Importance of Milk Urea Nitrojen in Dairy Cow Nutrition

Abstract

Urea is a quite small molecule yet and important part of milk component. A large concentration of milk urea show dietary disbalance, potential milk losses and risk of infertility. Milk urea may be used as a management tool to improve dairy herd nutrition and the monitoring the nutritional status of lactating dairy cows. Concentrations of milk urea nitrogen may be used as an indicator of dietary protein excess or deficiency.

Keywords

• Milk urea nitrogen, nutrition, reproduction

Süt İneklerinin Beslenmesinde Süt Üre Nitrojenin Önemi

Öz

Üre, sütün çok önemli ve küçük yapılı bir molekülüdür. Sütteki ürenin büyük konsantrasyonda olması, potansiyel süt kayıplarına, infertilite riskine neden olurken, karma yemde dengesizliğe neden olmaktadır. Süt üre nitrojen değeri, ineklerin sağlığı ve beslenmesiyle ilgili bilgiler sağlaması nedeniyle sürü sağlığı ve besleme ekonomisi açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Süt üre nitrojeni, rasyondaki karbonhidrat ve protein arasındaki dengeyi yansıtır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Süt üre nitrojen, besleme, üreme.

Kaynakça

1. Abdouli, H., Rekik, B. and Haddad-Boubaker, A., 2008. Non-nutritional factors associated with milk urea concentrations under Mediterranean conditions. World Journal of Agriculture Science, 4(2):183-188.
2. Amaral-Philllips, D.M., 2005. Milk urea nitrogen-a nutritional http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/dairy/exten sion/nut00029.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15 February 2009.
3. Anonymous, 1996a. Milk urea nitrogen, Pennsylvania MUN http://cahpwww.vet.upenn.edu/mun/pa_mun_summ. htm (1996). Erişim Tarihi: 31 January 2008. values. Anonim, 1996b. Üreme. www.erfa.com.tr/dosyalar/teknik/ureme.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 02 January 2009.
4. Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J.A., Dohoo, I.R., Kefe, G.P., 2003. Evaluation of the reliability and repeatability of automated milk urea nitrogen testing. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 67: 60-63.
5. Arunvipas, P., Van Leeuwen, J.A, Dohoo, I.R, Kefe, G.P., 2004. Bulk tank milk urea nitrogen: Seasonal patterns and relationship to individual cow milk urea nitrogen calues The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 68: 169-174.
6. Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J.A., Dohoo, I.R., Keefe, G.P., Burton, S.A., and Lissemore, K.D., 2008. Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary parameters, and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy herds. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72: 449-453.
7. Ayaşan, T., Yaman, S., 2007. Buzağı, Dana ve Düvelerin Bakım ve Beslenmesi. S: 87-110. Editör: Aziz Öztürk. Pratik Sığırcılık. TKB Yaygın Çiftçi Eğitim Projesi (YAYÇEP), Ankara.
8. Baker, L.D., Ferguson, J.D., Chalupa, W., 1995. Responses in urea and true protein of milk to different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 78(11): 2424–2434.

9. Banks, W., Clapperton, J.L., Muir, D.D., Powell, A.K., Sweetsur, A.W. M., 2006. The effect of dietary- induced changes in milk urea levels on the heat stability of milk. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture. 35(2): 165-172.
10. Buttler, W.R., Calaman, J.L., Bearn, S.W., 1996. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 74: 858-865.
11. Carlsson, J., and Pehrson, B., 1993. The relationship between seasonal variations in the concentration of urea in bulk milk and the production and fertility of dairy herds. J. Veto Med. A, 40: 205-212.
12. Center for Animal Health and Productivity, 2000. http://cahpwww.nbc.upenn.edulmunlpa_mun_summ.htlm.
13. Davidson, S., Hopkins, B.A., Diaz, D.E., Bolt, S.M., Brownie, C., Fellner, V., and Whitlow, L.W., 2003. Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 1681-1689.
14. Depatie, C., 2000. Nutritional, managerial, physiological, and environmental factors affecting milk urea nitrogen in quebec holstein cows: A field trial. Master digitool.library.mcgill.ca:8881/dtl_publish/8/30815.html
15. Donkin, S.S., Pallatin, M.R., Doane, P.H., Cecava, M.C., of Sci, White, H.M., Barnes, E., Koser, S.L., 2007. Performance of dairy cows fed glycerol as a primary feed ingredient. Journal of Dairy Science, 90 (Suppl. 1): 350.
16. Drackley, J.K., 2008. Opportunies for glycerol use in dairy diets. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference, 11-12 June 2008, p.118.
17. Eicher, R., Bouchard, E. and Bigras-Poulin, M., 1999. Factors affecting milk urea nitrogen and protein concentrations in Quebec dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 39: 53-63.
18. Faust, M.A., Kimler, L.H., and Funk, R., 1997. Effects of laboratories for milk urea nitrogen and other milk components. Journal of Dairy Science, 80 (Suppl. 1), 206. Abstr.
19. Flis, S.A, and Wattiaux, M.A., 2005. Effect of parity and supply of rumen-degrated and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 2096-2106.
20. Frank, B., and Swensson, C., 2002. Relationship between content of crude protein in rations for dairy cows and milk yield, concentration of urea in milk and ammonia emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 1829-1838.
21. Guo, K., Russek-Cohen, E., Varner, M.A., Kohn, R.A., 2004. Effects of milk urea nitrogen and other factors on probability of conception of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87: 1878-1885.
22. Gustafsson, A.H, and Carlsson, J., 1993. Effects of silage quality, protein evaluation systems and milk urea content on milk yield and reproduction in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, 37: 91–105.
23. Gustafsson, A.H., and Palmquist, D.L., 1993. Diurnal Variation of Rumen Ammonia, Serum Urea, and Milk Urea in Dairy Cows at High and Low Yields. Journal of Dairy Science, 76: 475–484.
24. Hojman, D., Kroll, O., Adin, G., Gips, M., Hanochi, B., and Ezra, E., 2004. Relationship between milk urea and production, nutritional fertility traits in Israel dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4): 1001- 1011.
25. Hojman, D., Gips, M., Ezra, E., 2005. Association between live body weight and milk urea concentration in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(2): 580-584.
26. Hutjens, M., and Chase, L.E., 2004. Interpreting milk urea nitrogen http://www.extension.org/pages/Interpreting_Milk_ Urea_Nitrogen_(MUN)_ Values. values.
27. Ismail, A., Dab, K., and Hillers, J.K., 1996. Effect of selection for milk yield and dietary energy on yield traits; bovine somatotropinand plasma urea nitrogen in dairy cows. Journ of Dairy Sci, 79(4): 682-688.
28. Johnson, R.G., and Young, A.J., 2003. The association between milk urea nitrogen and DHI production variables in Western commercial dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Sci, 86(9): 3008-3015.
29. Jonker, J.S., Kohn, R.A., and High, J., 2002. Use of milk urea nitrogen to improve dairy cow diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 939-946.
30. Kirchgessner, M., Kreuzer, M., and Roth-Mailer, D.A., 1986. Milk urea and protein content to diagnose energy and protein malnutrition of dairy cows. Arch. Animal Nutrition, 36: 192-197.
31. Laranja, L.F., and Amaral-Phillips, D.M., 2005. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN). How can you utilize these numbers. http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/dairy/exten sion/nut00044.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06 March 2009.
32. Meeske, R., Botha, P.R., Van der Merwe, G.D., Greyling, J.F., Hopkins, C., and Marais, J.P., 2009. Milk production potential of two ryegrass cultivars with different total non-structural carbohydrate contents. South African Journal of Animal Science, 39(1): 15- 21.
33. Melendez, P., Donovan, A., and Hernandez, J., 2000. Milk urea nitrogen and infertility in florida holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 459–463.
34. Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F., Hayes, J.F., Moxley, J.E., Monardes, H.G., 1985. Percentages of protein and nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic cells in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 68: 1257-1262.
35. Najafi, M.N., Mortazavi, S.A., Koocheki, A., Khorami, J., Rekik, B., 2009. Fat and protein contents, acidity and somatic cell counts in bulk milk of holstein cows in the Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. International Journal of Dairy Techn, 62(1): 19-26.
36. Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M., and Wiktorsson, H., 1985. Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livestock Production Science. 12: 47-57.
37. Promkot, C., and Wanapat, M., 2005. Effect of level of crude protein and use of cottonseed meal in diets containing cassava chips and rice straw for lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18: 502-511.
38. Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Saville, J.A., Frazer, G.S., and Wittum, T.E., 2000. Association between milk urea nitrogen and fertility in ohio dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84: 482-489.
39. Ray, D.E., Halbach, T.J., and Armstrong, D.V., 1992. Season and lactation number effects on milk productional reproduction of dairy cattle in Arizona. Journal of Dairy Science, 75: 2976-2983.
40. Rodriguez, L.A., Stallings, C.C., Herbein, L.H., and McGilliard, M.L., 1997. Diurnal variation in milk plasma urea nitrogen in holstein and jersey cows in response to degradable dietary protein and added fat. Journal of Dairy Science. 80: 368-3376.
41. Ropstad, E., Vik-Mo, L., and Refsdal, A.O., 1989. Levels of milk urea, plasma constituents and rumen liquid ammonia in relation to the feeding of dairy cows during early lactation. Acta. Vet. Scand. 30:199-208.
42. Schepers, A.J., and Meijer, R.G.M., 1998. Evaluation of the utilization of dietary nitrogen by dairy cows based on urea concentration in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 81: 579-584.
43. Sederevicius, A., Kabasinskiene, A., Savickis, S., Svedaite, V., and Makauskas, S., 2008. Milk urea nitrogen as an important indicator of dairy cow: nutrition review. Veterinarjia Ir Zootechnika. 44 (66).
44. Tallam, S.K., and Wu, Z., 2003. Reducing N excretion may benefit dairy cow reproductive perforormance. Dairy Digest.
45. Thomas, P.C., and Kelly, M.E., 1976. The effect of frequency of feeding on milk secretion in the Ayrshire cow. 1. Dairy Res. 43: 1–7.
46. Velazquez, M., 2000. Udder health and milk composition with special reference to beef cows. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skara 2000. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Environment and Health.
47. Wambugu, M., Wahome, R.G., Gachuiri, C., Tanner, J., and Kaitho, R., 1998. Evaluation of the use of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) as an indicator of nutritional status of dairy cattle in smallholder farms in kiambu district. Paper presented at the Faculty of Vet. Med. Biennial Conference, Kabete Campus, University of Nairobi, 5-7 August.
48. Zhai, S.W., Liu, J.X., Wu, Y.M., Ye, Y.A., and Xu, Y.N., 2006. Responses of milk urea nitrogen content to dietary crude protein level and degradability in lactating holstein dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal Science, 51(12): 518-522.
49. Zhai, S.W., Liu, J.X., Wu, Y.M., and Ye, J., 2007. Predicting urinary nitrogen excretion by milk urea nitrogen in lactating Chinese Holstein cows. Animal Science Journal, 78(4): 395-399.