Öz
Bu makale, Karaman ilindeki Pınarkaya’da (Divaz) bulunan Lykaonia kenti Thebasa için yeni bir konum önermekte ve önceki teşhislere ilişkin eleştirel bir analiz sunmaktadır. Makalede kentin kentsel/dini bir merkezden stratejik askeri bir üsse dönüşümüne işaret eden daha kap-samlı tarihi coğrafi bağlamında Thebasa’nın önemi yeniden değerlendirilmektedir. Birkaç yayın¬lanmamış ören yeri aracılığıyla makale Orta Toros Bölgesi’nin yerleşim ve iletişim ağlarına yeni bir bakış sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, 8. yüzyıldan 9. yüzyıla geçiş döneminde Bizans-Arap ilişki¬lerinin dinamiklerine dair yeni yorumlar da getirilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Thebasa Lykaonia Kilikia Tauros Geçitleri Bizans-Arap sınırı Bizans-Arap ilişkileri
Kaynakça
- W. F. Ainsworth, A commentary on the Anabasis of Xenophon, in: The Anabasis, or Expedition of Cyrus, and the Memorabilia of Socrates. Literally translated from the Greek of Xenophon by the Rev. J. S. Watson, London 1875.
- H. Bahar, Konya-Karaman Yüzey Araştırmaları 2006, AST 25/1, 2007, 235-254.
- K. Belke, mit Beiträgen von M. Restle, Galatien und Lykaonien, Wien 1984.
- M. Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War. Studies on the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier, New Haven 1996.
- M. Canard, La prise d’Héraclée et les relations entre Hārūn ar-Rashīd et l’empereur Nicéphore 1er, Byzantion 32, 1962, 345-79.
- J. A. Cramer, A Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor with a Map, Vol. 2, Oxford 1832.
- J. Darrouzès, Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, Paris 1981.
- E. J. Davis, Life in Asiatic Turkey, London 1879.
- J. Haldon – H. Kennedy, The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands, Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta XIX, 1980, 79-116.
- W. J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia; with some account of their antiquities and geology, Vol. 2, London 1842.
- H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forschungen in Kilikien, Wien 1986.
- F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien und Isaurien, Wien 1990.
- D. G. Hogarth – J. A. R. Munro, Modern and Ancient Roads in Eastern Asia Minor, London 1893.
- A. H. Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971.
- İ. H. Konyalı, Abideleri ve Kitâbeleri ile Konya Ereğli’si Tarihi, Istanbul 1970.
- G. Laminger-Pascher, Die kaiserzeitlichen Inschriften Lykaoniens Faszikel 1: Der Süden, Wien 1992.
- R. J. Lilie, Die Byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des Byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, München 1976.
- R. J. Lilie, Byzanz unter Eirene und Konstantin VI (780-802), Frankfurt am Main 1996.
- S. Mitchell, A History of a Later Roman Empire, ed. 2, Malden MA 2015.
- A. D. Mordtman, Bogazköi und Üyük. Dritter Beitrag zur vergleichenden Erdkunde von Kleinasien, in: Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, B. 1, 1861, 169-198.
- C. Mutafian, La Cilicie au carrefour des empires, T. 1-2, Paris 1988.
- G. Perrot – E. Guillaume, Exploration Archéologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, Vol. 1, Paris 1872.
- W. M. Ramsay – G. L. Bell, The Thousand and One Churches, London 1909.
- W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London 1890.
- W. M. Ramsay, Lycaonia, JÖAI 7, 1904, 57-132.
- C. Ritter, Vergleichende Erdkunde der Halbinsellandes Klein-Asien, B. 2, Berlin 1859.
- H. Rott, Kleinasiatische Denkmäler aus Pisidien, Pamphylien, Kappadokien und Lykien, Leipzig 1908.
- W. Ruge, Thebasa in: RE B. V, A, 2, Stuttgart 1934, 1594.
- M. A. Shaban, Islamic History. A New Interpretation, Vol. 2, AD 750-1055 (AH 132-448), Cambridge 1976.
- H. Şahin – A. Özdizbay, Dağlık Kilikia Yerleşim Tarihi ve Epigrafya Araştırmaları 2014-2015, AST 34/2, 2016, 505-550.
- H. Şahin, CIL XVII, 5, 3: Neue Meilensteine und Straßen aus der Cilicia Aspera, in: A. Kolb (ed.), Roman Roads: New Evidence – New Perspectives, Berlin-Boston 2019, 166-190.
- C. Texier, Description de l’Asie Mineure: faite par ordre du gouvernement français en 1833–1837, Vol. 2, Paris 1849.
- W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780-842, Stanford 1988.
- W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford 1997.
Thebasa and the Byzantine-Arab Frontier of the Middle Taurus. Observations in confinio Lycaoniae atque Ciliciae
Öz
This paper proposes a new location of the Lycaonian city of Thebasa at Pınarkaya (Divaz) in the province (il) of Karaman and provides a critical analysis of its previous identifications. It revaluates the importance of Thebasa in a broader, geo-historical context pointing out its transformation from a commercial hub to a strategic military base. Through several unpublished sites, the paper presents a fresh look at the settlement and communication networks of the Middle Taurus Region. It also develops new interpretations of the dynamics of Byzantine-Arab relations at the turn of the eighth and ninth centuries.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Thebasa Lycaonia Cilicia Taurus passes Byzantine-Arab frontier Byzantine-Arab relations
Kaynakça
- W. F. Ainsworth, A commentary on the Anabasis of Xenophon, in: The Anabasis, or Expedition of Cyrus, and the Memorabilia of Socrates. Literally translated from the Greek of Xenophon by the Rev. J. S. Watson, London 1875.
- H. Bahar, Konya-Karaman Yüzey Araştırmaları 2006, AST 25/1, 2007, 235-254.
- K. Belke, mit Beiträgen von M. Restle, Galatien und Lykaonien, Wien 1984.
- M. Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War. Studies on the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier, New Haven 1996.
- M. Canard, La prise d’Héraclée et les relations entre Hārūn ar-Rashīd et l’empereur Nicéphore 1er, Byzantion 32, 1962, 345-79.
- J. A. Cramer, A Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor with a Map, Vol. 2, Oxford 1832.
- J. Darrouzès, Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, Paris 1981.
- E. J. Davis, Life in Asiatic Turkey, London 1879.
- J. Haldon – H. Kennedy, The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands, Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta XIX, 1980, 79-116.
- W. J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia; with some account of their antiquities and geology, Vol. 2, London 1842.
- H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forschungen in Kilikien, Wien 1986.
- F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien und Isaurien, Wien 1990.
- D. G. Hogarth – J. A. R. Munro, Modern and Ancient Roads in Eastern Asia Minor, London 1893.
- A. H. Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971.
- İ. H. Konyalı, Abideleri ve Kitâbeleri ile Konya Ereğli’si Tarihi, Istanbul 1970.
- G. Laminger-Pascher, Die kaiserzeitlichen Inschriften Lykaoniens Faszikel 1: Der Süden, Wien 1992.
- R. J. Lilie, Die Byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des Byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, München 1976.
- R. J. Lilie, Byzanz unter Eirene und Konstantin VI (780-802), Frankfurt am Main 1996.
- S. Mitchell, A History of a Later Roman Empire, ed. 2, Malden MA 2015.
- A. D. Mordtman, Bogazköi und Üyük. Dritter Beitrag zur vergleichenden Erdkunde von Kleinasien, in: Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, B. 1, 1861, 169-198.
- C. Mutafian, La Cilicie au carrefour des empires, T. 1-2, Paris 1988.
- G. Perrot – E. Guillaume, Exploration Archéologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, Vol. 1, Paris 1872.
- W. M. Ramsay – G. L. Bell, The Thousand and One Churches, London 1909.
- W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London 1890.
- W. M. Ramsay, Lycaonia, JÖAI 7, 1904, 57-132.
- C. Ritter, Vergleichende Erdkunde der Halbinsellandes Klein-Asien, B. 2, Berlin 1859.
- H. Rott, Kleinasiatische Denkmäler aus Pisidien, Pamphylien, Kappadokien und Lykien, Leipzig 1908.
- W. Ruge, Thebasa in: RE B. V, A, 2, Stuttgart 1934, 1594.
- M. A. Shaban, Islamic History. A New Interpretation, Vol. 2, AD 750-1055 (AH 132-448), Cambridge 1976.
- H. Şahin – A. Özdizbay, Dağlık Kilikia Yerleşim Tarihi ve Epigrafya Araştırmaları 2014-2015, AST 34/2, 2016, 505-550.
- H. Şahin, CIL XVII, 5, 3: Neue Meilensteine und Straßen aus der Cilicia Aspera, in: A. Kolb (ed.), Roman Roads: New Evidence – New Perspectives, Berlin-Boston 2019, 166-190.
- C. Texier, Description de l’Asie Mineure: faite par ordre du gouvernement français en 1833–1837, Vol. 2, Paris 1849.
- W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780-842, Stanford 1988.
- W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford 1997.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Mayıs 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Şubat 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 21 |