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Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 237 - 244, 01.09.2013

Öz

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dramatically illustrates the awesome transmission capabilities of disease. Oral manifestations of HIV have been important in identification of patients harboring the HIV virus and in predicting the decline in their immune system Oral candidiasis is one of the earliest premonitory signs of HIV infection and its diagnosis may have grave prognostic implications for the eventual development of full blown AIDS. This review is intended to provide information on Oral candidiasis which is often the first manifestation of HIV infection, and dental care providers are likely to be among the first to recognize such manifestations. By recognizing such manifestations it will help to provide optimal and appropriate dental care, ensure early medical intervention, and, ultimately prolong a patient’s life and enhance its quality. Keywords: oral candidiasis, candidosis, HIV, AIDS

Kaynakça

  • Samaranayake L.P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection; J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 554-564. Daniels TE. Oral Candidiasis and HIV infection. In: Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, eds. Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence, 1995, pg 80-92. Denis P. Lynch. Oral candidiasis – History, classification, and clinical presentation; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78: 189-93. Rippon JW. Candidiasis and the pathogenic yeasts. In: Medical Mycology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1982:484-531. Gottlieb MS, Schanker HM, Fan PT, Saxon A, Weisman JO, Pozalski I. Pneumocystis pnuomonia – Los Angeles. MMWR 1981; 30: 250-1. Follassbee SE, Busch DF, Wolfsy CB, et al. An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 705-13. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schranker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1425-31. Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:1431-8. Masur H. Michelis MA. Wormser GP, et al. Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women: initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 533-9. Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, Moll B, Emeson EE, Spigland I. Community-acquired opportunistic infections and defective cellular immunity in heterosexual drug abusers and homosexual men. Am J Med 1983; 74:433-41. Korting HC, Olleret M, Georgii A, Froschl M. In vitro susceptibilities and biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbial 1989; 26: 2626-3l. Losub S. Baniji M, Stone RK, Gromisch DS, Wasserman E. Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis in paediatric AIDS. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr TBP 2 Lifson AR, Hilton JF, Westenhouse JL, et al. Time from seroconversion to oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia among homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in three prospective cohorts. AIDS 1994; 8:73-9. Dunn P. Thrush in the newborn. Br Med J 1962; l: 256-7. Kaloyannides TM. Oral moniliasis in the newborn. J Can Dem Assoc 1968; 34: 496-7. Kaul KK, Shah PM, Pohowalla JN. Oral moniliasis in the newborn and neonatal morbidity. Indian J Paediatr 1960; 27: 115-24. Shrand H. Thrush in the newborn. Br Med J 1961; 2: 1530-3. Lozada F, Silverman S Jnr, Migliorati CA. Conant MA, Volberding PA. Oral manifestations of tumour and opportunistic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): findings in 53 homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. Oral Surg 1983; 56: 491-4. Phelan JA, Salzman BR, Friedland GH, Klein RS. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome. Oral Surg 1987; 64: 50-6. Adelson R, Kleinman D, Rhyne R, el al. Oral health component of a national surveillance program of HIV-infected veterans: A pilot study. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7576. Coleman D, Russell R, Harwood M, Mulachy F, Shanley D. Clinical and microbiological analyis of oral candidiasis in HIV positive patients. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 893 Engelman J, Greenspan D. Lifson R, el al. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7580. Feigal DW, Overby Gl, Greenspan D, el al. Oral lesions and immune functions with and without HIV infection. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 190 Ficarra G, Gaglioti D, Barone R, el al. Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia among HIV-infected IV drug abusers. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7563 Melnick S, Engel D, Truelove E. el al. Oral disease and HIV infection. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7567. Porter SR. Luker J, Scully C, Glover S, Griffiths MJ. Orofacial manifestations of a group of British patients infected with HIV-l. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 47-8. Schulten EAJM, Ten Kate RW, Van Der Waal I. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 75 Dutch patients. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 42-6. Sinicco A, Moniaci D, Greco D, Raiteri R, Giacometti E. Oral lesions in 327 anti-HIV positive subjects. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7568. Wanzala P, Manji F, Pindborg JJ, Plummer P. Oral lesions amongst seropositives in Pumwani, Nairobi. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7566. Likimani S, DE Cock KM, Green TL, et a1. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in AbidJan, Cote D'ivoire. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: ThBP 346.
  • Loeb I, Prieels F, De Wit S, Clumeck N. Occurrence of, oral pathology among different risk groups of HIV infected patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr ThBP 345. Casariego Z, Cahn P, Perez H. et al. Oral pathology in 105 HIV-reactive patients in Buenos Aires. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr MBO 16. Mugaruka Z, Perriens J, Ngaly B, Baende E, Kahotwa J, Rapita B. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in African patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr MBO 17. Mastrucci MT, Scott GB, Leggott PJ, Greernspan D, Greenspan J. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988; Abstr 75 Davachi F, Mayemba N, Kabongo L, et al. Incidence of opportunistic infection in 196 children with symptomatic AIDS in Kinshasa. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr TBP 188. Agabian N, Miyasaki SH, Kohler G, White TC. Candidiasis and HIV infection: Virulence as an Adaptive Response In: Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, eds. Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence, 1995, pg 85McCarthy GM. Host factors associated with HIV-related oral candidiasis.
  • Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73:181-6. Imam N, Carpenter CCJ, Mayer KH, Fisher A, Stein M, Danforth SB.
  • Hierarchical pattern of mucosal Candida infections in HIV-seropositive women. Am J Med 1990; 89: 142-6. Pankhurst C, Peakman M. Reduced CD4+ cells and severe oral candidiasis in absence of HIV infection. Lancet 1989; 1:672. Cenci E, Romani L, Veccharelli A, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Role of L3T4+ lymphocytes in protective immunity to systemic Candida albicans infection in mice.
  • Infect Immun 1989; 57:3581-7. Torssander J, Morefeldt-Manson L, Biberfeld G, Karlsson A, Putkonen
  • PO, Wasserman J. Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19:291-5. Sindrup JH, Weismann K, Petersen CS, et al. Skin and oral mucosal changes in patients infected with human immuno-deficiency virus. Acta Derm Venereol
  • (Stockh) 1988; 68:440-3. Wray et al. Alteration of humoral responses to Candida in HIV infection.
  • Br Dent J 1990; 168:326-9. McCarthy GM et al. Factors associated with increased frequency of HIVrelated oral candidiasis. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20:332-6. Moniaci D et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic value of
  • HIV-1 related oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 1990; 19:477-81. Holmstrup P, Besserman M. Clinical, therapeutic and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis. Oral Surg 1983; 56: 388-95. Cahn P, Casariego Z, Perez H, et al. Erythematous candidiasis: early clinical manifestation in HIV reactive patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr
  • ThBP 326. Samaranayake L.P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection; J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 554-564. Ficarra G, Gaglioti D, Barone R, el al. Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia among HIV-infected IV drug abusers. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7563. Langford AA, Reichart P, Pohle HD. Oral manifestations associated with
  • HIV infection. 4. Int. Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7578. Greenspan D, Overby G, Feigal DW, Macphail L, Miyasaki S, Greenspan
  • JS. Sites and relative prevalence of hairy Leukoplakia, pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr ThBP 320. Odds FC. Morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 1985; 12: 45-93. Kozinn PJ, Taschdjian CL. Enteric candidiasis. Diagnosis and clinical considerations. Paediatrics 1962; 30: 71-85. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Oral candidal populations in health and disease. Br Dent J 1979; 147: 267-72. Torssander J, Morfeldt-Manson L, Biberfeed G. Karlsson A, Putkonen
  • PD, Wasserman J. Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 291 Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars. A systemic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIVpositive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92:170-9. Deborah Greenspan. Treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Oral
  • Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78:211-5. Hazen EL, Brown R. Fungicidin, an antibiotic produced by a soil actinimycete. Proc Soc Exper Bioi Med 1951; 76:93. Johnson GH, Taylor TD, Heid DW. Clinical evaluation of a nystatin pastille for treatment of denture-related oral candidiasis. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 61:69970 Greenspan D, Dodd CL, MacPhail LA, Encarnacion MJ, Greenspan JS.
  • MOTS-Nystatin for treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. J Dent Res 1992; 71: MacPhail LM, Dodd CL, Greenspan D. Nystatin pastille for the prevention of oral candidiasis associated with HIV infection. Second International
  • Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. 1993 San Francisco, California. Bissell V, Felix D. Wray D. Comparative trial of fluconazole and amphotericin in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 76:35-9. Dewsnup DH, Stevens DA. Efficacy of oral (PO) amphotericin B (AB) in
  • AIDS patients with thrush clinically resistant to fluconazole (F). American Society for Microbiology. 1993 Atlanta. Georgia.
  • Barchiesi F. Giacomelli A. Arzeni D, et al. Fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. J Chemother 1992; 4:381
  • British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party. Antifungal chemotherapy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1992; 340:648-51
  • Pons V. Greenspan D. Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. The Multicenter Study Group [see comments]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:1311-6.
  • Hay RJ. Overview of studies of fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Rev Infect Dis 1990;3: 334-7.
  • De Wit S, Goossens H, Clumeck R. Single-dose versus 7 days of fluconazole treatment for oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients a prospective, randomized pilot study [letter]. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1332-3.
  • Just-Nubling G, Gentschew G. Meassner K, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis of recurrent oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol lnfec: Dis 1991; 10:917-21.
  • Stevens DA, Greene I, Lang OS. Thrush can be prevented in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related complex. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:2458-64.
  • Esposito R. Castagna A. Uberti FC. Maintenance therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected patients with fluconazole [letter]. AIDS 1990; 4:103:-4.
  • Heinic GS, Stevens DA. Greenspan D. et al. Fluconazole-resistant Candida in AIDS patients: report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 3; 76:711-5.
  • Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Merz WG, Gallent JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:219-25.
  • Reynes J, Mallie M, Andre D. Janbom F. Bastide JM. Treatment and secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. A mycological analysis of failures. Pathol Biol (paris) 1992:40:513-7.
  • Fox R, Neal KR, Leen CLS, Ellis ME, Mandal BK. Fluconazole resistant candida in AIDS. J Infect 1991:22:201-3.
  • Kitchen VS, Savage M, Harris JRW. Candida albicans resistance in AIDS. J Infect 1991; 22:204-5.
  • Sandven P. Bjorneklett A. Maelacid A. Susceptibilities of Norwegian Candida albicans strains to fluconazole: emergence of resistance. The Norwegian Yeast Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:2443-8.
  • Ng IT, Denning DW. Fluconazole resistance in Candida in patients with AIDS a therapeutic approach. J Infect 1993; 26: 117-25.
  • Korting HC, Ollert M. Georgii A. Fooschl M. In vitro susceptibilities and biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 26:2626-31.
  • De Wit S, Weerts D, Goossens H, Clumeck N. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS. Lancet 1989; 1: 746-7.
  • Esposito R, Ulberti FC, Cernuschi M. Treatment of HIV positive patients with oropharyngeal and/or aesophageal candidiasis: the results of a double blind study. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr ThBP 348.
  • Gritti F et al. Fluconazole treatment of fungal infections in ARC and AIDS. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr MBP 348.
  • Smith DE. Midgley J, Allan M, Cocmolly GM, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and oesophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 1991; 5:1367-71.
  • Blatchford NR. Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol.1990; 23:565-7.
  • Smith D. Vande VV, Woestenbooghs R. Gazzard BG. The pharmacokinetics of oral itraconazole: in AIDS patients. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992; 44:618-9.
  • Holt RJ et al. Miconazole resistant Candida. Lancet 1978; 1; 50-1.

Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 237 - 244, 01.09.2013

Öz

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, caused by
infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dramatically illustrates the
awesome transmission capabilities of disease. Oral manifestations of HIV have been
important in identification of patients harboring the HIV virus and in predicting the
decline in their immune system Oral candidiasis is one of the earliest premonitory
signs of HIV infection and its diagnosis may have grave prognostic implications for
the eventual development of full blown AIDS. This review is intended to provide
information on Oral candidiasis which is often the first manifestation of HIV
infection, and dental care providers are likely to be among the first to recognize such
manifestations. By recognizing such manifestations it will help to provide optimal
and appropriate dental care, ensure early medical intervention, and, ultimately
prolong a patient’s life and enhance its quality

Kaynakça

  • Samaranayake L.P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection; J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 554-564. Daniels TE. Oral Candidiasis and HIV infection. In: Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, eds. Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence, 1995, pg 80-92. Denis P. Lynch. Oral candidiasis – History, classification, and clinical presentation; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78: 189-93. Rippon JW. Candidiasis and the pathogenic yeasts. In: Medical Mycology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1982:484-531. Gottlieb MS, Schanker HM, Fan PT, Saxon A, Weisman JO, Pozalski I. Pneumocystis pnuomonia – Los Angeles. MMWR 1981; 30: 250-1. Follassbee SE, Busch DF, Wolfsy CB, et al. An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 705-13. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schranker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1425-31. Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:1431-8. Masur H. Michelis MA. Wormser GP, et al. Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women: initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 533-9. Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, Moll B, Emeson EE, Spigland I. Community-acquired opportunistic infections and defective cellular immunity in heterosexual drug abusers and homosexual men. Am J Med 1983; 74:433-41. Korting HC, Olleret M, Georgii A, Froschl M. In vitro susceptibilities and biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbial 1989; 26: 2626-3l. Losub S. Baniji M, Stone RK, Gromisch DS, Wasserman E. Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis in paediatric AIDS. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr TBP 2 Lifson AR, Hilton JF, Westenhouse JL, et al. Time from seroconversion to oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia among homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in three prospective cohorts. AIDS 1994; 8:73-9. Dunn P. Thrush in the newborn. Br Med J 1962; l: 256-7. Kaloyannides TM. Oral moniliasis in the newborn. J Can Dem Assoc 1968; 34: 496-7. Kaul KK, Shah PM, Pohowalla JN. Oral moniliasis in the newborn and neonatal morbidity. Indian J Paediatr 1960; 27: 115-24. Shrand H. Thrush in the newborn. Br Med J 1961; 2: 1530-3. Lozada F, Silverman S Jnr, Migliorati CA. Conant MA, Volberding PA. Oral manifestations of tumour and opportunistic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): findings in 53 homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. Oral Surg 1983; 56: 491-4. Phelan JA, Salzman BR, Friedland GH, Klein RS. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome. Oral Surg 1987; 64: 50-6. Adelson R, Kleinman D, Rhyne R, el al. Oral health component of a national surveillance program of HIV-infected veterans: A pilot study. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7576. Coleman D, Russell R, Harwood M, Mulachy F, Shanley D. Clinical and microbiological analyis of oral candidiasis in HIV positive patients. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 893 Engelman J, Greenspan D. Lifson R, el al. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7580. Feigal DW, Overby Gl, Greenspan D, el al. Oral lesions and immune functions with and without HIV infection. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 190 Ficarra G, Gaglioti D, Barone R, el al. Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia among HIV-infected IV drug abusers. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7563 Melnick S, Engel D, Truelove E. el al. Oral disease and HIV infection. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7567. Porter SR. Luker J, Scully C, Glover S, Griffiths MJ. Orofacial manifestations of a group of British patients infected with HIV-l. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 47-8. Schulten EAJM, Ten Kate RW, Van Der Waal I. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 75 Dutch patients. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 42-6. Sinicco A, Moniaci D, Greco D, Raiteri R, Giacometti E. Oral lesions in 327 anti-HIV positive subjects. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7568. Wanzala P, Manji F, Pindborg JJ, Plummer P. Oral lesions amongst seropositives in Pumwani, Nairobi. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7566. Likimani S, DE Cock KM, Green TL, et a1. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in AbidJan, Cote D'ivoire. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: ThBP 346.
  • Loeb I, Prieels F, De Wit S, Clumeck N. Occurrence of, oral pathology among different risk groups of HIV infected patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr ThBP 345. Casariego Z, Cahn P, Perez H. et al. Oral pathology in 105 HIV-reactive patients in Buenos Aires. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr MBO 16. Mugaruka Z, Perriens J, Ngaly B, Baende E, Kahotwa J, Rapita B. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in African patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal, 1989: Abstr MBO 17. Mastrucci MT, Scott GB, Leggott PJ, Greernspan D, Greenspan J. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988; Abstr 75 Davachi F, Mayemba N, Kabongo L, et al. Incidence of opportunistic infection in 196 children with symptomatic AIDS in Kinshasa. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr TBP 188. Agabian N, Miyasaki SH, Kohler G, White TC. Candidiasis and HIV infection: Virulence as an Adaptive Response In: Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, eds. Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence, 1995, pg 85McCarthy GM. Host factors associated with HIV-related oral candidiasis.
  • Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73:181-6. Imam N, Carpenter CCJ, Mayer KH, Fisher A, Stein M, Danforth SB.
  • Hierarchical pattern of mucosal Candida infections in HIV-seropositive women. Am J Med 1990; 89: 142-6. Pankhurst C, Peakman M. Reduced CD4+ cells and severe oral candidiasis in absence of HIV infection. Lancet 1989; 1:672. Cenci E, Romani L, Veccharelli A, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Role of L3T4+ lymphocytes in protective immunity to systemic Candida albicans infection in mice.
  • Infect Immun 1989; 57:3581-7. Torssander J, Morefeldt-Manson L, Biberfeld G, Karlsson A, Putkonen
  • PO, Wasserman J. Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19:291-5. Sindrup JH, Weismann K, Petersen CS, et al. Skin and oral mucosal changes in patients infected with human immuno-deficiency virus. Acta Derm Venereol
  • (Stockh) 1988; 68:440-3. Wray et al. Alteration of humoral responses to Candida in HIV infection.
  • Br Dent J 1990; 168:326-9. McCarthy GM et al. Factors associated with increased frequency of HIVrelated oral candidiasis. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20:332-6. Moniaci D et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic value of
  • HIV-1 related oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 1990; 19:477-81. Holmstrup P, Besserman M. Clinical, therapeutic and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis. Oral Surg 1983; 56: 388-95. Cahn P, Casariego Z, Perez H, et al. Erythematous candidiasis: early clinical manifestation in HIV reactive patients. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr
  • ThBP 326. Samaranayake L.P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection; J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 554-564. Ficarra G, Gaglioti D, Barone R, el al. Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia among HIV-infected IV drug abusers. 4. Int Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7563. Langford AA, Reichart P, Pohle HD. Oral manifestations associated with
  • HIV infection. 4. Int. Conf AIDS, Stockholm, 1988: Abstr 7578. Greenspan D, Overby G, Feigal DW, Macphail L, Miyasaki S, Greenspan
  • JS. Sites and relative prevalence of hairy Leukoplakia, pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr ThBP 320. Odds FC. Morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 1985; 12: 45-93. Kozinn PJ, Taschdjian CL. Enteric candidiasis. Diagnosis and clinical considerations. Paediatrics 1962; 30: 71-85. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Oral candidal populations in health and disease. Br Dent J 1979; 147: 267-72. Torssander J, Morfeldt-Manson L, Biberfeed G. Karlsson A, Putkonen
  • PD, Wasserman J. Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 291 Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars. A systemic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIVpositive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92:170-9. Deborah Greenspan. Treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Oral
  • Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78:211-5. Hazen EL, Brown R. Fungicidin, an antibiotic produced by a soil actinimycete. Proc Soc Exper Bioi Med 1951; 76:93. Johnson GH, Taylor TD, Heid DW. Clinical evaluation of a nystatin pastille for treatment of denture-related oral candidiasis. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 61:69970 Greenspan D, Dodd CL, MacPhail LA, Encarnacion MJ, Greenspan JS.
  • MOTS-Nystatin for treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. J Dent Res 1992; 71: MacPhail LM, Dodd CL, Greenspan D. Nystatin pastille for the prevention of oral candidiasis associated with HIV infection. Second International
  • Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection. 1993 San Francisco, California. Bissell V, Felix D. Wray D. Comparative trial of fluconazole and amphotericin in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 76:35-9. Dewsnup DH, Stevens DA. Efficacy of oral (PO) amphotericin B (AB) in
  • AIDS patients with thrush clinically resistant to fluconazole (F). American Society for Microbiology. 1993 Atlanta. Georgia.
  • Barchiesi F. Giacomelli A. Arzeni D, et al. Fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. J Chemother 1992; 4:381
  • British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party. Antifungal chemotherapy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1992; 340:648-51
  • Pons V. Greenspan D. Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. The Multicenter Study Group [see comments]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:1311-6.
  • Hay RJ. Overview of studies of fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Rev Infect Dis 1990;3: 334-7.
  • De Wit S, Goossens H, Clumeck R. Single-dose versus 7 days of fluconazole treatment for oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients a prospective, randomized pilot study [letter]. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1332-3.
  • Just-Nubling G, Gentschew G. Meassner K, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis of recurrent oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol lnfec: Dis 1991; 10:917-21.
  • Stevens DA, Greene I, Lang OS. Thrush can be prevented in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related complex. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:2458-64.
  • Esposito R. Castagna A. Uberti FC. Maintenance therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected patients with fluconazole [letter]. AIDS 1990; 4:103:-4.
  • Heinic GS, Stevens DA. Greenspan D. et al. Fluconazole-resistant Candida in AIDS patients: report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 3; 76:711-5.
  • Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Merz WG, Gallent JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:219-25.
  • Reynes J, Mallie M, Andre D. Janbom F. Bastide JM. Treatment and secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. A mycological analysis of failures. Pathol Biol (paris) 1992:40:513-7.
  • Fox R, Neal KR, Leen CLS, Ellis ME, Mandal BK. Fluconazole resistant candida in AIDS. J Infect 1991:22:201-3.
  • Kitchen VS, Savage M, Harris JRW. Candida albicans resistance in AIDS. J Infect 1991; 22:204-5.
  • Sandven P. Bjorneklett A. Maelacid A. Susceptibilities of Norwegian Candida albicans strains to fluconazole: emergence of resistance. The Norwegian Yeast Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:2443-8.
  • Ng IT, Denning DW. Fluconazole resistance in Candida in patients with AIDS a therapeutic approach. J Infect 1993; 26: 117-25.
  • Korting HC, Ollert M. Georgii A. Fooschl M. In vitro susceptibilities and biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 26:2626-31.
  • De Wit S, Weerts D, Goossens H, Clumeck N. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS. Lancet 1989; 1: 746-7.
  • Esposito R, Ulberti FC, Cernuschi M. Treatment of HIV positive patients with oropharyngeal and/or aesophageal candidiasis: the results of a double blind study. 5. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr ThBP 348.
  • Gritti F et al. Fluconazole treatment of fungal infections in ARC and AIDS. Int Conf AIDS, Montreal. 1989: Abstr MBP 348.
  • Smith DE. Midgley J, Allan M, Cocmolly GM, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and oesophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 1991; 5:1367-71.
  • Blatchford NR. Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol.1990; 23:565-7.
  • Smith D. Vande VV, Woestenbooghs R. Gazzard BG. The pharmacokinetics of oral itraconazole: in AIDS patients. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992; 44:618-9.
  • Holt RJ et al. Miconazole resistant Candida. Lancet 1978; 1; 50-1.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Rachana Vishnudas Prabhu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Prabhu, R. V. (2013). Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 3(3), 237-244.
AMA Prabhu RV. Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection. J Contemp Med. Eylül 2013;3(3):237-244.
Chicago Prabhu, Rachana Vishnudas. “Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 3, sy. 3 (Eylül 2013): 237-44.
EndNote Prabhu RV (01 Eylül 2013) Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 3 3 237–244.
IEEE R. V. Prabhu, “Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection”, J Contemp Med, c. 3, sy. 3, ss. 237–244, 2013.
ISNAD Prabhu, Rachana Vishnudas. “Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 3/3 (Eylül 2013), 237-244.
JAMA Prabhu RV. Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection. J Contemp Med. 2013;3:237–244.
MLA Prabhu, Rachana Vishnudas. “Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 3, 2013, ss. 237-44.
Vancouver Prabhu RV. Oral Candidiasis & HIV Infection. J Contemp Med. 2013;3(3):237-44.