Esthesioneuroblastoma

Öz

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a very rare tumour of anteriour cranial fossa originating from olfactory epithelium located at nasal roof. Recently, number of cases reported increases as a result of advanced diagnostic studies. Craniofacial resection allows to reach the origin and the extent of the tumour and with resection of dura, olfactory tract and cribriform plate, macroscopic and microscopic control of the tumour can be possible. Endoscopic approach, in cases that do not include aggressive erosion of skull base, is another surgical treatment modality that provides short hospital stay, more patient comfort and low complication rates. Adjuvant radiotherapy is used in both surgical procedures and decreases local recurrence. In this review, clinical features of ENB and surgical treatment modalities are discussed under the light of current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Esthesioneuroblastoma, Treatment modalities, Craniofacial resection, Endoscopic approach

Estezionöroblastom

Öz

Estezionöroblastom (ENB) ön kafa tabanı tümörleri arasında oldukça nadir olup burun tavanında olfaktör epitelin yerleştiği bölgede görülmektedir. Son yıllarda, tanı yöntemlerinin ilerlemesi nedeniyle bildirilen olgu sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Kraniofasial rezeksiyonla tümörün köken aldığı ve yayılım gösterdiği bölgeye direk ulaşılmakta ve dura, olfaktör sistem, kribriform plate rezeksiyonları ile tümörün makroskopik ve mikroskopik yayılımı kontrol altına alınmaktadır. Endoskopik yaklaşım ise, ileri derecede kafa tabanı erozyonunun olmadığı olgularda, hastanede kalış süresini azaltması, hasta konforunu arttırması, düşük komplikasyon oranları ile diğer bir cerrahi tedavi seçeneğidir. Her iki yaklaşımda da adjuvan radyoterapi lokal rekürensi azaltmaktadır. Bu derlemede ENB'un klinik özellikleri incelenmiş ve tedavi seçenekleri mevcut literatür eşliğinde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Estezionöroblastom, Tedavi seçenekleri, Kraniofasial rezeksiyon, Endoskopik yaklaşım

Kaynakça

1. Berger L, Luc R, Richard D. L’estheioneuroepitheliome olfactif. Bull Assoc Fr Etude Cancer. 1924;13:410–421. O’Connor TA, McLean P, Juillard GS. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Cancer. 1989;63:2426–2428. Dulguerov P, Abdelkarim SA, Calcaterra TC.
2. Esthesioneuroblastoma: A meta-analysis and review. Lancet Oncol. 2001;2:683–688. Rinaldo A, Ferlito A, Shaha AR, et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma and cervical lymph node metastases: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:125–221.
3. Lund VJ, Howard D, Wei W, et al. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:502–507.
4. Skolnik EM, Massari FS, Tenta LT. Olfactory neuroepithelioma. Arch Otolaryngol. 1966;84:644–653.
5. Magee PN, Montesano R, Preussmann R. N-nitroso compounds and related carcinogens. In: Searle CE, ed. Chemical carcinogens. Washington, DC: USA American Chemical Society, 1976:491–625.
6. Herrold K. Induction of olfactory neuroepithelia tumours in Syrian hamsters by diethlynitrosamine. Cancer. 1964;17:114–121.
7. Vollrath M, Altmannsberger M, Weber K, et al. Chemically induced tumours of rat olfactory epithelium: A model for human esthesioneuroepithelioma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76:1205–1169.
8. Leong BK, Kociba RJ, Jersey GC. A lifetime study of rats and mice exposed to vapour of bis(chloromethyl)ether. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981;58(2):269–281.

9. Hyams VJ. Olfactory neuroblastoma. In: Hyams VJ, Baksakis JG, Michaels L, eds. Tumours of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1998:240–248. HarrisonD. Surgical pathology of olfactory neuroblastoma. Arch Otolaryngol. 1984;7:60–64.
10. Argani P, Perez-Ordonez B, Xiao H, et al. Olfactory neuroblastoma is not related to the Ewing family of tumors: Absence of EWS/FL11 gene fusion and MIC2 expression. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:391–398.
11. Ogura J, Schenck N. Unusual nasal tumors. Problems in diagnosis and treatment. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 1973;6:813– 8
12. Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang C. Olfactory neuroblastoma: A clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer. 1976;37:1571–1576.
13. Papadaki H, Kounelis S, Kapadia S, et al. Relationship of p53 gene alterations with tumor progression and recurrence in olfactory neuroblastoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:715–721. Morita A, Ebersold M, Olsen K, et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Prognosis and management. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:706–715.
14. Schwaab G, Michaeu C, Le Guillou C, et al. Olfactory esthesioneuroma: Areport of 40 cases. Laryngoscope. 1988;98:872–876. Koka V, Julieron M, Bourhis J, et al. Aesthesioneuroblastoma. J Laryngol Otol. 1998;112:628–633. Rinaldo A, Ferlito A, Shaha AR, et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma and cervical lymph node metastases: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:125–221.
15. Davis R, Weissler M. Esthesioneuroblastoma and neck metastasis. Head Neck. 1992;14:477–482.
16. Lloyd GAS, Lund VJ, Howard DJ, et al. Optimum imaging for sinonasal malignancy. J Laryngol Otology. 2000;114;557–562.
17. Collins B, Cramer H, Hearn S. Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic neuroblastoma. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:802– 8
18. Lund VJ, Howard DJ, Wei WI, et al. Craniofacial resection for tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses—a 17-year experience. Head Neck. 1998;20;97–105.
19. Ketcham AS, Van Buren JM. Tumors of the paranasal sinuses: A therapeutic challenge. Am J Surg. 1985;150:406–413.
20. Clifford P. Transcranial approach to cancer of the antro-ethmoidal area. Clin Otolaryngol. 1977;2:115–130.
21. Terz JJ, Young HF, Lawrence W Jr. Combined craniofacial resection for locally advanced carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg. 1980;140:613–624.
22. Shah JP, Kraus DH, Bilsky MH, et al. Craniofacial resection for malignant tumors involving the anterior skull base. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:1312–1317.
23. Howard DJ, Lund VJ, Wei WI. Craniofacial resection for sinonasal neoplasia—a twenty-five year experience. Head Neck. 2006;28:867–873.
24. Lund VJ. Endoscopic resection of malignant tumours of the nose and sinuses. Am J Rhinol Fast Track. 2007;21:89–94. Thaler ER, Kotapka M, Lanza D, et al. Endoscopically assisted anterior cranial skull base resection of sinonasal tumors.
25. Am J Rhinol. 1999;13:303–310. Walch C, Stammberger H, Anderhuber W, et al. The minimally invasive approach to olfactory neuroblastoma: Combined endoscopic and stereotactic treatment. Laryngoscope. 2000;110;635–640. Casiano RR, Numa WA, Falquez AM. Endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastoma. Am J Rhinol. 2001;15;271– 2 Batra PS, Citardi MJ, Worley S, et al. Resection of anterior skull base tumors: Comparison of combined traditional an endoscopic techniques. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19;521–528. Foote RL, Morita A, Ebersold M, et al.
26. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The role of adjuvant radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phy. 1993;27:835–842. McElroy E, Buckner J, Lewis J. Chemotherapy for advanced esthesioneuroblastoma: The Mayo Clinic experience.
27. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:1023–1028. KimD, JoY,Heo D, et al. Neoadjuvant etoposide, ifosafamide and cisplatin for the treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma. Cancer. 2004;101:2257–2260. Nikapota A, Sevitt T, Lund VJ, et al. Outcomes of radical conformal radiotherapy and concomitant cisplatin chemotherapy for olfactory neuroblastoma–a review of a single centre experience. Abstr Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006. Shah J, Feghali J. Esthesioneuroblastoma. Am J Surg. 1981;142:456–458. Appelblatt N, McClatchey K. Olfactory neuroblastoma: A retrospective clinicopathological study. Head
28. Neck Surg. 1982;5:108–113. Eriksen J, Bastholt L, Krogdahl A, et al.
29. Esthesioneuroblastoma. What is the optimal treatment? Acta Oncol. 2000;39:231–235. Resto V, Eisele D, Forastiere A, et al.
30. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The Johns Hopkins experience. Head Neck. 2000;55:550–558. Patel SG, Singh B, Polluri A, et al. Craniofacial surgery for malignant skull base tumors. Cancer. 2003;98:1179– 11 Constantinidis J, Steinhart H, Koch M, et al. Olfactory neuroblastoma: The University of Erlangen-Nuremberg experience 1975–2000. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:567–574. Diaz E, Johnigan R, Pero C, et al. Olfactory neuroblastoma. The 22 year experience at one comprehensive cancer center. Head Neck. 2005;27:138–149. Koka V, Julieron M, Bourhis J, et al.
31. Aesthesioneuroblastoma. J Laryngol Otol. 1998;112:628–633. Chadha S, Pannu KK. Esthesioneuroblastoma a case report. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 Jul;63(Suppl 1):44-6.