Lazarenko – E. Mircheva – R. Encheva – N. Sharankov, The Temple of the Pontic Mother of Gods in Dionysopolis, in: E. K. Petropoulos – A. A. Maslennikov (eds.), Ancient Sacral Monuments in the Black Sea, Thessalonike 2010, 13-62.
  • G. A. Lehmann, Perikles. Staatsmann und Stratege im klassischen Athen, Munich 2008.
  • L. Lemcke, Imperial Transportation and Communication from the Third to the Late Fourth Century: The Golden Age of the cursus publicus, Brussels 2016.
  • A. Liddle, Arrian. Periplus Ponti Euxini, London 2003.
  • O. Lordkipanidze, Das alte Georgien (Kolchis und Iberien) in Strabons Geographie. Neue Scholien, deutsch von Nino Begiaschwili, Amsterdam 1996.
  • D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, 2 vols., Princeton/NJ 1950.
  • C. Marek, Pontus et Bithynia. Die römischen Provinzen im Norden Kleinasiens, Mainz 2003.
  • C. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich 2010.
  • G. Mariotta – A. Magnelli, Diodoro Siculo, Biblioteca storica, Libro IV, Commento storico, Milan 2012.
  • M. W. Mather – J. W. Hewitt, (eds.), Xenophon’s Anabasis, Books I-IV, Norman OK 1962.
  • D. Mattingly, Periclean Imperialism, in: P. Low (ed.), The Athenian Empire, Edinburgh 2008, 81-110.
  • H. B. Mattingly, Athens and the Black Sea in the Fifth Century BC, in: Otar Lordkipanidzé and Pierre Lévêque (eds.), MSur les traces des Argonautes. Actes du 6e symposium de Vani (Colchide) 22-29 septembre 1990, Paris 1996, 151-157.
  • R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire, Oxford 1972, repr. 1999.
  • K. Miller, Itinera Romana, Stuttgart 1916.
  • I. Moga, Strabo on the Persian Artemis and Mên in Pontus and Lydia, in: G. R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History, Oxford 2012, 191-195.
  • K. Müller, Geographi Graeci Minores, vol. 1, Leipzig 1855.
  • C. Müller, Claud. Ptolemaei Geographica (lib. 1-5), Paris 1883/ 1901. (quoted after Stückelberger – Graßhoff 2006, vol. 1, 46).
  • C. F. A. Nobbe, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Leipzig 1843-45, repr. Hildesheim 1966.
  • M. K. Nollé, Koloniale und mythische Verwandtschaften der Stadt Amisos in Pontos, in: J. Nollé – B. Overbeck – P. Weiß (eds.), Internationales Kolloquium zur kaiserzeitlichen Münzprägung Kleinasiens (Nomismata 1), Milan 1997, 157-164.
  • E. Olshausen – J. Biller, Historisch-geographische Aspekte der Geschichte des Pontischen und Armenischen Reiches. Teil I: TAVO B 29/1, Wiesbaden 1984.
  • R. Parker, Religion and the Athenian Empire, in: P. Low (ed.), The Athenian Empire, Edinburgh 2008, 150-163.
  • A. V. Podossinov, Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Pontus on the Tabula Peutingeriana, in: G. R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History, Oxford 2012, 203-206.
  • B. Rémy, Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d’Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.) (Pont-Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie), Istanbul 1989.
  • L. E. Roller, In Search for the Mother God, Berkeley CA 1999.
  • D. W. Roller, A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo, Cambridge 2018.
  • T. Rood, Xenophon’s Parasangs, Journal of Hellenic Studies 130, 2010, 51-66.
  • T. Rood, Black Sea Variations: Arrian’s “Periplus”, Cambridge Classical Journal 57, 2011, 137-163.
  • A. G. Roos – G. Wirth, Flavii Arriani quae existant omnia, Leipzig 1967.
  • L. J. Samons II, Empire of the Owl. Athenian Imperial Finance, Stuttgart 2000.
  • L. J. Samons II, Pericles and the Conquest of History. A Political Biography, Cambridge 2016.
  • U. Sens, Kulturkontakt an der östlichen Schwarzmeerküste, Langenweißbach 2009.
  • A. Silberman, Arrien, Périple du Pont-Euxin, Paris 1995.
  • A. Stückelberger – G. Graßhoff (eds.), Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, vol. 1: Einleitung und Buch 1-4; vol. 2: Buch 5-8 und Indices, Basel 2006.
  • P. J. Stylianou, One Anabasis or two?, in: R. L. Fox (ed.), The Long March. Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, New Haven 2004, 68-96.
  • L. Summerer, Amisos - eine Griechische Polis im Land der Leukosyrer, in: D. Kacharava – M. Faudot – É. Geny (eds.), Pont-Euxine et Polis. Polis Hellenis and Polis Barbaron. Actes du Xe Symposium de Vani - 23-26 septembre 2002, Besançon 2005, 129-165.
  • I. E. Surikov, Historico-Geographical Questions Connected with Pericles’ Pontic Expedition, ACSS 7, 2001, 341-366.
  • W. Tomaschek, Athenai (7), RE 2, 1896, 2022.
  • G. R. Tsetskhladze, Colchians, Greeks and Achaemenids in the 7th-5th Centuries BC: A Critical Look, Klio 76, 1994, 78-102.
  • G. R. Tsetskhladze, Die Griechen in der Kolchis, Amsterdam 1998.
  • G. R. Tsetskhladze, Pichvnari and Its Environs, 6th c BC-4th c AD, Paris 1999.
  • O. Veh, Prokop, Gothenkrieg. Griechisch-deutsch, 2nd ed. Munich 1978.
  • M. Vickers – A. Kakhidze, A Kolchian and Greek Settlement: Ex-cavations at Pičvnari 1967 to 2005, in: Proceedings of the Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Black Sea Studies Conference ‘Meetings of cultures in the Black Sea region: between conflict and coexistence’ 2006, Aarhus 2008, 131-148. http://www. pontos.dk/publications/books/BSS%208.
  • H. Von Arnim, Skylax (2), RE 3A.1, 1927, 615-646.
  • K. -W. Welwei, Das klassische Athen. Demokratie und Machtpolitik im 5. und 4. Jahrhundert, 2nd ed. Darmstadt 1999.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Altay Coşkun 0000-0002-4672-6195

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Kasım 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, A. (2019). Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context. Gephyra, 18, 11-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.602897
AMA Coşkun A. Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context. GEPHYRA. Kasım 2019;18:11-31. doi:10.37095/gephyra.602897
Chicago Coşkun, Altay. “Pontic Athens: An Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context”. Gephyra 18, Kasım (Kasım 2019): 11-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.602897.
EndNote Coşkun A (01 Kasım 2019) Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context. Gephyra 18 11–31.
IEEE A. Coşkun, “Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context”, GEPHYRA, c. 18, ss. 11–31, 2019, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.602897.
ISNAD Coşkun, Altay. “Pontic Athens: An Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context”. Gephyra 18 (Kasım 2019), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.602897.
JAMA Coşkun A. Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context. GEPHYRA. 2019;18:11–31.
MLA Coşkun, Altay. “Pontic Athens: An Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context”. Gephyra, c. 18, 2019, ss. 11-31, doi:10.37095/gephyra.602897.
Vancouver Coşkun A. Pontic Athens: an Athenian Emporion in Its Geo-Historical Context. GEPHYRA. 2019;18:11-3.