The Effect of Different Pretreatment Applications on Biogas Production from Plant and Animal Wastes

Abstract

In the study, horse manure, apple pulp, and sugar beet pulp were used as raw materials to produce biogas. Biogas production efficiency was examined under anaerobic conditions by applying pretreatments to mixtures obtained from raw materials. In the first phase of the experiments, the optimum mixing ratio was determined in the mixtures prepared at various ratios, and the reactor with the highest biogas production was identified as the optimum reactor. The mixing ratio of this reactor by mass was determined as 2:1:3 for horse manure, apple pulp and sugar beet pulp, respectively, and biogas production was found to be 189.7 ml/g TS. In the second phase, the reactor determined as optimum was administered thermal, alkali, and acid pretreatments, respectively, and biogas production efficiencies were examined. As a result of the thermal pretreatments, the highest biogas production efficiency was found as 329.4 ml/g TS in the reactor which was pretreated at 150°C for 60 minutes. As a result of alkaline pretreatments, the highest biogas production efficiency was determined as 300.9 ml/g TS in the pretreatment reactor which was added NaOH as much as 20% of the solid matter. As a result of acid pretreatments, the highest biogas production efficiency was determined as 310.4 ml/g TS in the pretreatment reactor which was added HNO3 as much as 20% of the solid matter. In conclusion, it was determined that there was an increase in biogas production efficiency in all reactors as a result of thermal, alkali, and acid pretreatments administered to the optimum mass mixing ratio of horse manure, apple pulp, and sugar beet pulp. Also, the pretreatment that increased the biogas production efficiency the most was the thermal pretreatment.

Keywords

• Horse manure
• Biogas
• Apple pulp
• Pretreatment
• Sugar beet pulp

Farklı Önişlem Uygulamalarının Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Atıklardan Biyogaz Üretimine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada; biyogaz üretimi için hammadde olarak at gübresi, elma posası ve şeker pancarı küspesi kullanılmıştır. Hammaddelerden elde edilen karışımlara önişlemlerin uygulanmasıyla, anaerobik koşullarda biyogaz üretim verimi incelenmiştir. Deneylerin ilk aşamasında farklı oranlarda hazırlanan karışımlar içerisinde, optimum karışım oranı belirlenmiş ve en yüksek biyogaz üretiminin olduğu reaktör optimum reaktör olarak saptanmıştır. Bu reaktörün kütlece karışım oranı sırasıyla at gübresi, elma posası ve şeker pancar küspesi için 2:1:3 olarak belirlenmiş ve biyogaz üretimi 189.7 ml/g KM olarak bulunmuştur. İkinci aşamada ise belirlenen optimum reaktöre sırasıyla termal, alkali ve asit önişlemler uygulanıp biyogaz üretim verimleri incelenmiştir. Termal önişlemler sonucunda en yüksek biyogaz üretim verimi, 150 °C'de 60 dakika önişlem uygulanan reaktörde 329,4 ml/g KM değerinde bulunmuştur. Alkali önişlemler sonucunda en yüksek biyogaz üretim verimi, katı maddenin %20’si kadar NaOH ilavesi ile yapılan önişlem reaktöründe 300,9 ml/g KM değerinde saptanmıştır. Asit önişlemler sonucunda ise en yüksek biyogaz üretim verimi, katı maddenin %20’si kadar HNO3 ilavesi ile yapılan önişlem reaktöründe 310,4 ml/g KM değerinde belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak at gübresi, elma posası ve şeker pancarı küspesinin, optimum kütlece karışım oranına uygulanan termal, alkali ve asit önişlemleri sonucunda, bütün reaktörlerde biyogaz üretim veriminde artış olduğu görülmüştür. Biyogaz üretim verimini en fazla artıran önişlemin ise termal önişlem olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• At gübresi
• Biyogaz
• Elma posası
• Önişlem
• Şeker pancarı küspesi

Kaynakça

1. Alvarez R and Liden G (2008). The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 99(15):7278-84.
2. Bayrak EH (2014). Investigating the effects of pretreatment in the conversion of wet sludge from urban sources and/or fruit juice wastewater treatment plants into biogas. Cumhuriyet University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Environmental Engineering Department, Doctorate Thesis, 198p.
3. Boe K and Angelidaki I (2009). Serial CSTR digester configuration for improving biogas production from manure. Water Research, 43(1):166-172.
4. Budiyono B, Widiasa IN, Johari S and Sunarso S (2014). Increasing biogas production rate from cattle manure using rumen fluid as inoculums. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(1):31-38.
5. Delborne JA, Hasala D, Wigner A and Kinchy A (2020). Dueling metaphors, fueling futures: “Bridge Fuel” visions of coal and natural gas in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science, 61, 101350.
6. Ezeonu SO, Dioha IJ and Eboatu AN (2005). Daily biogas production from different wastes and identification of methanogenic bacteria involved. Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 15:80-85.
7. Garan S (2016). Effect of thermal and chemical pretreatment on biogas production from municipal solid waste. Erciyes University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Environmental Engineering Department, Master’s Thesis, 48p.
8. Güneş M (1999). Design of an application system powered by a photovoltaic system. Fırat University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Master's Thesis, 73p.

9. Höök M (2020). Coal and Peat: global resources and future supply. Fossil Energy, 309-331.
10. IEA (2013). International energy agency world energy outlook 2013, International Energy Agency Paris.
11. Kalia VC, Sonakya V and Raizada N (2000). Anaerobic digestion of banana stem waste. Bioresource Technology, 73(2):191-193.
12. Kapluhan E (2014). A review of energy geography: The use of biomass energy in the World and in Turkey. Marmara Journal of Geography, Issue: 30, 97-125.
13. Mandal T and Mandal NK (1997). Comperative study of biogas production from different waste materials. Energy Conversion and Management, 38(7):679-683.
14. Monlau F, Barakat A, Steyer JP and Carrere H (2012). Comparison of seven types of thermo-chemical pretreatments on the structural features and anaerobic digestion of sunflower stalks. Bioresource Technology, 120: 241-247.
15. Oktit Ş (2000). Yesterday, today, and tomorrow of photovoltaic solar cells and power systems. 8th Energy Congress in Turkey, Development of New and Renewable Energy Resources, Volume II, Ankara, 47-62.
16. Peker B and Çelik Dadaşer F (2019). Determination of the effects of thermal and chemical pretreatment on biogas production from sewage sludge and sugar beet pulp. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 3, 679-686.
17. Sözer S, Kabaş Ö and Ünal İ (2016). An Overview of the pretreatment used in enhancement biogas production. Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science, 12(3), 171-176.
18. Taherdanak M and Zilouei H (2014). Improving biogas production from wheat plant using alkaline pretreatment. Fuel, 115: 714-719.
19. Varinli F (2010). The effect of the thermal pre-treatment on biogas and methane production from apple pulp. Erciyes University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis, 54p.
20. Wilkie CA (2019). Access date: 12/2019. http://biogas.ifas.ufl.edu/biogasdefs.asp
21. Wikimedia Commons (2020). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_electricity_generation_by_source_pie_chart.svg Access date: 2020