Immune System in Poultry and Affecting Nutritional Factors the Immune System

Öz

In poultry production, it is very important to improve immunity to prevent infectious diseases. Interest in using immunomodulators to improve cellular and humoral immune functions, and resistance to infections in chickens has increased in the last decade. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immune system and the effects of nutrients and feed additives on immunity of poultry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Poultry, Immune System, Nutritional Factors, Feed Additives

Kanatlılarda Bağışıklık Sistemi ve Bağışıklık Sistemini Etkileyen Besinsel Faktörler

Öz

Kanatlı yetiştiriciliğinde, infeksiyöz hastalıkları önlemek için bağışıklık sistemini iyileştirmek çok önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda kanatlılarda, infeksiyözlere karşı direnç ile hücresel ve sıvısal bağışıklığı iyileştirmek için bağışıklığı artırıcılara ilgi artmıştır. Bu makalede, kanatlılarda bağışıklık sistemi ile bağışıklık sistemi üzerine besin maddelerinin ve yem katkı maddelerinin etkileri ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kanatlı, Bağışıklık Sistemi, Besinsel Faktörler, Yem Katkı Maddeleri

Kaynakça

1. Aslam, S.M., Garlich, J.D. and Qureshi, M.A., 1998. Vitamin D Deficiency Alters the Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks. Poultry Science, 77, 842-849.
2. Benson, B.N., Calvert, C.C., Roura, E. and Klasing, K.C., 1993. Dietary Energy Source and Density Modulate the Expression of Immunologic Stress in Chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 123, 1714-1723.
3. Chen, H.L., Li, D.F., Chang, B.Y., Gong, L.M., Dai, J.G. and Yi, G.F., 2003. Effects of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides on the Immunity and Growth Performance of Young Broilers. Poultry Science, 82, 364-370.
4. Cooper, M.D., Raymond, D.A., Peterson, M.D., South, M.D., Robert, A. and Good, M.D., 1966. The Functions of the Thymus System and the Bursa System in the Chicken. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 75-102.
5. Deif, E.A., Galal, A., Fathi, M.M. and El-Dein, A.Z., 2007. Immunocompetence of Two Broiler Strains Fed Marginal and High Protein Diets. Poultry Science, 6(12), 901-911.
6. Digby, S.N., Revell, D.K. and Hughes, B.J., 2003. Can Nutritional Competence in Broiler Chickens? Asia Pac. J Clin. Nutr., 12, 58. Enhance Immune
7. Friedman, A., Meidovsk, A., Leitner, G. and Sklan, D., 1991. Decreased Resistance and Immune Response to Escherichia Coli Infection in Chicks with Low or High Intakes of Vitamin A. The Journal of Nutrition, 121, 395-400.
8. Glick, B., Taylor, R.L., Jr Martin, D.E., Watabe, H., Day, E.L. and Thompson, D., 1983. Calorie-Protein Deficiencies and the Immune Response of the Chicken. II. Cell-Mediated Immunity. Poultry Science, 62, 1889-1893.

9. Hegazy, S.M. and Adachi, Y., 2000. Comparison of the Effects of Dietary Selenium, Zinc and Selenium and Zinc Supplementation on Growth and Immune Response between Chick Groups that were Inoculated with Salmonella and Aflatoxin or Salmonella. Poultry Science, 79, 331-335.
10. Huang, M.K., Choi, Y.J., Houde, R., Lee, J.W., Lee, B. and Zhao, X., 2004. Effects of Lactobacilli and an Acidophilic Fungus on the Production Performance and Immune Responses in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science, 83, 788-795.
11. Kidd, M.T., 2004. Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function in Broilers. Poultry Science, 83, 650-657.
12. Konashi, S., Takahashi, K. and Akiba, Y., 2000. Effects of Dietary Essential Amino Acid Deficiencies on Immunological Variables in Broiler Chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 449-456
13. Konjufca, V.K., Bottje, W.G., Bersi,T.K. and Erf, G.F., 2004. Influence of Dietary Vitamin E on Phagocytic Functions of Macrophages in Broilers. Poultry Science, 83, 1530-1534.
14. Leshchinsky, T.V. and Klasing, K.C., 2001. Relationship between the Level of Dietary Vitamin E and the Immune Response of Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science, 80, 1590-1599.
15. Lin, H., Wang, L.F., Song, J.L., Xie, Y.M. and Yang, Q.M., 2002. Effect of Dietary Supplemental Levels of Vitamin A on the Egg Production and Immune Responses of Heat Stressed Laying Hens. Poultry Science, 81, 458-465.
16. McCorkle, F., Taylor, R., Stinson, R., Day, E.J. and Glick, B., 1980. The Effects of a Mega Level of Vitamin C on the Immune Response of the Chicken. Poultry Science, 59, 1324-1329.
17. Nockels, C.F., 1989. Vitamin Needs Increase during Stress, Disease . Poultry Digest., 218-226.
18. Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., Ramarao, S.V. and Praharaj, N.K., 2000a. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic on Performance and Immune Response of Layers in Decline Phase of Production. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 35, 102-104.
19. Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., Ramarao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N. and Praharaj, N.K., 2000b. Growth, Carcass Characteristics, Immunocompetence and Response to Escherichia Coli of Broilers Fed Diets with Various Levels of Probiotic. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 64, 152-156.
20. Panda, A.K. and Reddy, M.R., 2007. Boosting the Chick’s Immune System through Early Nutrition. Poultry International, 22-26.
21. Pardue, S.L.,Thaxton, J.P. and Brake, J., 1985. Role of Ascorbic Acid in Chicks Exposed to High Environmental Temperature. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 1511-1516.
22. Parmentier, H.K., Awati, A., Nieuwland, M.G., Schrama, J.W. and Sijben, J.W., 2002. Different Sources of Dietary n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Antibody Responses in Chickens. British Poultry Science, 43, 533-544.
23. Payne, C.J., Scott, T.R., Dick, J.W. and Glick, B., 1990. Immunity to Pasteurella Multocida in Protein- Deficient Chickens. Poultry Science, 69, 2134-2142.
24. Rama Rao, S.V., Satyanarayana Reddy, P.V.V., Ravindra Reddy, V. and Reddy, P.S., 1990. Effect of Early Restriction of Protein and Energy on Performance of Broiler Chickens. Cherion, 19, 1477-1452.
25. Rama Rao, S.V., Praharaj, N.K., Ramasubba Reddy, V. and Panda, A.K., 2003. Interaction between Genotype and Dietary Concentrations of Methionine for Immune Function in Commercial Broilers. British Poultry Science, 44, 104-112.
26. Shashidhara, R.G.and Devegowda, G., 2003. Effect of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide on Broiler Breeder Production Traits and Immunity. Poultry Science, 82, 1319-1325.
27. Swain, B.K., Johri, T.S. and Majumdar, S., 2000. Effect of Supplementation of Vitamin E, Selenium and Their Different Combinations on the Performance and Immune Response of Broilers. British Poultry Science, 41, 287-292.
28. Tsiagbe V.K., Cook, M.E., Harper, A.E. and Sunde, M.L., of 1987a. Methionine in the Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks. Poultry Science, 66, 1138-1146. Replacing
29. Wang, Y.W., Field, C.J. and Sim, J.S., 2000. Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alter Lymphocyte Subset Immunoglobulin G Concentration, and Immune Tissue Development in Chicks. Poultry Science, 79, 1741-1748.
30. Proliferation, Serum
31. Yang, Q., Lian, G. and Gong, X., 2007. Enhancement of Mucosal Immune Responses in Chickens by Oral Administration of Cysteamine. Poultry Science, 86, 1323-1328.