Silaj Sorgum’da Bazı Fizyolojik Özelliklerin Verim Uzerine Etkileri

Öz

Çalışmada, farklı özeliklere sahip silaj sorgum genotiplerinin fizyolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve bu özelliklerin verimle ilişkilendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Deneme 2007-2008 yıllarında yetiştirme sezonunda, 2 yıl süre ile tesadüf blokları deneme desenine uygun olarak 3 tekrarlamalı kurulmuştur. Araştırmada net fotosentez hızı (Pn), stoma iletkenliği (gs), klorofil içeriği (Kİ), yaprak alan indeksi (YAİ), bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı (BÖS), bitki boyu, bitki çapı ve yeşil ot verimi gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; vejetatif dönem yaprak alan indeksi ile vejetatif dönem net fotosentez hızı ve stoma iletkenliği arasında, çiçeklenme dönemi yaprak alan indeksi ile çiçeklenme dönemi klorofil içeriği ve bitki boyu arasında, vejetatif dönem klorofil içeriği ile vejetatif ve çiçeklenme dönemi stoma iletkenliği arasında, yeşil ot verimi ile çiçeklenme dönemi klorofil içeriği ve bitki çapı arasında, vejetatif dönem net fotosentez hızı ile çiçeklenme dönemi net fotosentez hızı ve stoma iletkenliği arasında, vejetatif dönem stoma iletkenliği ile çiçeklenme dönemi net fotosentez hızı ve stoma iletkenliği arasında olumlu ve önemli ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Araştırmada kullanılan genotipler içerisinden, yeşil ot verimi yönünden ön plana çıkmış B 24, ICSB 472 ve ICSB 502 genotipleri bölge tarımı için önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çokyıllık Silaj sorgum
• genotip
• fizyolojik özellikler
• yeşil ot verimi

Effects of Physiological Characteristics on Yield of Silage Sorghum

Abstract

The present study was conducted to determine the physiological characteristics of silage sorghum and their effects on yields. Experiments were conducted in randomized block design with 3 replications during the growing seasons of 2007-2008. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content (KI), leaf area index (YAI), canopy temperature (BÖS), plant height, plant diameter, green herbage yield parameters were investigated. Results revealed significant positive relationships between vegetative period leaf area index and vegetative period net photosynthesis rate – stomal conductance; between flowering period leaf area index and flowering period chlorophyll content – plant height; between vegetative period chlorophyll content and vegetative – flowering periods stomal conductance; between green herbage yield and flowering period chlorophyll content – plant diameter; between vegetative period net photosynthesis rate and stomal flowering period net photosynthesis rate – stomal conductance; vegetative period stomal conductance and flowering period net photosynthesis rate – stomal conductance. Among the experimented genotypes, the genotypes B 24, ICSB 472 and ICSB 502 with their prominent green herbage yields might be recommended for the region.

Keywords

• Sorghum
• genotypes
• physiological characteristics
• green herbage yield

Kaynakça

1. Ahmed AG, Zaki NM, and Hassanein MS (2007). Response of Grain Sorghum To Different Nitrogen Sources. Rese. J. of Agric. and Biolo. Sci., 3(6): 1002-1008.
2. Amthor JS (2001). Effects of Atmospheric CO2 concentration on Wheat Yield: Review Of Results From Experiments Using Various Approaches To Control CO2 Concentration. Field Crops Research, 73: 1-34.
3. Anonim (1980). Toprak Su İstatistikleri Bülteni. Program ve Planlama Dairesi Başkanlığı Yayını, Ankara.
4. Anonim (2008). Kahramanmaraş Tarım İl Müdürlüğü Toprak Analiz Laboratuvarı Analiz Sonuçları.
5. Araghi SG, Assad MT (1998). Evaluation of four screening techniques for drought resistance and their relationship to yield reduction ratio in wheat. Euphytica, 103, 293-299.
6. Awika JM, Rooney LW (2004). Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry, 65, 1199–1221
7. Babar MA, Reynolds MP, Van Ginkel M, Klatt AR, Raun WR, Stone ML 82006). Spectral reflectance to estimate genetic variation for ın-season biomass, leaf chlorophyll, and canopy temperature in wheat. Crop Sci., 46(3): 1046-1057.
8. Bahrani MJ, Deghani ghenateghestani A (2004). Summer forage sorghum yield, protein and prussic acid contents as affected by plant density and nitrogen topdressing. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. Vol. 6: 73-83.

9. Balabanlı C, Türk M (2005). Sorgum, sudanotu melez ve çeşitlerinin ısparta koşullarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3): 32-36.
10. Bavec F, Bavec M (2001). Chlorophyll meter readings of winter wheat cultivars and grain yield prediction. commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Res., 32: 2709–2719.
11. Baytekin H, Gül İ, Bengisu G (1995). Harran Ovası sulu koşullarında ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilen silaj sorgumda farklı azot dozlarının verim ve bazı tarımsal karakterlere etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(3):212-226.
12. Bean B, Mccollum T, Pietsch D, Rowland M, Porter B, Vanmeter R (2002). Texas Panhandle Forage Sorghum Silage Trial. The Agriculture Program of Texas A&M University System. http://soilcrop.tamu.edu/publications/pubs/910465silage.pdf
13. Cary NC, Soltani A, Galeshi S (2002). Importance of rapid canopy closure for wheat production in a temperate sub-humid environment: experimentation and simulation. Field Crops Research 77:17-30.
14. Cousins AB, Adam NR, Wall GW, Kimball BA, Pinter Jr PJ, Ottman MJ, Leavitt SW, Webberi AN (2003). Development of C4 photosynthesis in sorghum leaves grown under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 54, No. 389, pp. 1969±1975.
15. Çiğdem İ, Uzun F (2006). Samsun ili taban alanlarında ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilebilecek bazı silajlık sorgum ve mısır çeşitleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1): 14-19.
16. Duke JA (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Sorghum_bicolor.html El-Hattab AH, Shaaban SA, El-Harriri DM, El-Gazzar MM, Ahmed AG (2000). Growth characteristics, grain yield and quality of two sorghum cultivars as affected by skipping irrigation. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 15(11): 168-171.
17. FAO (1990). Micronutrient. assessment at the country leaves an international study. FAO Soils Bulletion 63. Rome. Fischer RA, Rees D, Sayre KD, Lu ZM, Condon AG, Larque-Saavedra A (1998). Wheat yield progress is associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Sci., 38:1467-1475.
18. Grant RF, Kimball BA, Wall GW, Triggs JM, Brooks TJ, Pinter RJ, Conley Jr MM, Ottman MJ, Lamorte RL, Leavitt SW, Thompson TL, Matthiass AD (2004). Modeling elevated corbon dioxide effects on water relations, water use, and growth of irrigated sorghum. Agronomy Journal. 96: 1693–1705.
19. George-Jaeggli B, Jordan DR, Oosterom van EJ, and Hammer GL (2011). Decrease in sorghum grain yield due to the dw3 dwarfing gene is caused by reduction in shoot biomass. Field Crops Res. 124:231–239.
20. Gosse G (1995). ‘‘Rendement Energetique Et Bilan De CO2 D’une Culture’’. C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr. 81 (5), pp. 93-107.
21. Gül İ, Başbağ M (2005). Diyarbakır koşullarında silaj sorgum çeşitlerinde verim ve bazı tarımsal karakterlerin belirlenmesi. HR.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 9 (1):15-21.
22. Güneş A, Acar R (2005). karaman ekolojik koşullarında silajlık sorgum-sudan otu melezinin II. ürün olarak yetiştirme imkanlarının belirlenmesi. S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (35): 8-15.
23. Güneş A, Alpaslan M, İnal A (2010). Bitki besleme ve gübreleme (V. Baskı). Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 1581, Ders Kitabı No: 533, Ankara. Hafid RE, Smith DH, Karrou, M, Samir K (1998). Morphological attributes associated with early-season drought tolerance in spring durum with in a mediterranean enviromental. Euphytica, 101:273-282.
24. Hammer GL, Oosterom E, Van McLean G, Chapman SC, Broad I, Harland P, Muchow RC (2010). Adapting APSIM to model the physiology and genetics of complex adaptive traits in field crops. J. Exp. Bot. 61:2185–2202.
25. Hassanein MS, Amal GA, Nabila MZ (2010). Growth and productivity of some sorghum cultivars under saline soil condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(11): 1603-1611.
26. Hışır Y, Kara R, Dokuyucu T (2012). Evaluation of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes for grain yield and physological traits. Zemdirbyste=Agriculture 99(1): 55-60.
27. House RL (1985). A guide to sroghum breeding. ICRISAT.
28. Howell TA, Evett SR, Tolk JA, Copeland KS, Colaizzi PD, Gowda PH (2008). Evapotranspiration of corn and forage sorghum for silage. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 Ahupua'a, 1-14.
29. Jackson PA, Robertson M, Cooper M Hammer G (1996). The role of physiological understanding in plant breeding: from a breeding perspective. Field Crops Res. 37:11-23. Jiang GM, Hao NB, Bai KZ, Zhang QD, Sun JZ, Guo RJ, Ge QY, Kuang TY 82000). Chain correlation between variables of gas exchange and yield potential in different winter wheat cultivars. Photosynthetica 38(2): 227-232.
30. Kacar B (2009). Toprak Analizleri (İkinci Baskı). Nobel Yayın No: 1387, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
31. Kaplan M (2009). Farklı kökenli tane sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) genotiplerinde verim, verim unsurları ile bazı fizyolojik özelliklerin belirlenmesi ve DNA düzeyindeki farklılıklarla ilişkilendirilmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
32. Keskin B, Yilmaz IH, Bozkurt MA, Akdeniz H (2009) Sewage sludge as nitrogen source for ırrigated silage sorghum. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances 8(3): 573-578.
33. Kimber CT (2000). Origins of domesticated sorghum and ıts early diffusion to India and China, pp. 3-96. In C. W. Smith, R. A. Frederiksen (Eds.) Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, And Production. Wiley Series in Crop Science, New York.
34. Kimbrough L (2002). Corn and Sorghum for Silage. Extension Service of Mississippi State University. URL: http://msucares.com/pubs/infosheets/is485.htm
35. Koc M, Barutcular C, Genc D (2003). Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum wheats in a Mediterraean Enivironment. Crop Science, 43(6):2089-2097.
36. Lafarge TA, Hammer GL (2002). Predicting plant leaf area production: shoot assimilate accumulation and partitioning and leaf area ratio are stable for a wide range of sorghum population densities. Field Crops Research 77: 137-151.
37. Li R, Zhang H, Zhou X, Guan Y, Yao F, Song G, Wang J, Zhang C (2010). Genetic diversity in Chinese sorghum landraces revealed by chloroplast simple sequence repeats. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 57:1–15.
38. Lopez-Castaneda C, Richards RA (1994). Variation in temperate cereals in rainfed enviroments II. phasic development and growth. Field Crops Res. 39:85-98.
39. Lopez- Castaneda C, Richards RA, Farquhar GD (1995). Variation in early vigor between wheat and barley. Crop Science, 35:472-479.
40. Mastrorilli M, Katerji N, Rana G (1999). Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum as affected by soil water deficit occurring at different vegetative growth stages. European Journal of Agronomy 11: 207–215.
41. Muchow RC, Sinclair TR, Benett JM (1990). Temprature and solar radiation effects on potential maize yield across locations. Agon. J. 82:338-343.
42. Narayanan S, Aiken RM, Vara Prasad PV, Xin Z, Yu J (2013). Water and radiation use efficiences in sorghum. Agronomy Journal 105(3): 649-656.
43. Netondo GW, Onyango JC, Beck E (2004). Sorghum and Salinity: II. gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stres. Crop Science 44: 806–811.
44. Ottman MJ, Kimball BA, Pinter PJ, Wall GW, Vanderlip RL, Leavitt SW, Lamorte RL, Matthias AD, Brooks TJ (2001). Elevated CO2 increases sorghum biomasss under drought conditions. New physiologist 150: 261-273.
45. Ramazanzadeh S, Asgharipour MR (2011). Physiological growth responses of sorghum genotypes to impairment of plant photosynthesis using potassium iodide. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(11): 1884-1890.
46. Rashid A, Stark JC, Tanveer A, Mustafa T (1999). Use of canopy temperature mesaurements as a screening tool for drought tolerance in spring wheat. J. Agronomy & Crop Science 182: 231-237.
47. Reynolds MP, Delgado MI, Gutierrez-Rodriguez M, Larque-Saavedra B (2000). Photosynthesis of Wheat in a Warm, Irrigated Environment - I: Genetic Diversity and Crop Productivity. Field Crops Research 66 (1): 37-50, (2000).
48. Reynolds MP, Nagarajan S, Razzaque MA, Ageeb OAA (2001). Heat tolerance. application of physiology in wheat breeding. (Editorler: M.P. Reynolds, I. Ortiz-Monasterio., A. McNab). Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
49. Saeed IAM, and El-Nadi AH (1998). Forage sorghum yield and water use efficiency under variable ırrigation. Irrig Sci, 18: 67–71.
50. Sağlamtimur T, Tansı V, Baytekin H (1988). Çukurova koşullarında ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilebilecek silaj sorgum çeşitlerinin bazı tarımsal karakterlerinin saptanması üzerine bir araştırma. Ç.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi 3(3): 40.
51. Sanchez, A.C., Subudhi, P.K., Rosenow, D.T., and Nguyen H.T., 2002. Mapping QTLs Associated with Drought Resistance in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Journal of Plant Molekuler Biology, 48: 713–726.
52. Sanderson MA, Jones RM, Ward J, Wolfe R (1992). Silage sorghum performance trial at stevensville: Forage Research in Texas. Rep. PR-5018. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., Stephensville.
53. SAS (1999). SAS User’s Guide: Statistic. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc.,
54. TOVEP (1991). Türkiye toprakları verimlilik envanteri. T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
55. Tsuji W, Ali MEK, Inanaga S, Sugimoto Y (2003) Growth and gas exchange of three sorghum cultivars under drought stres. Biologia Plantarum 46 (4); 583–587.
56. Woods J, Hall DO, Muzondo MI, Gosse G, Soontornchainackseng P (1995). Bioethanol production from sweet sorghum: ınterchange of research and experience between EU and developing countries (Zimbabwe and Thailand), Brussels, EU, pp. 1–74.
57. Yamamoto A, Nakamura T, Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Saigusa M (2002). Relationship between chlorophyll content in leaves of sorghum and piogenpea determined by extraction method and by chlorophylll meter (Spad-502). Journal of Plant Nutrition 25(10): 2295-2301.
58. Yıldırım M, Akıncı C, Koç M, Barutçular C (2009). Bitki örtüsü serinliği ve klorofil miktarının makarnalık buğday ıslahında kullanım olanakları. Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Dergisi 24(3):158-166.
59. Yılmaz İ (2000). Van koşullarında uygun silajlık sorgum, sudanotu ve sorgum-sudanotu melezi çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. International Animal Nutrition Congress 4-6 September, 413-419.
60. Zhao D, Reddy KR, Kakani VG, Reddy VR (2005). Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum. Europ. J. Agronomy 22: 391–403.
61. Zhao M, Lafitte HR, Sacks E, Dimayuga G, Botwright-Acuna TL (2008). Perennial O. sativa × O. rufipogon interspecific hybrids. I. photosynthetic characteristics and their inheritance. Field Crop Research vol. 106: 203–213.