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Küresel arpa üretimi 2025-2035: Yükselen üreticiler için piyasa değişimlerinin tahmini ve politika etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3, 274 - 283, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1709119
https://izlik.org/JA64AH99WM

Öz

Hububat içerisinde önemli bir paya sahip olan arpa, başta yem ve gıda sektörü olmak üzere içecek sektörü açısından da stratejik bir üründür. Türkiye’nin iklim ve toprak koşullarına uyum sağlayabilen arpa bitkisi hem üretim hacmi hem de kullanım çeşitliliği bakımından tarımsal üretim sisteminde kayda değer bir yere sahiptir. Özellikle hayvancılık sektörünün büyümesiyle birlikte karma yem sanayiinde arpanın önemi artmış; yüksek enerji değerine sahip olması ve sindirilebilirliğinin iyi olması nedeniyle tercih edilirliği yükselmiştir. Gıda sanayisinde ise arpa, lif bakımından zengin bir besin kaynağı olması nedeniyle geleneksel ve fonksiyonel ürünlerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Son yıllarda sağlıklı beslenme eğilimlerinin artmasıyla birlikte arpa unu, kepeği ve taneli formda tüketimi yaygınlaşmaktadır. Yürütülen bu çalışmanın temel amacı, dünya genelinde öne çıkan arpa üreticisi ülkelerin 1961–2023 dönemine ait üretim verilerini kullanarak 2025–2035 dönemi için üretim tahminleri oluşturmaktır. Çalışmada, her ülke için en uygun zaman serisi modeli (ARIMA) belirlenmiş ve bu doğrultuda geleceğe yönelik üretim öngörüleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, arpa üretiminde üretim gücünün coğrafi olarak batıdan doğuya ve güney yarımküreye doğru kaymakta olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye, Rusya ve Avustralya gibi ülkelerin üretim paylarının artması dikkat çekerken, ABD, Almanya ve Kanada gibi geleneksel üreticilerin paylarında azalma öngörülmüştür. Türkiye’nin gelecekte küresel üretimde daha belirgin bir konumda yer alacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, dünya arpa üretiminin yön değiştirmekte olduğunu açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Geleneksel üretici ülkelerden olan ABD, Almanya, Kanada, İngiltere ve İspanya’nın küresel üretimden aldığı payların önümüzdeki on yıllık dönemde önemli oranda azalacağı tahmin edilirken; Türkiye, Rusya, Avustralya ve Ukrayna gibi ülkelerin üretim hacimlerinde kayda değer artışlar olacağı öngörülmektedir. Özellikle Türkiye’nin dünya üretiminden aldığı payın %4’ten %6’ya yükselmesi, ülkenin küresel arpa piyasasındaki konumunu güçlendireceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu durum hem iç pazar ihtiyacının karşılanması hem de ihracat potansiyelinin artması açısından stratejik fırsatlar sunmaktadır. ARIMA modeliyle elde edilen öngörüler, yalnızca üretim trendlerini yansıtmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda politika yapıcılar, yatırımcılar ve sektör aktörleri için karar alma süreçlerinde yönlendirici veriler sunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın çıktıları, tarımsal üretim planlamasında veri temelli strateji geliştirme açısından önemli bir referans niteliği taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulqader, Q., & Ahmed, N.M. (2024). Forecasting the annual cereal production of Iraq using ARIMA methodology. International Journal of Soft Computing and Artificial Intelligence (IJSCAI) 12(2), 20-24,
  • Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Altuntaş, B., & Özdemir, H. Ö. (2025). Agricultural insurance marketing and management: a strategic approach using time series analysis. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 8(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1609769
  • Arthur, R. (2024). Scientists tap into barley ‘time machine’ to help adapt the grain to climate change. Beverage Daily. https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2024/09/12/Adapting-barley-to-climate-change/. Access Date: 21 June 2025.
  • Bailey, A. (30 December 2024). U.S. Barley acreage hit lowest level since 1876 as beer demand sinks. https://www.agweek.com/crops/cereal-grains/u-s-barley-acreage-hit-lowest-level-since-1876-as-beer-demand-sinks Access Date: 18 March 2025
  • Cammarano, D., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Romagosa, I., Benbelkacem, A., Akar, T., ... & Ronga, D. (2019). The impact of climate change on barley yield in the Mediterranean basin. European Journal of Agronomy, 106, 1-11. FAO (2023). Crops and Livestock Products. FAOSTAT statistical database. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ Access Date: 11 March 2025
  • FAO (2025). World Food Situation, Cereal Supply and Demand Brief. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/. Access Date: 18 June 2025
  • Dağ, K., & Aktaş, E. (2024). İklim değişikliğinin Türkiye tarımına etkileri. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 30(2), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1553204
  • Lobell, D., & Di Tommaso, S. (2025). A half-century of climate change in major agricultural regions: Trends, impacts, and surprises. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(20), e2502789122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2502789122
  • Martínez-Moreno, F., Solís, I., & Igartua, E. (2024). Barley History and Breeding in Spain. Agriculture, 14(10), 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674
  • OECD/FAO. (2022). OECD-FAO Agricultural outlook 2022-2031. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f1b0b29c-en Access Date: 15 March 2025
  • OECD/FAO (2024), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033, Paris and Rome, https://doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en. Access Date: 14 March 2025
  • Raynes, M. (2021). Australian barley market opportunities towards 2030 https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0041/439799/Paper-Raynes-Mary-Updates-2021.pdf
  • Rodini, L., Lakho, M. H., Sutahar, V., & Khooharo, A. A. (2024). Modelling the impact of climatic variables on date production in Pakistan: An ARIMAX-Based forecasting approach. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 12(3), 389-398.
  • Reportlinker (2023). Forecast: Barley harvested production in France. https://www.reportlinker.com/dataset/52dd16e76234fea06e11c01d21fcf2f4ae8b955f Access Date: 15 March 2025
  • Taşcı, R., & Bayramoğlu, Z. (2020). Arpa Üretim işleme ve pazarlama yapısının değerlendirilmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(4), 2988-2998. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.745370
  • TUİK. (2023). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri 2022. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ Access Date: 10 March 2025
  • USDA. (2023). Grain: World markets and trade report. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/grain-world-markets-and-trade Access Date: 11 March 2025
  • World Economic Forum (2023). What does the future of food security look like after the collapse of the Black Sea grain deal?. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/07/food-security-black-sea-grain-deal/Access Date: 14 March 2025
  • Yawson, D. O., Ball, T., Adu, M. O., Mohan, S., Mulholland, B. J., & White, P. J. (2016). Simulated regional yields of spring barley in the United Kingdom under projected climate change. Climate, 4(4), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040054

Global barley production 2025–2035: Forecasting market shifts and policy implications for emerging producers

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3, 274 - 283, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1709119
https://izlik.org/JA64AH99WM

Öz

Barley, which holds a significant share among cereals, is a strategic crop for the feed and food industries as well as the beverage sector. Adaptable to Türkiye’s climatic and soil conditions, barley occupies a noteworthy position in agricultural production systems due to its production volume and diversity of uses. With the growth of the livestock sector, the importance of barley in the compound feed industry has increased; its high energy value and good digestibility have made it a preferred raw material. In the food industry, barley is used in the production of traditional and functional products owing to its richness in dietary fiber. In recent years, with the growing trend toward healthy eating, the consumption of barley flour, bran, and whole grain form has become more widespread. The main objective of this study is to generate production forecasts for the 2025–2035 period using the production data from 1961 to 2023 of prominent barley-producing countries around the world. In the study, the most suitable time series model (ARIMA) was identified for each country, and forecasts for future production were made accordingly. The findings reveal that the center of production power in global barley cultivation is shifting geographically from the west to the east and towards the southern hemisphere. Countries such as Türkiye, Russia, and Australia are expected to increase their production shares, whereas traditional producers like the United States, Germany, and Canada are projected to experience a decline. It is anticipated that Türkiye will hold a more prominent position in global production in the future. The findings clearly indicate a shift in barley global production. While countries traditionally known for barley production, such as the United States, Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Spain, are expected to see a significant decrease in their global production shares over the next decade, countries like Türkiye, Russia, Australia, and Ukraine are projected to achieve notable increases in production volume. Notably, Türkiye’s share in global barley production is estimated to rise from 4% to 6%, signaling a strengthening of the country's position in the global barley market. This development presents strategic opportunities in terms of meeting domestic demand as well as increasing export potential. The forecasts obtained through the ARIMA model not only reflect production trends but also provide guiding data for decision-making processes of policymakers, investors, and sector stakeholders. Therefore, the outcomes of this study serve as a valuable reference for developing data-driven strategies in agricultural production planning.

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulqader, Q., & Ahmed, N.M. (2024). Forecasting the annual cereal production of Iraq using ARIMA methodology. International Journal of Soft Computing and Artificial Intelligence (IJSCAI) 12(2), 20-24,
  • Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Altuntaş, B., & Özdemir, H. Ö. (2025). Agricultural insurance marketing and management: a strategic approach using time series analysis. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 8(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1609769
  • Arthur, R. (2024). Scientists tap into barley ‘time machine’ to help adapt the grain to climate change. Beverage Daily. https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2024/09/12/Adapting-barley-to-climate-change/. Access Date: 21 June 2025.
  • Bailey, A. (30 December 2024). U.S. Barley acreage hit lowest level since 1876 as beer demand sinks. https://www.agweek.com/crops/cereal-grains/u-s-barley-acreage-hit-lowest-level-since-1876-as-beer-demand-sinks Access Date: 18 March 2025
  • Cammarano, D., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Romagosa, I., Benbelkacem, A., Akar, T., ... & Ronga, D. (2019). The impact of climate change on barley yield in the Mediterranean basin. European Journal of Agronomy, 106, 1-11. FAO (2023). Crops and Livestock Products. FAOSTAT statistical database. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ Access Date: 11 March 2025
  • FAO (2025). World Food Situation, Cereal Supply and Demand Brief. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/. Access Date: 18 June 2025
  • Dağ, K., & Aktaş, E. (2024). İklim değişikliğinin Türkiye tarımına etkileri. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 30(2), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1553204
  • Lobell, D., & Di Tommaso, S. (2025). A half-century of climate change in major agricultural regions: Trends, impacts, and surprises. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(20), e2502789122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2502789122
  • Martínez-Moreno, F., Solís, I., & Igartua, E. (2024). Barley History and Breeding in Spain. Agriculture, 14(10), 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674
  • OECD/FAO. (2022). OECD-FAO Agricultural outlook 2022-2031. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f1b0b29c-en Access Date: 15 March 2025
  • OECD/FAO (2024), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033, Paris and Rome, https://doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en. Access Date: 14 March 2025
  • Raynes, M. (2021). Australian barley market opportunities towards 2030 https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0041/439799/Paper-Raynes-Mary-Updates-2021.pdf
  • Rodini, L., Lakho, M. H., Sutahar, V., & Khooharo, A. A. (2024). Modelling the impact of climatic variables on date production in Pakistan: An ARIMAX-Based forecasting approach. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 12(3), 389-398.
  • Reportlinker (2023). Forecast: Barley harvested production in France. https://www.reportlinker.com/dataset/52dd16e76234fea06e11c01d21fcf2f4ae8b955f Access Date: 15 March 2025
  • Taşcı, R., & Bayramoğlu, Z. (2020). Arpa Üretim işleme ve pazarlama yapısının değerlendirilmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(4), 2988-2998. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.745370
  • TUİK. (2023). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri 2022. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ Access Date: 10 March 2025
  • USDA. (2023). Grain: World markets and trade report. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/grain-world-markets-and-trade Access Date: 11 March 2025
  • World Economic Forum (2023). What does the future of food security look like after the collapse of the Black Sea grain deal?. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/07/food-security-black-sea-grain-deal/Access Date: 14 March 2025
  • Yawson, D. O., Ball, T., Adu, M. O., Mohan, S., Mulholland, B. J., & White, P. J. (2016). Simulated regional yields of spring barley in the United Kingdom under projected climate change. Climate, 4(4), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040054
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tarım Politikaları, Tarım Ekonomisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nami Kaan Kızılcan 0009-0009-3554-2129

Başar Altuntaş 0000-0002-3714-7570

Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1709119
IZ https://izlik.org/JA64AH99WM
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kızılcan, N. K., & Altuntaş, B. (2025). Global barley production 2025–2035: Forecasting market shifts and policy implications for emerging producers. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 42(3), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1709119