The Effects Of Planting Density, Cutting Stage and Cutting Number On Yield and Quality Of Stevia rebaudiana B

Öz

To avoid harmful health effects of synthetic sugar and also due to human attention to supply sugar from natural sources, the interests of the sugar plants cultivation, especially Stevia rebaudiana have been increased. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting density, cutting stage and cutting number on Stevia. In Çukurova region, which is classified as Mediterranean climate. The experiment conducted in a split plot design consisted of three planting density, 30 × 60, 45 × 60 and 60 × 60 cm in the main plot and two cutting time in various growth stages in subplots with three replications. Since there were two cuttings in the season, the differences between cuttings, statistical analysis was valued by using split-split plot design in time. Planting density significantly affected the dry leaf yield and the higher yield (110.9 kg da-1) was obtained from the plants, spaced 30 × 60 cm. Plants cutting at flowering stage had high dry leaf weight (20.55 g plant-1) and yield (84.70 kg da-1). Also, more dry leaf weight and yield were obtained from first cuttings. Leaves of closer plant densities produced high content of stevioside. Pre-flowering stage had significant effect on stevioside in the affirmative way.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stevia
• cutting
• density
• stevioside
• yield

Kaynakça

1. Angelini LG and Tavarini S (2014). Steviol Glycoside Yield, Nutrient Concentration and Uptake of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. under Mediterranean Field Conditions Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45(19):2577-2592.
2. Aladakatti YR, Palled YB, Chetti MB, Halikatti SI, Alagundagi SC, Patil PL, Patil VC, and Janawade AD (2012). Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Levels on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 25(1): 25-29.
3. Allam AI, Nassar AM and Besheite SY (2001). Nitrogen fertilizer requirement of Stevia rabaudiana Bertoni under Egyptian condition. Egyptian J. Agric. Res. 79:1005-1018.
4. Andolfi L, Macchia M and Ceccarini L 2006. Agronomic-productive characteristics of two genotype of Stevia rebaudiana in Central Italy. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 1(2): 257-263.
5. Anonym (2010). Steviol glycosides. International Stevia Council. http://www.Internationalsteviacouncil. org.
6. Barriocanal L, Palacios M, Benitez G, Benitez S, Jimenez J and Jimenez N (2008). Apparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans, a pilot study of repeated exposures in some normatensive and hypotensive individuals and in type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 51:37-41.
7. Bian Y M (1981). Studies on Stevia rebaudiana a new sweet-tasting plant refining stevioside and determination of its concentration. (Chinese). Plant Physiology Communications (3): 15-17.
8. Brandle J E and Rosa N (1992). Heritability for yield, leaf: stem ratio and stevioside content estimated from a landrace cultivar of Stevia rebaudiana. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72: 1263-1266.

9. Brandle JE, Starratt AN and Gijzen M (1998). Stevia rebaudiana: It´s Agricultural, Biological, and Chemical Properties [Review]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 78 (4): 527-536.
10. Blumenthal M (1996). Perspectives ofFDA’Snew Stevia Policy, After four years, the agency lifts its ban-but only partially. Whole Foods Magazine, Febraury 1–5.
11. Bondarev NI, Sukhanova MA, Reshetnyak OV and Nosov AM ( 2003). Steviol glycoside content in different organs of S.rebaudiana and its dynamics during ontogeny. Biol Plantarum, 47:261-264.
12. Ceunen S, Werbrouck S and Geuns JMC (2012) Stimulation of steviol glycoside accumulation in Stevia rebaudiana by red led light. J Plant Physiol 169(7):749–752.
13. Ceunen S and Geuns JM (2013). Steviol glycosides: chemical diversity, metabolism, and function. J. Nat. Prod. 76, 1201-1228.
14. Dwivedi RS (1999). Unnurtured and untapped sweet nonsacchariferous plant species in India. Current Science 76: 1454-1461.
15. Geuns JMC (2003). Stevioside. Phytochemistry 64, 913-921.
16. Giraldo C, Marín L and Habeych D (2005). Obtención de Edulcorantes de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Revista CENIC Ciencias Biológicas, 36, 3–10.
17. Gregersen S, Jeppesen PB, Holst JJ and Hermansen K (2004). Antihyperglycemic effects of stevioside in type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism. 53,1,: 73-76.
18. Hill AF (1952). Economic Botany: A Textbook of Useful Plants and Plant Products. 2nd Edn., McGarw-Hill Book Co. Inc, New York, USA., P: 432.
19. Hoyle FC (1992). A review Of Four Potential New Crops for Australian Agriculture. Department of Agriculture: Perth. p34.
20. Kang K. and Lee EW (1981). Physio-ecological studies on stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Korean J. Crops Sci. 26: 69-89.
21. Kennelly EJ (2002). Sweet and non-sweet constituents of S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles. Taylor and Francis, London. 19:68–85.
22. Kumar R, Sharma S, Ramesh K, Prasad R, Pathania VL, Singh B, and Singh, RD (2012a). Effect of Agro-Techniques on the Performance of Natural Sweetener Plant–Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Under Western Himalayan Conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 57(1): 74-81.
23. Kumar R, Sharma S, Ramesh K, Prasad R, Pathania VL, Singh B and Singh RD (2012b). Effect of Agro-Techniques on the Performance of Natural Sweetener Plant–Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Under Western Himalayan Conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 57 (1): 74-81.
24. Lee JI, Kang KH, Park HW, Ham YS and Park CH (1980). Studies on the new sweetening source plant, Stevia rebaudiana in korea. II. Effects of fertilizer rates and planting density on dry leaf yields and various agronomic characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana. Research Reports of the Office of Rural Development (Crop Suwon), 22: 138-144.
25. Lemus-Mondaca R, Vega-Gálveza A, Zura-Bravoa L and Ah-Hend K (2012). Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, source of a high-potency natural sweetener: A comprehensive review on the biochemical, nutritional and functional aspects. Food Chemistry, 132: 1121–1132.
26. Nakamura S and Tamura Y (1985). Variation in the main glycosides of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 29, 109–116.
27. Madan S, Ahmad S, Singh GN, Kohli K, Kumar Y, Singh R, and Garg M (2010). Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.), A Review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 1(3): 267-286.
28. Makapugay H, Nanayakkara N and Kinghorn A (1984).Improved highperformance liquid chromatographic separation of the Stevia rebaudiana sweet diterpene glycosides using linear gradient elution. Journal of Chromatography, 283: 390–395.
29. Maheswar HM (2005). Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Dates of Planting on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, M.Sc. Thesis. 66 P.
30. Megeji NW, Kumar JK, Sing V, Kaul VK and Ahuja PS (2005). Introducing Stevia rebaudiana, anatural zero-calorie sweetener. Current Science, 88(10): 801-804
31. Metivier J and Viana AM (1979). The effect of long and short day length upon the growth of whole plants and the level of soluble proteins, sugars and stevioside in leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. J. Exp. Bot. 30:1211-1222.
32. Miron D and Schaffer AA (1991). Sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and invertase activities in developing fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and the sucrose accumulating Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. Plant Physiol., 95: 623-627
33. Mishra P, Singh R, Kumar U and Prakash V (2010). Stevia rebaudiana – A magical sweetener. Global Journal of Biotecnology & Biochemistry, 5, 62–74.
34. Pól J, Hohnová B and Hyötyläinen T (2007). Characterization of Stevia rebaudiana bycomprehensive two-dimensional liquidchromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1150, 85–92.
35. Ramesh K, Singh V and Megeji NW (2006). Cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. A Comprehensive Review, in: Advances in Agronomy, by Donald, L.S., Academic Press, 89: 137-177.
36. Serio L (2010). La Stevia rebaudiana, une alternative au sucre. Phytothérapie, 8, 26–32.
37. Sh K, Singh V and Megeji NW (2006). Cultivation of Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni]: A comprehensive review. Adv. Agron., 89: 137-177.
38. Shock, C (1982). Experimental cultivation of Rebaudi’s Stevia in California. Univ. California, Davis Agron. Progr. Rep. 122.
39. Shyu YT, Liu SY, Lu HY, Wu WK and Su CG (1994). Effects of Harvesting Dates on the Characteristics, Yield and Sweet Components of S. rebaudiana Bert. Lines. Jour. Agric. Res. China, 43(1): 29-30.
40. Singh S and Rao G (2005). Stevia: The herbal sugar of the 21st century. Sugar Technol., 7, 17–24.
41. Starrat AN, Kirby CW, Pocs R and Brandle JE 2002. Rebaudioside F, a diterpene glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochem 59:367–370
42. Soejarto DD (2002). Botany of Stevia rebaudiana. In Stevia The Genus Stevia. Edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy University of Illinois at Chicago USA., 18-39.
43. Steel RGD and Torrie, JH (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, pp. 20-90.
44. Talei N, Hamidoghli Y, Rabiei B and Hamidoghli S (2012). Effects of plant density and transplanting date on herbage, stevioside, phenol and flavonoid yield of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences,298-302
45. Tamura Y, Nakamura S, Fukui H and Tabata M (1984). Clonal propagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by stem-tip culture. Plant Cell Reports. 3, 183–185.
46. Tateo F, Mariotti M, Bononi M, Lubian E, Martello S and Cornara L (1998). Stevioside content and morphological variability in a population of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) from Paraguay. Ital J Food Sci 10(3):261–267.
47. Tavarini S and Angelini LG (2013). Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a source of bioactive compounds: the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on steviol glycoside content and antioxidant properties. J. Sci. Food Agr.,93: 2121–2129.
48. Valio IF and Rocha RF (1966) Effect of photoperiod and growth regulators on growth and flowering of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Jap. J. Crop Sci. 46: 243–248.
49. Yadav AK, Singh S, Dhyani D and Ahuja PS (2011). A review on the improvement of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Can. J. Plant Sci., 91: 1–27.